Zhuge Liang's "Table of Teachers" before and after is a "model" work of the ancient representative Zhang Class. The famous "Wenxin Carved Dragon", written during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, said that it was "Zhiquan Wenchang".
Su Shi of the Song Dynasty said that it was "simple and exhausting, straight and not arrogant, and big and big", and compared it with the sonatas written by Yi Yin and Fu Shu to Taijia and Wuding.
Su Shi believed that since the Qin and Han Dynasties, no one had ever written such a good article among the courtiers who had taken loyalty as their responsibility.
But, contemporary
A Shaanxi professor named Hu Juezhao,
Because this article has the color of "loyal jun",
He twice wrote to the Ministry of Education to charge the "Teacher's Table" with the crime of "foolish loyalty" and requested that it be removed from the textbook.
Moreover
The professor also saw from the "Longzhong Pair" that Zhuge Liang had attempts to "split Huaxia".
He only hated Zhuge Wuhou for having been an ancient man for thousands of years, otherwise, this Professor Hu would only be afraid to pursue responsibility to him.
First, the "Teacher's Table" is a good article that cannot be ignored
Zhuge Liang's "Table of Teachers" was first derived from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu , And The Biography of Zhuge Liang". The fame of this article is of course inseparable from the "loyal jun thought" contained in it, but
In fact, it is a "politician's model article" with high literary value.
The text of the "Teacher's Table" is simple and smooth,
"Reason and affection, dedication to the text".
At the beginning of the article, Zhuge Liang first explained his background in the above table.
At that time, he was preparing to carry out the first Northern Expedition, and he was worried that after he left Shu, the later lord Liu Chan would not be able to correctly handle the internal affairs of the imperial court, so he explained to him the necessity of "repairing internal affairs" in a serious tone.
Zhuge Liang even arranged for Liu Chan to arrange personnel, which were Some of Liu Bei's advisors, and which were military generals he felt could be trusted after his investigation. And he did not forget to cite the example of the rise and fall of the Han Dynasty to illustrate the necessity of "pro-virtuous subjects, far lesser people".
After talking about this, Zhuge Liang played the emotional card again. Tell Liu Chan how he was invited out of the mountain by Liu Bei's "Three Gu Maolu" in the first place, and how he was grateful and repaid Liu Bei. It is used to win the trust of Liu Chan and stimulate his ambition.
From the paragraph "Chenben Cloth Cloth, Ploughing Nanyang" to "Since Being Appointed, Lamenting at Night", the content is completely out of Zhuge Liang's true feelings, so for thousands of years, it has touched countless descendants.
Zhuge Liang reveals in the first half of the "Table of Renunciation" that Liu Chan "should not be vain and self-effacing", and we see in the second half,
While he was grateful for Liu Bei's kindness to his knowledge, he did not "pretend to be self-effacing."
On the one hand, he showed his hard work in the past twenty-one years; on the other hand, he encouraged Liu Chan to be diligent in his heart and mind.
It is really difficult for an old minister, even if he is in a high position of power, to speak out his heart so bluntly and encourage the weak emperor to be confident. But the most important thing is that he is reasonable, completely heartfelt, and convincing.
From the perspective of the writing structure, the "Table of Teachers" is written with ups and downs, layer by layer, and strong logic.
First use "the collapse of the first emperor" and "this critical autumn of survival" to tell the chaos and danger of the situation, so that people can wake up. Then start with "waiting for the minister of defense to work tirelessly inside", which makes people feel a little relieved.
Shu Han had already lost the "heavenly time" at that time, and the "geographical advantage" could not keep them for a long time. The only thing to be thankful for was that they still had "people" at that time.
。
But to maintain this kind of "people", the emperor cannot distinguish between internal and external subjects.
Step by step, Zhuge Liang drew Liu Chan into the attention of "Xiu Ming Qi". Then, in the name of Liu Bei, the positions of the civilian ministers and military generals were arranged in detail, which was a very clever move to ensure the stability of the political situation in the rear after he went out on the expedition.
