Datong unearthed a brief discussion of the Tombstone of the Wu clan of the Tang Dynasty

Datong unearthed a brief discussion of the Tombstone of the Wu clan of the Tang Dynasty

Journal of Datong Vocational and Technical College, 2002.03 Ma Zhiqiang Li Zhichun

Abstract: Datong unearthed the tombstone of the Wu clan of the Tang Dynasty, which is the latest material for the study of the history of the Wu Zetian family. Wu Qing and Wu Yan were members of the Wu Zetian family, who came to Datong in the "Border County" after the Wu clan suffered heavy losses, and built private houses in the Datong Military City, making Datong their second hometown.

In the spring of 1987, the staff of the Datong Museum excavated two Tang tombs at the construction site of Zhenhua South Street in Datong City, Shanxi Province, and unearthed two epitaphs. The two Zhi Gai are all, Yingding, and the upper seal book "Tomb of the Emperor of Tang Wufu" 6 characters. These two epitaphs are father and son epitaphs, father Wuqing epitaphs are 50cm high, 50cm wide, and 9 cm thick, and the first inscription of the epitaph is "Ancient Hedong Jiedusan Will Shou Zuo Jin Wu Wei Ning Prefecture Sanhui Fu Zuo Guo Yi Du Lieutenant Outer Placed with the Epitaph of the Emperor Wujun of the Zhengzhu State and Preface" 38 characters, Zhiwen Kai. The prologue is 15 lines, the full line is 25 words, and the inscription is 4 lines, each line is 16 words. ZiWuyan epitaph is 53cm high, 55cm wide, and 9cm thick, and the epitaph inscription "Tang Gu JieDu Shan General Riding Du Wei Test Jin Wuwei Grand General and Fengcheng Army Escort Taiyuan Wufu Jun Epitaph and Preface" 31 characters, Zhiwen Xingkai. The prologue is 14 lines, the full line is 23 words, the inscription is 4 lines, the first two lines are 28 words per line, the third line is 30 words, and the last line is 14 words. This bi-in-one epitaph has been rarely discussed since the beginning of time. Through rough reading, I thought that it had a very close relationship with the Wu Zetian family and was the latest cultural relics to study the history of the Wu Zetian family. Here, I will try to add punctuation to the epitaph and simply do a little explanatory work, so that after the data is published, experts and scholars can use it to carry out more in-depth and meticulous research work. My little discussion here can only be barely counted as a brick throwing jade, inappropriate, please axe correction.

One

Therefore, Hedong Jiedusan will guard the left Jinwu Weining Prefecture Sanhui Prefecture Zuo Guoyi Du Lieutenant Placed together with the epitaph of the Shangzhu Guo Wujun

Jun Zhenqing, whose predecessor Taiyuan Commandery was also Gao Xin Zhi Lingxu, Ji Shi's Fang Miao. Zhou you have the Advent of the Virgin, holding the golden mirror and illuminating the world; Tang Youfei will save the world, and the wheel treasure sword will be fixed in Shandong. Dressed in liturgy, Yiye Chongrong, as for the present. Zu Zhen Lingke, Ren Weizhou Assassin History, concurrently Yokono Military Envoy, Wind God Shuanglang, Ji Yu WenNing, Side Division Four Yue, Sneaking Cloud Thunder, Monopolizing two Days, Hanging Sun and Moon; Father Zhen Chongyan, Ren Lanzhou Fangshan County Ling, Qu Zhanji's assets, Fei Zhi Ren; Jun is the second son of The First King, Mu Ban Chao's Gao Zhi, Huai Bai Qi's deep strategy, far away from Fenchuan, Jiuyou Bian County, Ming Ming Military Brigade, Frequent Meritorious Service, Special Feng Promoting, early ascension to the official position. And he can inherit the sages, be good at training and loving the son, be loyal to the country, be filial to honor his relatives, and be between the flowers and the flowers, and look into the clouds, this is the sage of the father, the ming of the son, and the preparation of the poetry and the etiquette. Whoops, who's not to say that it's not its life! The anointing blindness showed the disease, the medicine bait did not sign, the 27th of October in the ninth year of the Zhen Dynasty, the age of seventy-nine, and finally datong military privately. He returned to his hometown from afar, and before he could do so, he chose to be buried on December 15 of his year in the Wuli Plain, southwest of the Datong military city, Liye. Heirs ascend to the dynasty, enter the dynasty, Jiang dynasty, advice and other trumpets of heaven and earth, weeping blood and pulp, can prepare the fierce ceremony, deeply demonstrate filial piety, worry about the sun and the moon, change in the valley, Sui Le Zhenshi, Yong Ji Deyin. Ming yue:

