The Tang Dynasty, the heyday of the development of China's feudal society. There has been considerable development in both politics and economics. At the same time, the corresponding supervision system, like the entire feudal system, has been greatly developed and has entered a mature period.
There was also a set of local supervision systems in japan in the Asuka, Nara, and Heian periods adjacent to China, so making a horizontal comparison between the local supervision systems in China and Japan can allow us to better understand the history, conduct an in-depth analysis of local supervision in China and Japan, and also see the historical impact of the local supervision system on China and Japan.
Supervision system of the Tang Dynasty - Yushitai
In the early days of the Tang Dynasty, local supervision had already appeared, and the Tang Dynasty set up the "Yushitai", which was both the state's legal supervision organ and the state administrative supervision organ, and was the highest supervision body.
The position of the chief of the "Imperial History Platform" is the Imperial History Doctor, and the taiwan court, the temple court and the inspection court are set up below, and these three courts are managed by the imperial history of the attendant, the imperial history of the temple, and the imperial history of the supervision, which can be seen from this that the "imperial history" of the Tang Dynasty has clear responsibilities, clear levels, and is a very strict supervision system.
According to historical records, the Tang Six Classics volume 13 "Yushitai" Yun: "Ten people supervising the history of history, more than eight pins." "Supervise the imperial history of the division of hundreds of officials, patrol the prefectures and counties, correct the prisons, and rectify the imperial ceremonies." In the Tang Dynasty, officials who tried major cases or involved more than five pins were tried by dali temples, yushitai and the criminal department, and were jointly responsible for the trial of cases, known as the "three divisions".
It can be inferred from this that the Tang Emperor attached great importance to the "Yushitai" institution, and the main duty of the Imperial Historian was to be responsible for the "Yushitai" institution as a whole, and at the same time, he was also responsible for the implementation of the state laws.
The main function of the imperial history of the palace is to be in charge of the picketing hall, check the appearance of hundreds of officials, maintain the order of the imperial court and the majesty of the emperor, and also participate in judicial trials, etc. The "supervision royal history" of the imperial court is specifically aimed at the local supervision history, and the main function of the supervision royal history is to inspect the counties and counties, correct various unjust, false and wrong cases, and rectify the imperial program.
Japan's supervision system - Bomb Shodai
Japan's supervisory body is the "Bomb Shodai", one of the official positions of the Japanese central government, and at the same time, independent of the Japanese imperial court, responsible for managing the wrongdoings of japanese bureaucrats, rectifying the central government's discipline, and having the right to expose and impeach bureaucrats, as well as managing Japanese etiquette and customs.
According to historical records, the book "Pension Order, Staff Order, and Bullet Zhengtai" reads: "One person is bowed, one is loyal, and it is not contrary to the ,...... The patrol bomb is ten people, the palm patrols inside and outside, and the correction is not violated." "Bullet Zhengyin" is the chief officer of the "Bomb Zhengtai", equivalent to the Chinese "Imperial Historian", responsible for all the affairs of the "Bomb Zhengtai", "inspecting inside and outside, correcting the bullet is not violated", supervising all officials except the left minister and below violating the law, etc. The "Bullet Zhengtai" has a large and a small bow, a large and small loyalty, and a large and small sparse under the "Bomb Zhengtai".
Not only that, the form of supervision and impeachment in Japan's "Qizhengtai" is very solemn, similar to the impeachment ceremony in China's Yushitai, china is the impeachment of illegal officials by the Imperial Master to the emperor, and Japan is reported to the Japanese emperor by the "Zhenzheng Yin", it can be seen that the establishment of Japan's supervision organs is similar to the supervision organs of the Tang Dynasty in China. All of them were to maintain order in the imperial court, to create a clean and healthy bureaucratic atmosphere, and at the same time, to strengthen the imperial rule.
Development and comparison of the tang dynasty and The Japanese surveillance system
1. The development and change of the supervision system of the Tang Dynasty
In the early days of the Tang Dynasty, although there was a "Yushitai" supervision body, the number of officials in the "Yushitai" was small, and it could not exercise good supervision over the localities.
In the later period of Wu Zetian's reign, the name of "Inspector Envoy" appeared, and in 684, in the first year of the reign of Wu Hou Guangzhai, as the rulers of the imperial court paid more and more attention to the supervision system, the number of people supervising the central and local imperial histories increased, "specializing in the white officials and military brigades of the Beijing Division, adding the Right Su Zhengtai, the Special Inspection of the Beijing Division and the Unexpected Wenwu Hundred Officials, plus one each of the Right Tai Doctor and the Zhongcheng, and twenty people each serving the Imperial History, the Imperial Attendant Imperial History, and the Supervision Imperial History."
