The official title system of the Song Dynasty was very complicated, first, there were many types of official titles, each in series, added together, to form an official title, often up to dozens of words, or even hundreds of words. For example, Sima Guang listed his official titles in the Zizhi Tongjian as follows: "Duan Ming Dian Bachelor, Concurrent Hanlin Attendant Bachelor, Chaosan Dafu, Right Counselor, Chong Ji Xian Dian Xiu, QuanJu Xi Jing Liu Si Yu Shi Tai, Shangzhu Guo, Hanoi County Founding Marquis, 1,300 households of Food Yi, 400 households of Food Seals, and purple gold fish bags." A total of 63 words.
It is estimated that many people feel that an official title like Sima Guang is too complicated, easy to confuse, and even unable to say how big an official he is. In fact, the official title system of the Song Dynasty is also regular, and if you figure out the ins and outs, it is not difficult to understand. The main system of civil official titles in the Song Dynasty is summarized as follows:
1. Disperse officials
In the Tang Dynasty, there were civil and military officials, which only indicated a certain rank, but no actual position. Its role is only in: as a way for the door shade to promote and exalt officials; when officials commit crimes, they can use scattered officials as a part of their guilt; Kaifu Yi and the three divisions and special jin (scattered official titles) can receive a certain amount of feng lu, and the following are generally not.
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, following the Tang system, there were still scattered officials, but even the above characteristics of the Tang Dynasty were gone, but the color of clothing was determined by the grade of scattered officials: Wenshan officials wore purple with more than three products, served more than five products, and served green with more than nine products. In order to let the reader figure out what is a scattered official, the following is a specific list of more than six products of scattered officials.
From a pin: Kaifu Yi with three divisions
Zheng Erpin: Special
From the second product: Guanglu Doctor
Zheng Sanpin: Golden Purple Guanglu Doctor
From sanpin: Silver Qing Guanglu Doctor
Masashi Pinshang: Masamune Doctor
Zheng Si Pin : TongFeng Doctor
From the four products: Taizhong Doctor
From the four pins: The Doctor of The Middle
Zheng Wu Pin Shang: Doctor Zhongsan
Shogo: Asaho Daio
From the five products: Ask the doctor
From Wupin: Asahi Doctor
Shoroku shinjo: Asaboro
Shoroku: Shonaoro
From the six products: Bong Nao-lang
From Rokushin: Tonoro
……
Note that the above scattered officials are the situation in the early Song Dynasty, after the reform of the Yuanfeng system, the scattered officials were abolished, and the rank of the civilian officials was adjusted to become the "Jilu official rank" of the civilian officials. In addition, after the Reform of Yuanfeng, there are still so-called "scattered officials", but there is no longer the meaning of scattered ranks, only the meaning of "no executive", that is, it refers to idle and unsupported officials, such as deputy envoys of Jiedu, Marching Sima ( Marching ) , Deputy Envoys of Defense , Deputy Envoys of RegimentAlty , Prefecture Drivers , Changshi , Sima ( 司司馬 , Si Shi , Literature , Teaching Assistants , etc.
2. Sending Officers
Jilu guan, also known as "this official", "main official", "rank official", is used to indicate the rank of an official, to receive a fenglu without actual holding a position. The Song Dynasty's sending officials have certain similarities with the Tang Dynasty's scattered officials, in addition to the Feng Lu used to determine the officials, it is also the basis for the implementation of shading, giving, recommending, redeeming, etc. for officials, and also has a certain impact on the appointment of officials.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, before the Yuanfeng reform system, the official rank of Wenchen was composed of the official names of the tang dynasty's three provinces, six ministries, twenty-four divisions, nine temples and five supervisors, and prefecture and county officials. For example, The Left and Right Servants of Shangshu, the Six Shangshu and Shilang, the Twenty-Four Silang Zhong, the Yuanwailang, the Nine Temples and the Five Supervisors, the Supervisor, the Shaoqing, and the Cheng no longer represent a position as in the Tang Dynasty, but represent a rank in the official rank.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jilu officials were divided into three grades: imperial officials, Jing officials, and elected officials. Imperial officials, also known as "promotion officials", refer to the middle and high-ranking officials who often go to the court to see the emperor and participate in the imperial meetings, such officials from the washing horse to the Taishi, a total of thirty-seven ranks, are all court officials; Jingguan refers to the low-level officials who are officials in the imperial court but do not often go to the court to see the emperor and participate in the imperial meetings, such officials have five ranks; election refers to the low-level officials selected by the officials, divided into four grades and seven ranks.
In September of the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), the "New Ge of The Order of Changing Officials to Send Lu" was promulgated, and the official names of the Officials of the Jing Dynasty underwent a major change: from the original Tang Dynasty official name of the provincial and temple supervisor to the name of the Tang Dynasty's Wenshan official, from Tong Zhilang above to Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, a total of 20 ranks, belonging to the imperial official; from Xuandelang above to Chengwulang, a total of 5 ranks, belonging to the Beijing official. The names of the elected officials remained.