But dry reasoning does not impress people. Whether it is from the perspective of political aims or the requirements of the article itself, there must be a part of "moving with emotion". As a result, there is a large paragraph of the second half of the "Chenben Cloth".
The whole article is written in one go, like clouds and flowing water, and the truth in it is also rare in similar ancient texts. moreover
There are many idioms, such as "arrogance and thinness", "adultery", "metaphorical ambiguity" and so on. It can be seen that it is wrong to regard it merely as a political article advocating the idea of loyalty to the king.
Second, is Zhuge Liang's loyalty "foolish loyalty"?
Professor Hu Juezhao once wrote to the education department twice, believing that Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition in the "Table of Teachers" was completely out of gratitude for Liu Bei's kindness, and Zhuge Liang's loyalty at that time was a kind of "foolish loyalty".
In addition, Professor Hu Juezhao also believes that Zhuge Liang
For the sake of the Northern Expedition, the livelihood of the people of Shudi was completely disregarded. Professor Hu's view has some influence in modern times.
I remember in 2007, a company released an RPG game set in the history of the Three Kingdoms. The author of this game shares the same view as Professor Hu.
Therefore, the author of the game arranged Zhuge Liang as an anti-angle, and let the male protagonist change from Zhuge Liang's subordinate to his opponent. The reason is that he has been waging wars for many years, resulting in the death of the people.
Halfway through the article, I went to check it out, and it turned out that the time when Professor Hu Juezhao first went to the Ministry of Education was exactly the same year! It was such a coincidence that I wondered if he had been influenced by the game.
In fact, the background setting of this game is ostensibly opposed to Zhuge Liang's war of labor and wealth, but behind it is the unification of the world, and its author is probably more like the person who advocates "Chinese division" in Professor Hu's mouth.
Zhuge Liang's "Table of Renunciation" before and after said it is very clear that the reason why he wanted the Northern Expedition was on the one hand to fulfill Liu Bei's ambition to restore the Han Dynasty; on the other hand, he could not let Shu Han sit still.
As long as people who have carefully read the two original texts will definitely not come to the conclusion that Zhuge Liang is "foolish and loyal."
。 The reason why he launched the Northern Expedition was purely because he saw that the natural dangers in Shudi could not be fixed forever, and he could only take the initiative to attack and defend.
So, who would generally oppose the Northern Expedition? It is generally a person like the Southern Song Dynasty. Because of the fear of war, he was in a corner of peace, and every year he paid tribute to the enemy country. Hanging on to a breath, he was finally destroyed by people, causing the tragedy of 100,000 soldiers and civilians throwing themselves into the sea and dying!
Of course, although most of us look down on the nest of the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty, there are still people who advocate the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty, so I have nothing to say.
epilogue
In fact, the loyalty and patriotism of the ancient people could not be separated at all. Because in ancient times, loyalty to the king is patriotism, and patriotism is loyalty to the king.
It is also absurd to accuse the ancients of having the idea of loyalty to the king.
Even if the "Table of Renunciation" does not talk about the idea of "loyalty" in it, it is only about literary skills, and it is also a very good political essay. Therefore, it will be respected by celebrities including Liu Xun and Su Shi.
Qiu Weiping, a Qing dynasty, even compared it to "Leaving the Troubles"
And this is all analyzed from a literary point of view.
There is no flashy style, but there is a narrative of "reasonable and heartfelt", and a touching and even tear-inducing "true feeling".
Such a good article, why move out of the textbook?
Ancient people's ideological concepts and modern people have conflicts, this is no way to do things, after all, the times are different, dialectical acceptance is good, where is the reason for splashing dirty water and even dumping children together?
This Professor Hu Juezhao
He also recommended to the education department to use Hua Xin's dry article "Stopping the War" to replace Zhuge Liang's "Table of Teachers", which shows his literary appreciation ability.