Introduce the Datong Jin Dynasty Rhinoceros and talk about the Song Jin Rhinoceros Process
Cultural Relics, No. 12, 1985
Central Academy of Arts and Crafts Chen Zengbi
Datong City Museum Zhang Lihua
One
In the early 1950s, a piece of rhinoceros was unearthed from a Jin Dynasty tomb in Datong City, Shanxi Province.
When it was excavated, it was scattered, but the parts were complete, and it was stored in the Datong City Museum Warehouse for a long time after excavation. It wasn't until April 1984 that we saw its great technological value, and we were pleasantly surprised and immediately began to study the restoration. After being stitched and trimmed, it has basically returned to its original shape. It is 24 cm long, 16 cm wide and 12.2 cm high. Nan wood tire, wall thickness 0.4-0.5 cm, with swallowtail birch bucket, planted in the birch cone bamboo nail reinforcement. The surface of the wooden tire is flattened, first framed with a layer of linen cloth, and then painted. The interior is painted brownish red, which is the color of the gum jujube as stated in the Treatise on the Ancient Treatise. The outside is a rhinoceros, with a raised vanilla pattern throughout, gentle winding, and full of full weight.
The lid has a sub-mouth buckle with the body, and the inner card tray is one. The tray is painted in maroon on all sides and underneath, and the front is also decorated with vanilla pattern rhinoceros. The tray is 20.6 cm long, 13.7 cm wide and 3.7 cm deep.
The method of this pick-up is that the surface and bottom are made of black lacquer, with two layers of vermilion paint in the middle and one layer of black paint sandwiched between them, and the thickness of the lacquer skin is about 0.12 cm. The vermilion and black are immediately the "Uma Zhu Line" mentioned in the "Record of Ornamentation". From the perspective of processing techniques, the knife method is familiar, the pattern is euphemistic and vivid, the vermilion and black are intertwined, and the exquisite abnormality (plate: 1, 2; Figure 1)
A set of women's toiletries was stored in the original storage, including:
A wooden comb. Length 11.7, width 5.2, thickness 0.8 cm. The comb is accompanied by fragments of silk fabric.
Lacquer bowl one. Caliber 11, mouth width 0.2, height 3.5, circle foot diameter 4.7, foot height 0.8, foot rim thickness 0.25 cm. Wooden tires. Three groups of flowers are painted on the brown lacquer floor. One group is plum blossoms, vermilion branches, three white plum blossoms, thirteen buds; one group is three yellow butterflies; one group is a cluster of green bamboo. The penmanship is skilled and the decoration is strong (fig. 2).
A small gourd. Natural product, yellowish color. Open a small opening and no carving. Height 6, maximum diameter 7 cm.
Bone rouge box one. Disabled. There are sub-mouths. The edge thickness is 0.4, the sub-mouth thickness is 0.15, and the bottom thickness is 0.3 cm.
A vermilion lacquered wooden spoon. It is 7.5 cm long and 3.5 cm wide.
Vermilion lacquered wooden powder box for two. All are broken. One is round, 7.3 cm in diameter and 0.4 cm thick. One is oval, 7.1 in length, 6.6 in short diameter and 0.4 cm in thickness. There are also wood chips that are 5 cm long and 0.4 cm thick.
There is a noticeable patina in the shaft, about 7 cm in diameter. It shows that there was also a bronze mirror.
The secondary rhinoceros belongs to a branch of the carving lacquer craft, commonly known as "jujube rhinoceros", Beijing, Shanxi also known as "Yunli" 0 this lacquerware craft, which is often discussed in ancient times.
Song "Because of the Sayings": "The rice vessel is called The Xipi, and the world mistakenly thinks that the rhinoceros horn is the rhinoceros, not also." It is the western horse sheath, from black and Dan, from Dan to yellow, from time to change, five colors of the fold. Ma Zhen rubbed a recess, and it was written in writing, so it was imitated with a coat of lacquer. ”
This is the production of the "rhinoceros" process. Rhinoceros skin and rhinoceros are two different lacquer decoration techniques, but the so-called "concave places in the text are written, so they are imitated by lacquer, and it seems that the artistic effect of the paint layer similar to the rhinoceros process can also be seen."
In the Ming "Treatise on ancient lacquerware" volume VIII, it is said: "The ancient rhinoceros is precious to the slippery purple rhinoceros, the bottom is like a yang tile, shiny and thin, and its color is like a rubber jujube, commonly known as the jujube rhinoceros." There are also those who are deep and deep, and second.
