Gorbachev began to lead the Soviet Union in 1985, and at this time China's reform and opening up had been 7 years old. In fact, after Gorbachev came to power, he also devoted himself to reform, and his initial reform began with the prohibition of alcohol, although it seemed to be a small reform, but it had a certain effect on boosting the morale of the Soviet Union and the health of the nation. But even such a small reform of "prohibition of alcohol" did not succeed. After Gorbachev's reforms in the social sphere failed, Gorbachev subsequently began an "acceleration strategy" in the field of industrial economy.
Judging from the current situation in the Soviet Union when Gorbachev came to power, the Soviet Union was not poor, but it weakened after Brezhnev came to power. Gorbachev always wanted to change this situation, so the goal of changing the status quo and increasing the strength of the Soviet Union was correct, but there was great resistance to its implementation. Gorbachev did not play well in the "first three kicks" and immediately turned to the reform of the political system. This opened the curtain on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev's "new thinking" did not lead the Soviet Union to strength, but later became a reform that dug into the foundations of the Soviet Union, and was no longer controllable until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. At this time, China's reform and opening up has been carried out for 13 years, and it has begun to run to the road of prosperity and strength.
It has been 28 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and some Russians with Soviet feelings have not understood why the reform of the Soviet Union led to the disintegration of the country, but the reform of our country was successful and became a rich and powerful country. There are many reasons for this comparison.
Experts say
Soviet-style reforms are different from the direction of our reform goals, and the methods and methods are also different. Of course, experts believe that there are four main reasons for the failure of soviet reforms:
1. The outcome of the Cold War
Although the Soviet Union has undergone a short recuperation since the Soviet-German War, the world has entered a period of hegemony in the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union, during which the Soviet Union's heavy industry and military industry have made great progress, which is also the result of the struggle for hegemony during the Cold War.
The Soviet Union is different from the United States and other Western countries, the Soviet Union in the process of striving for hegemony, the strength of the whole country, so a large amount of funds for the development of military industry, while ignoring other industries, coupled with the soviet political infighting during the period and the wrong decisions of the leaders, so that the Soviet Union has always been under a strong pressure, so the military industry is developed, but the economy has declined.
The Soviet Union joined the struggle for hegemony with the United States, in fact, into the trap set by the United States and other Western countries, the West wanted to drag down the Soviet Union through the competition of military industry, because the Soviet Union was large in size and small in population, and the losses in this competition were not much, but it delayed economic development.
In the context of the Cold War, Gorbachev's reforms did not happen overnight. Because the Soviet Union had formed a model of competition development, which Gorbachev believed was caused by the system.
2. Poor centripetal force.
The Soviet Union was originally a multi-ethnic state established by the three countries of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, and later joined a number of regions. The Soviet Union was nationally confirmed and eventually formed 15 republics. These countries were made up of different nationalities, and some were very disgusted with joining the Soviet Union, and although they experienced the soviet repressive policies, the sense of resistance of the various nationalities was too strong. And Russia as the dominant ethnic group is difficult to integrate.
When Gorbach adopted democratic and open reforms, he in effect accelerated the centrifugal force of a nation, without really starting from the improvement of the welfare of all nations and giving them a good life thanks to the Soviet Union.
3. National identity
The Soviet Union was a federal state established on the basis of Tsarist Russia, the main ethnic group of the country was the Russian ethnic group, but one of the characteristics of the Russian people was obvious, no matter what they did, they adopted a big-scale approach and did not consider the consequences. In the case of the Goech reform, I don't know whether he made arguments or thought about the consequences when he reformed the system.
Khrushchev also carried out reforms when he came to power, but he also recklessly denied his predecessors, causing the Soviet Union to lose its direction. Therefore, when the Soviets did things, they were desperate to change, without considering the risks and consequences at all, and when something went wrong, they could not change it. Some experts believe that the reform of the Soviet Union carried a certain blindness.
Gordoch thinks
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev has always been very envious of China's achievements in reform and opening up, and most admired the architects of China's reform and opening up, he said: China is the world's most populous country, can maintain social stability in the reform, but also achieve high-speed economic development, is now a member of the world economic system, the achievements are very remarkable.
1. Long-term study of China's reform
Although Gorbachev has always denied that he caused the collapse of the Soviet Union, after he stepped down, he has always paid attention to China's reform and opening up, and has found someone to conduct investigations and studies. He believes that in the three decades of China's reform and opening up, economic growth has maintained double-digit growth, which makes him feel incredible.
He believes that our reforms have enabled industry to grow and have also benefited the broad masses of the people. He also believes that the output value of China's mobile phones and networks is also huge, which is a new achievement of reform. China has also become a space power, which is unimaginable compared to poverty three decades ago and has attracted the world's attention.
2. There is a theoretical boost.
Gorbachev's theoretical level is also very high, and the "New Thinking" he wrote when he was in power can also be regarded as his reform theory, but it is all fragmented. Gorbachev believes that the success of China's reform and opening up is that there is a set of socialist theories with characteristics, which is the basis of reform, and China has been enriching and developing this theory.
Although Gorbachev did not say that his new thinking was a failure, everyone can see that Gorbachev's new thinking at that time was changing at any time, he was too anxious, industry could not change the system, the system could not change the banner, and finally changed the Soviet Union.
However, Gorbachev believes that the theory of state reform is very important, and it is necessary to guard against both the left and the right, and china can emancipate its mind and achieve coordinated development in the course of reform, and this is the way for China's reform to succeed.
3. Our country has clear goals.
The goal of Gorbachev's reform and opening up in china is clear, that is, to realize the modernization of the country and increase the prosperity of the people. He considers his "humanitarianism" to be similar to that of our country. But the reality is too far away, Gorbachev's humanitarian reforms are to promote the universal values of the West, because he is too humane, even Sakharov, who opposed the Soviet system, was released and enshrined as a guest, which made the Soviet reforms tainted.
4. Failure to emulate China's reforms.
When Gorbachev talked about the reform of our country and the reform of the Soviet Union, he believed that it was both reform socialism, but he did not realize that the reforms of the soviet union in the later period were used by the West.
Although Gorbachev envied China's achievements in reform and opening up, he also recognized some of China's practices. However, he believes that China's reform is different from the Soviet Reform, and the Soviet Union should not fully study China's reform, because the nation is different from history, and China has thousands of years of Oriental culture and wisdom, especially the way of Confucius and Confucianism, which the Soviet Union does not have. If the Soviet Union had emulated the Chinese-style reforms, it would not have succeeded.