China's ancient supervision system consisted of two major systems, one is the supervision system of the counselors' speeches and opinions, and the other is the supervision system of the imperial history correction.
From the perspective of the scope of responsibility, it can be divided into two parts: central and local. So what was the basic framework of the Tang Dynasty's supervision system? Let's take a look at them one by one.
1.
Central: Set up the Imperial Observatory and the Counselor Organization
Before Tang Zhenguan, YuShitai only collected news to report to the emperor, and even did not care about the authenticity of the news. It was not until the fourteenth year of the new century (726) that a special member of the Imperial History was set up to accept lawsuits, and the Imperial History Platform was considered to have judicial power and was officially incorporated into the Supervision Organs. There is one Goshidai as the highest official of the Goshidai, followed by two deputy chiefs of the Goshidai. After the opening of the new century, the Eastern Capital Yushitai was added to the Eastern Capital Luoyang in the Eastern Capital of the Tang Dynasty, that is, the Eastern Capital Liutai. With Yushi Zhongcheng as the main official, he became the branch agency of The Imperial History in Dongdu. Within the Imperial Observatory, there are branches such as the Taiyuan, the Temple, and the Inspection Yuan, which are responsible for specific subdivisions, and this article will not be repeated.
The main duty of the Imperial Observatory is to picket the violations of discipline and laws of the hundred officials, to correct existing mistakes and punish relevant personnel.
The Tang Dynasty's supervision system was supplemented by the Imperial Observatory and the Organization of Advisors.
Among them, there are four people in the matter, which belong to Menxia Province, and there are two people on the left and right, four people on the left and right counselors, six people on the left and right, six people on the left and right, and six people on the left and right, and Zhongshu Province on the right.
The role of the Counselor Organization is to correct the misconduct of the three provinces and six ministries and to amend those directives that have not yet been issued.
2
． Local: Central patrol and local self-inspection
In the early Tang Dynasty, the central government had two kinds of supervision systems for localities, which were divided into irregular patrols and regular parting patrols.
In order to ensure efficiency and the quality of supervision, two measures were introduced, one is that the officials responsible for inspection are not fixed, and appointments and dismissals are randomly given according to people and events. The second is to set up a more complete "Six Inspection Law", which specifies the content of supervision and rewards and punishments for officials according to the results. Most of the inspectors of the prefectures and counties were directly instructed by the emperor, and they were called "Chincha ministers", and their power was so great that they could even influence the career of officials, and their status was very high.
There are also more stable frequency of split track patrols
In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Li Shimin created the system of inspection according to the road, and according to the "deformation of mountains and rivers", he divided the country into ten supervision areas and supervised them separately, so as to avoid the destruction of the supervision system by local protectionism. Later, the Tang Emperor constantly re-divided and sorted out the supervision area on this basis, and changed the ten provinces to fifteen provinces during the Kaiyuan period, with an average of about twenty provinces in the prefecture, which was more balanced and perfect. In the specific implementation, the central inspection system is mainly responsible for the inspection court, composed of fifteen inspectors, and the patrol is divided into two times a year in the spring and autumn, which is called "custom" in the spring and "honest inspection" in the autumn.
However, since the Imperial History Terrace is, after all, a permanent organ, even if there is a system of separate patrols and random inspections, it is difficult to avoid the lack of supervision, and even the situation of the central Imperial Historian colluding with the local government to deceive the upper and lower levels. Therefore, in addition to the above measures, temporary local supervision envoys will often be dispatched to local areas to picket local officials on behalf of the central government and reward and punish officials according to the results. These envoys are generally of relatively high rank, and after careful selection, they will be entrusted with heavy responsibilities, and often the supervision effect is better. Local governments themselves also have an internal supervision system, which is supervised by the metropolitan supervision history system, the main book system, and the system of dynastic envoys.
Many of the supervision systems of the Tang Dynasty were inherited from the Sui Dynasty, and in the process of implementation, the profits and losses were considered, and finally a supervision system in which the central and local governments, the imperial history and the counselors worked together, providing a model for the establishment of the supervision system in later generations.