"Fuzhou's old craftsmen, those who have round flowers in yellow and smooth colors, are called fuxi." Strong and thin; it is also rare.
"Xitang and Yanghui in Jiaxing Province of the Yuan Dynasty, the new authors, although they are heavy and heavy, they are deeply selected, and their ointments are few and strong. But the yellow earth is the most prone to floating. "
Cao Zhao, the author of "Gegu Essentials", judges the merits of the works of rhinoceros in various places from the perspective of connoisseurs, reflecting that there was a great development of rhinoceros at that time and was valued by collectors and connoisseurs. Similar content is also recorded in Wang Shizhen's "Notes on Xiangzu".
Huang Cheng's "Cheng Ornamental Record" of the Ming Dynasty picked up the rhinoceros stripe cloud: "The rhinoceros has a vermilion face, a black face, and a transparent purple face." Or the Uma Zhu line, or the red black belt, or the loose and so on, or the three colors are stacked. Its texts are sparsely engraved with sword rings, tassel rings, heavy circles, palindromics, cloud hooks and the like. Pure Zhu is not good.
Mingren Yang Ming commented on this article * "This system was originally from cone, and it is extremely ingenious, refined and colorful, and thick with a section engraving, hence the name." The three colors are more stacked, and the words Zhu, yellow, and black are also heavy. The use of green is not ancient. There are upward tiles and deep depths. *
Huang Cheng and Yang Ming are all famous lacquer artists of a generation and have rich practical experience. Their discussion puts forward a clear and extremely powerful determination of the process characteristics, processing methods, textured trees used for rhinoceros, and the identification of advantages and disadvantages! Taifa.
In modern parlance, the rhinoceros does not use two or more colors of paint, layer by layer z qi tired to the thickness of the need, and then use the knife to engrave the Russian pattern, vanilla, huimo; Wait for the rotation of the flow pattern, and then be cheap, so that the knife edge diagram is hidden, no notch, the hand is broken in the carving. At the surface, J8, a thick and thin color with rich regularity, is "naturally written", and achieves a more varied decorative art effect than pure color off-lacquer.
Rhinoceros has developed to a mature stage during the Song and Jin dynasties. Rhinoceros objects belonging to the Song and Jin dynasties, which were reported after liberation, were reported in the past four: L975, Jiangsu Jintan Southern Song Zhou Li Tomb excavated rhinoceros fan handle In 1977, Jiangsu Wujin Southern Song Tomb unearthed rhinoceros mirror box; in the same year, Jiangsu Shazhou Northern Song Tomb unearthed rhino bowl; 1982.In 1982, the Tomb of the Southern Song Dynasty Yu Yu in Pengshan, Sichuan Province, excavated a rhinoceros round box lid. And now we introduce this piece of rhinoceros, the amount of objects is larger, and the level of craftsmanship is more exquisite than the above four Song Dynasty rhinoceros artifacts. Due to the discovery of this piece of rhinoceros, our understanding of the Song and Jin rhinoceros processes has become more specific and rich.
From the perspective of art utensils, the works of the Song and Jin Dynasties include hammers, boxes, bowls, fan handles, etc. On the one hand, it can be seen that the scope of use of rhinoceros is still relatively wide, and on the other hand, it can also be seen that because this process is time-consuming and labor-intensive, it is more suitable for small utensils.
From the fetal bone point of view, Datong pick rhinoceros, Wujin rhino box, Pengshan rhino box lid are all painted on the wooden tire; while the Golden Altar rhino fan handle is a clamp spinning method, that is, paint is applied to the fabric tire, and the sandbar rhino bowl is made of wood and silver foil as the tire. There is such a record in Xie Wei's "Golden Jade Trivialities": "The Song people had carved lacquer plates and boxes and other things, knives into three layers, calligraphy and painting were extremely skilled, and there were gold as tires, and large internal objects were also covered." Folk have silver tires, gray tires, and all of them are exquisite. "The rhino bowl on the sandbank is a noble vessel of this period, and it is a rare excavated cultural relic.
From the perspective of the technology of applying the paint layer and applying carving, the five layers and ten layers of the paint layer are different, all thin and uniform; each layer of paint must be five or six times to achieve the required thickness of the paint film. Pattern or vanilla, or cloud pattern, or cloud hook pattern. Whether the knife is light or deep, it has the ability to see the power, the pattern trend is euphemistic and vivid, and the knife edge is polished smoothly and rounded.
In order to facilitate comparative research, we will list the five pieces of Song and gold rhinoceros lacquerware unearthed below.