As a feudal unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities, the Qing Dynasty created a Dingwu system with national characteristics on the basis of inheriting the Dingwu system of the previous generation and combining the characteristics of its own ethnic group. For the Banner people and the Han people, different Ding Worries systems were adopted, which reflected the differences between the Manchus and Han Dynasties. People of different ranks are treated differently during the period of worry, which reflects the hierarchical nature of the official level.
Violating the Ding worry system will be punished by the law, on the contrary, those who have outstanding filial piety during the Ding worry period will be rewarded by the law, which again reflects the reward and punishment nature of the law. The Ding worry system in the Qing Dynasty is a process of continuous improvement, taking the Kangxi Dynasty as the boundary, and the Ding worry system after the Kangxi Dynasty gradually moves towards perfection, which in turn reflects the perfection of the Ding worry system.
The Qing Dynasty is a feudal dynasty established by the Manchu nobility, the ethnic minorities represented by the Manchus and the Han people, there are always differences between the Han people, including culture, ideas, ideas, and ways of behavior, etc. With the continuous integration of the Manchus and Han, this difference has gradually narrowed, but the differences between the Manchus and the Han have always existed, and the Rulers of the Qing Dynasty have adopted a policy of differentiating treatment and different people.
For the Ding worry system, which embodied the Confucian concept of filial piety, the Qing government adopted a policy of differential treatment between Manchu and Han. The nationality of the Manchu and Han dynasties is mainly reflected in two aspects: the difference in funeral customs and the different periods of observance of funerals. The Manchus are a people with a long history, originating between the White Mountains and the Black Water.
The earliest ancestors of the Manchus were the Sushen people in the pre-Qin period, in the Ming Dynasty the Manchus were divided into Jianzhou, Wildlings and Haixi Jurchens, the Jianzhou Jurchens led by Nurhaci unified the various ministries and established the Houjin, and then Nurhaci established the Eight Banners system on the basis of the integration of military and government, and with strong military strength, established the second ethnic minority regime in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty.
The Manchus play an important role in the history of the formation and development of the Chinese nation and are an indispensable part of the blood of our nation. Manchus live by hunting, because of the special way of survival, they have developed their character characteristics of being good at riding and shooting, in the long-term production labor, military activities, the Manchus created their own language, writing, and gradually formed their own unique folk customs, the uniqueness of funeral customs, is the representative of the unique folk customs of the Manchus.
In the original funeral method, it reflected the characteristics of Manchu and Han. There are many kinds of funeral methods for the Manchus, and before the Manchus entered the customs, the Manchus were still mainly cremation and could not accept han burials. The large number of manchus chooses such a funeral method, which is related to the environment in which they live.
The ancestors of the Manchus often had no place to live and were more mobile. It is precisely because of the liquidity that many properties cannot be taken away, so the deceased hopes to take away some fixed properties and funerary goods after death. In addition, the special military organization of the Eight Banners military and government integration, and the military life of the conquest for many years, made it impossible for many eight flag soldiers to return home, so they hoped to return to their hometown through cremation after death.
For the Manchu cremation, the Han people are even more unacceptable, the Han people think that this is disrespectful to the deceased, people go into the soil after death, so the Han people practice the way of burial. At the same time, after death, people must keep filial piety for their loved ones for three years to fulfill filial piety, because the grace of parents is greater than heaven, and the core of Confucianism is "filial piety" first. The three-year period of observance was handed down.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, with the deepening of the degree of feudalization, the concept of "filial piety" of the Han nationality was gradually absorbed, and the basic national policy of "ruling the world with filial piety" was determined. The Manchus not only accepted the han burial method, but also began to learn from the Han people's three-year Ding Worry, to dismiss officials, to perform filial piety for their parents, and to change the way of cremation and burial.
Due to the differences between the Manchus and Han Dynasties, in the specific implementation of the Dingwu system, there are serious differences between the Manchus and the Manchus, the most important of which is reflected in the duration of the Dingwu system. For Han officials in Beijing and local officials of the Han nationality, the period of Ding You's observance system was twenty-seven months, following the Customs of the Han People, a period of three years of Ding Worry.
This is the time limit stipulated by the Qing Dynasty for the Han People to keep the system, and the three-year period of the system has existed in ancient times, and it is regarded as customized and common sense. Since ancient times, China has been a country with "the unity of etiquette and law", "etiquette" is the norm of all ancient people's standards of behavior, and the etiquette system also epitomizes the traditional Chinese culture - the Confucian concept of filial piety.
Among the various ceremonial systems, the three-year mourning system is the most important, because it inherits Confucian culture and is also a measure of public opinion and official standards. The Manchus and Mongols did not follow the three-year deadline, and their period of dingyou was 100 days, and after 100 days they could be revived.
This is closely related to the interests of the ruling class, the Manchus are the Manchu and Mongolian nobles as the main body of the regime, to conquer the powerful Han people, not only need to rely on the Han culture and the power of the Han landlords, but at the same time reuse them, they must also restrict them, control them, to prevent the fall of power.
Therefore, in some important departments, often Manchu officials and aristocratic officials, Manchu and Mongolian aristocratic officials often hold several positions, the organization is huge and the number of Manchu and Mongolian officials is limited, if you add a three-year period of observance, a long period of vacancy is bound to cause the decline of power and power, so out of the interests of the ruling class, the period of Manchu and Mongolian officials is 100 days.
The Manchus and han chinese do show different characteristics in the Dingwu system, and there are great differences. But in general, it is the Manchus who gradually accept the Han culture, and the Ding worry system has also undergone a gradual and continuous improvement process from the initial inheritance, to the gradual development, and then to the final continuous improvement, and the Ding worry system has undergone a gradual and continuous improvement process.