According to historical records, it can be seen that the number of supervision organs in this period increased, and the internal organs were further expanded; during the tang ruizong period, the supervision system of the Wu Zetian period was inherited, and the "system of inspection and envoys" was implemented, which improved the efficiency of supervision to a certain extent.
In 713, the second year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the "Yushitai" supervisory organ was basically stabilized in the Tang Dynasty, and during the Tang Xuanzong period, the state political situation was stable and the economy was prosperous; although the imperial court had different opinions on supervision, Tang Xuanzong, in order to be able to grasp and understand the localities, changed the name of the "Yushitai" supervisory organ to the envoy according to the inspection and the handling of the envoy, and the "Yushitai" supervision organ and its official setup were basically fixed, and the "three-court system" of the Taiwan Court, the Palace Yuan, and the Inspection Court was established.
During the tang dynasty, the envoys who were dealt with according to the inspection and handling were renamed as the observation envoys, and looking at the process of setting up supervision envoys in the Tang Dynasty, it can be seen that the inspectors, the envoys, the interview envoys, and the observation envoys, no matter how the names change, have not changed in their supervisory powers and the nature of their work.
On the one hand, the state was strong during the Tang Dynasty, but the bureaucratic system was not perfect, and the supervision system could purge the imperial court bureaucracy for the Tang Dynasty, and at the same time it was a supplement to the Tang Dynasty official system, and further strengthened the centralized power system.
On the other hand, because supervision makes the function have the characteristics of "monopoly of power", it can effectively supervise the hundred officials and improve the efficiency of work, coupled with the fact that the Tang Rulers attach great importance to the local states and counties, and strengthen the supervision of the hundred officials, we can clearly understand the image of the officials among the people, the officials of the prefectures and counties are related to the rise and fall of the country, the safety of the people, the Tang Rulers realized the importance of supervision, so it is self-evident that the supervision system prevailed in the Tang Dynasty.
Developments and comparisons of Japan's monitoring system
Japan's supervision system was established in the environment of internal and external troubles, in the 7th century of Japan, the country's internal political instability, frequent wars between nobles, war continued, in this period, Japan is an era of turmoil, in contrast to the Tang Dynasty, the economy is strong, the country is prosperous, so there are Japanese scholars to learn from the Tang Dynasty, but also formed the "Tang style culture."
Among them, the most familiar is that the monk Min studied in China for 25 years, learned a complete set of feudal ruling political system of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, and absorbed the advanced economic system and scientific and cultural knowledge of the Tang Dynasty on a large scale, especially the Japanese "Bomb Zhengtai" supervision system, which is to imitate the "Yushitai" of the Tang Dynasty, from which it can be inferred that the influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japan's bureaucracy and supervision system is far-reaching.
Comparison of the Tang Dynasty and the Japanese local supervision system
According to the above analysis, the Tang Dynasty and Japan have many similarities in local supervision, but there are also differences, according to historical records, in 686 AD, in order to strengthen the central government's supervision of the localities, the Tang Dynasty sent inspectors to supervise the localities, and in 694 AD, Japan also sent inspectors to various provinces to inspect, which shows that both the Tang Dynasty and Japan sent inspectors to inspect the localities.
Although Japanese students studied the political system of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, they did not bring the political system of the Tang Dynasty back to Japan in a rigid way, but analyzed and studied it, and then formulated the official position of local inspector in combination with the actual situation in Japan itself.
For example, inspectors in Japan not only have the same name as the Tang Dynasty, but also have the same functions and powers. In the Tang Dynasty, the envoy was just a change of name of the envoy, and although Japan borrowed the name of the Tang Dynasty official, the essence of the envoy in Japan has changed, and its identity is not only different, but even the official rank is different.
It can be seen that Japan uses its name for some official positions, and without actually using the facts, it can also be seen from the side that the supervision system of the Tang Dynasty and Japan in some periods was the same, but in some periods there were differences, such as the difference in the identity and status of the envoys.
In summary, according to the comparison between the Tang Dynasty and the Japanese supervision system, it can be seen that the influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japanese politics is of great significance, and in the process of learning from the Tang Dynasty, Japan combines the national conditions of its own country, and it is precisely because of this cultural integration that Japan has the shadow of the Tang Dynasty inspector in the supervision system, and at the same time, it also reflects the unique characteristics of Japan.
bibliography
1. A Comparative Study of the Local Supervision Systems of China and Japan in the Tang Dynasty
2. "Research on the Emergence and Rheology of Local Supervisors in the Tang Dynasty"
3. Analysis of the Local Supervision System in the Tang Dynasty