Duke Wu of Weifu, who was young from Rong, collected the outside of the seyché, trapped in the enemy cloud. The five counties are named, the three armies are praised, the qi is knotted with yin mountains, and the heart is clear and cold. Why not the heavens, the loneliness of the dead, the sorrow of the ancient wood, the moon falling in the barren camp. Qinghu Budi, Heir Zi Tian, Lone Soul He Tuo, Long Return to the Grass Country

Tang Gu Jiedusan general Riding Du Wei Tried Zuo Jin Wuwei General and Fengcheng Army Escort Taiyuan Wufu Jun's Epitaph and Order

Public words, words and sayings, its predecessor Taiyuan people also. As for today's day, it has been more than a thousand years. Guan Xun Yiye, generation has wizards. Fujun wandered the side, so he engaged in it for the side. Great-grandfather, zuqing, father or Yiwen or former Zhizhizhi, can not be repeated. Gong Was the fourth son of the Emperor of Fujun (府君之), who was initially appointed as a general of Jiedu (節度散將將軍) and a knight lieutenant (陳都尉), a general of the Left King's Guard, and a retainer of the Fengcheng Army. Miao Nian is brave and courageous, and his ambition is strong. Indecent is silent, there is a degree of retreat, gratitude is in the heart, and there is a deep heart. Three friends walk in faith, and six relatives are in harmony with grace and righteousness. The neighbors and township parties all admire their virtues, and the intentions of the benevolent ones are different from those of the constant. Whoops, the great fortune does not stay like an arrow. The public election was in the private place of Ren Xianfang in Yunzhou, and he died at the age of sixty-four. Former lady of the Bohai Gao clan, died on October 8, 2000, and is now with Gonghe Zu Yan o that is, on November 3 of the first year of the Yamato era, the Shrine of The Ancestral Palace was in the First Stem, the Prefecture Ofshin Wuli No. Hara, Reiya. There are three sons, Chang Yue Shi Ze, Second Yue Shi Zheng, Xiao Yue Shi Ying, Ru Di weeping blood, mourning too liturgy, Gao Chai, Zeng Zi Zhi Ye. The inheritance of the pro-color, filial piety is too ancient. Brothers discussed that its age is far-reaching, the valley has changed and moved, please remember it, so it is an inscription:

The Great Wu Clan, the world out of its sages, only the gong Zhong Mei, will be Shao Qixian. Ambitious and courageous, engaged in the side, quiet and difficult to solve the problem, strong enemies are invincible. The ancients of Fang, who can be compared, this night and night, do not enjoy their years. Vast thick soil, poor springs, never goodbye, called not to smell the sky. Song Zuo salary ridge for soil, posterity knows whose tomb, this number is not indelible, the descendants know its place, so do not lose the spring road!