Yuanfeng reformed the system and changed the official rank of the original dynasty from 42 to 25. Due to the excessive reduction of official ranks, the transfer of officials was too fast, so in February of the third year (1088) of Emperor Zhezong Yuanyou, he juxtaposed the left and right of the 6 steps of Chaoyi, Zhongsan, Zhengyi, Guanglu, Yinqing Guanglu, and Jinzi Guanglu, thus increasing the number of 6 ranks; in the fourth year of Yuanyou, he further juxtaposed the left and right of the 14th rank of Chengwu Lang to Chaozhi Dafu, thus increasing the number of 14 steps. In this way, the 25th rank at the time of Yuanfeng's restructuring was increased to 45th rank, and it was stipulated that all officials who were born into the military and those with posts were transferred to the left rank and beyond the rank, while officials with no birth or miscellaneous origins had to move from the right step to the left step and move step by step, thus increasing the number of ranks and distinguishing the flow of goods.
It should be noted that in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Tang system was followed, and the official products were divided into nine products, one, two, and three points were from the front; below the four products, the positive and subordinate were divided into upper and lower, a total of 30 steps. Yuanfeng reformed the system and redefined the official products, which were divided into nine products and 18 steps.
3. The Clergy
The Song Dynasty system called the official in charge a minister. All the officials set up by the central and local bureaucracies are clerical officers. However, before and after the Yuanfeng reform, the official names of the clergy were very different.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the tang dynasty's scattered officials were used as scattered officials, and the tang dynasty's provincial and temple supervisors were used as the sending officials, and the officials who were really responsible for daily administrative affairs were called "dispatches". For example, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, Counselor to The Governor, Privy Envoy, Three Divisions Envoy, Zhi Trial Officer's Court Affairs, Judgment of Menxia Provincial Affairs, Judgment of Household Affairs, Transfer Envoy, Zhi Prefecture Military Affairs, Zhi County, Judicial Participation in the Army, and so on.
The names of these cleric officials probably have the following characteristics: First, the front is often prefixed with the words "judgment", "knowledge", "straight", "pipe hook", "lifting", "mentioning point", etc., and the latter is often embellished with words such as "envoy" and "matter"; second, the clerical officers of some institutions are called differently because of the different ranks of the officials who are serving them. For example, if the three envoys are filled with officials with lower ranks, they are called "the official affairs of the three divisions of power", and if they serve in the palace and supervise the imperial history, if they are filled with officials with lower ranks, they are called "serving the imperial history in the palace" and "supervising the imperial history".
After the Yuanfeng reform system, the officials were abolished, and the official ranks of the Tang Dynasty were added, deleted, and arranged to become the new Jilu official ranks; at the same time, most of the official names of the envoys of the original central bureaucracy were abolished, so that the chief officials of the provincial and provincial temples and supervisors returned their posts according to the name of the "Six Classics of Tang" and became the ministerial officials.
For example, the judgment of household affairs, the court affairs of the zhijue officials, the judgment of Dali Temple, and the judgment of the general supervisors, etc., Zhongshu Shilang, Menxia Shilang, the six Shangshu, Shilang, Langzhong, and Yuanwailang, and the secretaries and supervisors of the Nine Temples and Five Prisons have all become the actual officials in charge.
It should be noted that, first, some of the officials of the central bureaucracy still retain their original official names, such as privy councillors and privy councillors; second, the names of local institutional roads, state capital military superintendents, and counties are still unchanged; third, clergy officials often carry the words "line", "keep", and "test". Compared with the officials of the ministry, those with a higher grade or more carry the word "line", those with a lower grade carry the word "shou", those with a lower grade carry the word "test", and those with the same official quality do not carry the word "line", "keep", or "try".
4. Other official titles
In addition to the sending of Lu officials and the ministry officers, the official title system of the Song Dynasty also included the rank of ancestral official, the post, and the additional criminal official title.
The ancestral officials are the officials in charge of the temple palace, most of whom are part-time and full-time; the post mainly refers to the bachelors of the Various Halls, and the bachelors of the various halls are the Duanmingdian Bachelor, the Guanwendian University Scholars, the Bachelors, the Seniors, the Bachelors, the Xuanhedian University Scholars, and the Bachelors; the Zhuge Bachelors include Longtu Pavilion, Tianzhang Pavilion, Baowen Pavilion, Huawen Pavilion, Baozhang Pavilion, and so on. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the situation of ministers bringing bachelors from the various temples was very common, and it was also more extensive, and it had no practical significance.
In addition to officials, positions, dispatches, and postings, the Northern Song Dynasty also followed the Tang system and retained some additional official titles, mainly including knighthood, food yi, and food seal. For example, Sima Guang's "1,300 households of food and 400 households of food". The 1,300 households here are actually false titles, and only the food seal has some significance. Before the Southern Song Dynasty, each household was sealed with food, and twenty-five texts were added with the monthly salary, and Sima Guang's "four hundred households were sealed with food", and the monthly feng lu was only 10 consecutive.
In addition, in addition to the above-mentioned various official titles, there are also honorary officials, meritorious servants, inspectors, examination titles, and grants. Most of these titles are also honorary and have no practical impact. For example, Sima Guang's "Shangzhu Guo" is a xunguan, which is a positive second product.
The gifts are divided into six levels, which are: sword foot on the temple, edict is not named, praise is not named, entering the dynasty is not trending, purple gold fish bag, and silk fish bag. For example, one of the official titles listed by Sima Guang at the end is "Giving Purple Goldfish Bag", if you don't understand the reason, it is naturally difficult to understand what the concept of giving Purple Goldfish Bag is. According to customization, the purple gold fish bag could be given to officials above the 20th anniversary of their service, which was not a big honor at that time.