Two

Both epitaphs are members of the Wu Zetian family. Here's a quick analysis. Wu Qing's epitaph says: "Its predecessor Taiyuan County people also." Gao Xin's Lingxu, Ji's Fangmiao. The New Book of Tang Dynasty Records of the Lineage of the Prime Minister states: "The Wu clan comes from the surname of Ji, and the young son of king Ping of Zhou was born with a text in his hand called 'Wu', so he thought it was a clan." In addition, Mr. Liang Hengtang once examined that there were three major families in the Wu clan: one was the Wu clan of Rencheng in Shandong, from the zi surname; one was after the Song WuGong in the Warring States period; and the other was the Wu Zetian family, which was from the Ji surname. E If this research result is not omitted, the only branch of Wu Qing may belong to the Wu Zetian family. This coincides with the epitaph "Gao Xin Zhi Ling Xu, Ji Shi Fang Miao". In the epitaph, there is another cloud: "Zhou has the Virgin Mary coming to the dynasty, holding a golden mirror and shining on the world." "Zhou Dang here refers to Wu Zhou. Because in the long period of historical development of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties, there is no historical record of the Wu clan as the mother, of course, let alone the "Linchao". In Chinese history, only Wu Zetian, as the "Virgin", came to the court and held a golden mirror to illuminate the world. Shi Zai: "In May (the fourth year of the arch), the empress dowager added the title of Our Lady of God emperor (vol. 6, "Zetian Empress Benji"), which further confirmed that the "Zhou You Virgin" here can only refer to wu Zetian's clan. As for the father and son of Wuqing Wuqing as "Wenshui people" and Yun "Taiyuan County people", it is because "Wenshui" belongs to "Taiyuan County", which is the same as the Wu clan is called "Hezhou Wang" and not "Wenshui Wang".

Why did Wu Qing's father and son move to Datong. When we examine the epitaphs of Wu Qing's father and son, we can learn that Wu Qing's grandfather Wu Lingnan was the assassin of Wei Prefecture, and General Yokono was a very accomplished local official; Wu Qing's father, Wu Chongyan, was appointed as the Commander of Fangshan County, Lanzhou. During the Tang Dynasty, the administrative office of Weizhou was close to the present-day Lingqiu County of Datong City, and the administrative seat of Fangshan County was near the left of present-day Qilan County, both of which were adjacent to Datong. An important reason why Wu Qing was able to "leave Fenchuan and travel to Bian County for a long time" and come to Datong was that his father and ancestors lived in the land inside and outside Yanmen Pass (that is, northern Jin) and made great achievements. When he came here, he could inherit the work of his father and grandfather and do a good job. This is an apparition that can be deduced directly from the epitaph.

So, are there any other reasons besides that? I thought there was. Now, because of the data limitations, it is not easy to speculate on the real reason why Wu Lingnan and Wu Chongyan came to yanmen pass inside and outside the yanmen pass. However, in the epitaphs of Wu Qing and his son Wu Yan, they provide us with a very valuable clue that Wu Qing came to Datong. In the tombstone of Wu Yan and his father Wu Qing, it is said: "Wandering on the side, so as to engage in the side." This shows that Wu Qing was not very willing and very active in coming to Datong on the northern border, but was quite reluctant and passive, and there were objective reasons that prompted him to "leave Fenchuan away." From Wu Qing's epitaph, it can be seen that Wu Qing died in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) at the age of 79, and it can be deduced that he was born in 715. At this time, Wu Zetian had been ill for nearly ten years, and the Wu family had been severely damaged, and Wu Qing, as a side branch of the Wu family, had suffered a small blow, but life was not very good. It is conceivable that when Wu Qing was young, because his father and grandfather were officials on the northern border, his brother and mother were also very embarrassed to live in Taiyuan, so they had the ambition to make meritorious contributions in the border like their father and grandfather, so the epitaph Yun '' Mu Ban Chao's high ambition, with the deep plot of Bai Qi. In November of the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), the "Anshi Rebellion" broke out, when Wu was 40 years old. The rebels quickly entered and occupied the Tang capital Chang'an, and of course Taiyuan, the northern capital of Tang, was not spared, and it was in this situation that Wu Qing "wandered around the border". At this time, Bianjun Yunzhong (Datong) was also devastated by the "Anshi Rebellion", which was a bad thing, but it provided excellent conditions for Wu Qing to come here to "name the military brigade and make meritorious achievements frequently". Therefore, it can be said that Wu Qing was coerced by the "Anshi Rebellion" and Datong.

Of course, when Wu Qing came to Datong, it cannot be said that Datong was the migration place of the Wu clan, which can be seen from Wu Qing's epitaph. Epitaph Yun: Wu Qing "Finally Datong Army Private, will return to the countryside from afar, occupy the zhengwei ,...... Quan was buried in the Wuli Plain, southwest of Datong Military City." The epitaph makes it clear that after Wu Qing's death,

Originally, the bones were to be transported back to Taiyuan for burial, but after Mr. Yin Yang's divination and calculation, he thought that it was not suitable to do so at that time, so he had to temporarily bury it in the southwest of Datong Military City, which is now the residential area of Zhenhua South Street, and then have the opportunity to move back to his hometown later. When his son Wu Yan arrived, for various reasons, he did not have time to relocate his father's bones to Taiyuan, and then over time, he buried his father's place and made it his hometown, so after his death, he was also buried here. At this time, we can accurately say that Datong has become another place of migration for the Wu family.

Lineage of the Wuqing clan. Here, according to the epitaph of Wu Qing's father and son, we list the lineage of their branch as follows:

From Wu Lingnan to Wu Yan's son, The Brothers of Wu Yan, the epitaph lists a total of 5 generations, 11 people with names and surnames (including Wu Yan's former wife Bohai Gaoshi, which is also the only marriage situation involved in the Erzhi), and 1 nameless person, that is, Wu Qing's brother. According to the Two Tang Dynasty Books "Records of Officials", Wu Lingyu served as the assassin of Wei Prefecture and the military envoy of Yokono, and his official position was Zheng Si Pin Xia; Wu Chongyan was Lan Zhou FangShan County Ling, and the official position was from Qipin Xia. Although Wu Qing's upper pillar state is a meritorious position, the official position is the real Zheng Erpin; the official position of wuyan is from the five pins. Judging from the official qualities, Wu Lingke and Wu Qing had higher official positions, while Wu Chongyan had lower official positions.

Here, let's make another inference based on age. As we already know, Wu Qing was born in 715 and was the second son of Wu Chongyan. If calculated according to the 20-year generation, Wu Chongyan was born around 695, while Wu Lingyu was born around 675. In the New Book of Tang Dynasty, the lineage table of the prime minister knows that Wu Zetian's grandchildren have the character "Chong", and we look at Wu Chongyan's birth year as a reference, at this time, Wu Zetian is about 70 years old, and Wu Chongyan also happens to be at the age of his grandchildren. If this inference is true, then Wu Qing is the second grandson of Wu Zetian, the Wu Yan brothers are the third generation grandsons, and the wushi brothers are the fourth generation grandsons. If this is the case, the official positions of Wu Lingke and Wu Qing are high, and the problem of the low quality of Wu Chongyan and Wu Yan officials can be solved. When Wu Lingnan came of age, when Wu Zetian was in power, it was natural to be a high-ranking official because he was a member of the Wu clan and gained the door shade; by the time his son Chongyan became an adult, Wu Zetian had died of illness and retired to the political arena, and the Wu clan was greatly ostracized, and it was reasonable that he was a small county order. When Wu Qing arrived, due to the "Anshi Rebellion" and the country's need for talents, the imperial court not only no longer hated the Wu clan as before, but used them heavily, coupled with Wu Qing's courage and superior knowledge, both literature and martial arts, so he was given the highest honor of "Shangzhu Guo"; at the time of his son Wu Yan, the Li Tang Dynasty was very weak, the prestige was no longer there, and Wu Yan could no longer be a high official, and could only be subordinated to a low quality and resigned to his fate.

Looking through the old and new "Book of Tang", it can be seen that in the history of the Tang Dynasty, there was a famous Wu Lingke, who was the backbone of the Anshi rebellion, and only appeared in this period, mainly active in Xiangyang, Hubei and Nanyang, Henan. Shi called him "Pseudo-General Yuzhou Assassin Shi (武) Lingyu". Combing through the sporadic historical materials about Wu Lingke, I think there is no reason to think that this Wu Lingnan is the Wu Lingyu of the Tang Dynasty Wu Clan Tomb unearthed in Datong, which requires more rigorous argumentation in the future.

Incidentally, looking at the old and new Tang Dynasty "Geographical Records", Fangshan County did not belong to Lanzhou, but to Shizhou (present-day Lishi, Shanxi), and in Wu Qing's epitaph, when discussing his father Wu Chongyan, it is said that he was appointed as the Fangshan County Order of Lanzhou, which at least shows that Fangshan County was once subordinate to Lanzhou, and both the New Book of Tang and the Old Book of Tang are missing.