【Traceability to Gansu】
The Western Han Dynasty immigrated to the real border and set up five counties in Hexi
Yulin Grottoes Mural "Farming Drawing"
A wooden ox pulling a plough excavated from the tomb of Wuwei Mozuizi Han
Wu Wei Han Jian "The Ceremony of Seeing the Soldiers"
Qilian scenery The pictures in this edition are all data maps
Wang Shoukuan, a special contributor to this newspaper
The migration of Shibian and the establishment of the five counties of Hexi were an important measure taken by the Western Han Empire to strengthen communication with the western regions, cut off the Xiongnu and Qiang people, and further eradicate the northern border troubles.
In the second year of the Reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (121 BC), Huo Went ill attacked Hexi twice, forcing the Xiongnu Hun Evil King to surrender, and the Hexi region was officially included in the territory of the Han Dynasty. After that, the "Hexi Dikong", the Xiongnu right force retreated to the Gobi Desert area of the Mongolian Plateau north of the northwest mountains of the river. In order to firmly control the strategic area of Hexi and further stop the xiongnu forces in the south, according to Zhang Qian's plan of "cutting off the xiongnu's right arm", Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the western region for the second time, hoping to recruit Wusun to "live in the east" to jointly fight against the Xiongnu. However, at this time, Wusun had been moving west for a long time, and the internal contradictions were large, so he refused the Han Dynasty's proposal to return to Hexi. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty judged the situation and decided to vigorously develop Hexi, and immigration and the establishment of counties were the two most important of them.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty emigrated to the Hexi Corridor
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were four main migrations to the Hexi region.
The first was the relief-type migration of 700,000 flood victims from Shandong (east of the Taihang Mountains) to the northwestern border areas including Hexi in the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (120 BC). The supply of food and clothing for this migration was completely borne by the state, and emissaries from the imperial court were sent to escort them to the place of migration. At that time, from Shandong to Kansai Guangai, there were many people, quite spectacular. The state has spent hundreds of millions of dollars on this migration campaign.
The second was in the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (119 BC) when the fortress of Lingju (present-day Yongdengjing) was built, and "Jiuquan County was initially established, and later the people were slightly enriched". The emigration may not have been large, because Emperor Wu of Han was pinning his hopes of enriching Hexi on Wusun.
The third time was in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (118 BC) when "the treacherous officials of the world were on the side". This is a punitive migration of unscrupulous, treacherous and cunning officials and civilians from all over the country to border areas. The Hexi Corridor was one of the newly developed border areas at that time, so it was also an important place of immigration this time. According to the Hanping Emperor's first two years (2 years), the total number of treacherous people is about 1.8 million, and if 1/10 of them move to Hexi and other places, there will be 180,000. In the second year of emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (99 BC), Li Ling led 5,000 infantry out of Juyan to fight in search of the Xiongnu. "When the army was out, the Kwantung group of thieves who migrated to the border accompanied the army as wives and wives, and hid in the car" refers to the "treacherous officials" who had previously migrated to Hexi.
The fourth migration was in the autumn of the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC) to Hexi. In the second year of yuan ding, Zhang Qian sent a return to the western region and reported that Wusun could not return to the east. Emperor Wu of Han, seeing that "the land of the evil land was empty and empty" for many years, once again sent the Han army to drive the remnants of the Xiongnu to the north of the desert and remove its threat to Hexi. "This time the Han Dynasty wanted to set up counties in Hexi, and the number of immigrants should be more than 100,000, which was a large-scale migration. Dunhuang's famous surname Suo moved to Dunhuang from Julu Nanhe this time.
There are also many small-scale immigrants to Hexi and other places. At that time, the main targets of migration in the Hexi region were "poor in the Kanto region, or complaining too much, or rebelling against the way of death, and the family members migrated". The "lower poverty in the Kanto Region" refers to the poor peasants in the Central Plains who have no place to live and cannot survive. "Complaining excessively" and "rebelling against the way of death" means, in the current parlance, criminal offenders or those who have committed crimes endangering national security, the whole family of the minor offenders is forcibly moved to the border areas, the serious ones themselves are executed, and their families are forcibly moved to the border areas. For example, in the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (108 BC), "Wudu Rebelled against the People and Moved to Jiuquan County"; in the second year of Zhenghe (91 BC), the Wu Clan incident began, "he sent troops with the crown prince to oppose the French clan, and the officials and robbers all migrated to Dunhuang County"; during the xuan emperor's reign, Sima Qian's maternal uncle Yang Yun was dissatisfied and was accused, and he himself was "beheaded (waist) in a great rebellion, and his wife moved to Jiuquan County". In addition, there are also pawns who voluntarily stay and bring their families to Hexi. There were also civilians who voluntarily migrated, such as the Zhao Chongguo family, "Longxi Shangyi people also, and later migrated to Jincheng Lingju." "They have contributed to the defense and development of the Gansu borderlands." There are also displaced people from Hexi County to the east, such as Dunhuang Hanging Spring Hanjian unearthed Dunhuang County in the first year of Heping (28 BC) Dunhuang County sent officials to the East China Sea, Taishan County to collect the displaced people, similar activities are currently after.
According to the Book of Han and Geographical Records, in the second year (2 years) of the first year of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 109,740 households and 529859 people in the five counties of Hexi. If you add up the number of households and pawns, the total population of the four counties may be nearly one million. These immigrants moved to various parts of Hexi, changing the ethnic composition of the local population, turning Hexi into a region dominated by the Han nationality, which is conducive to the implementation of state decrees and social stability. Second, these immigrants were the earliest developers of the agricultural economy in areas such as Hexi. According to the history books, at that time, "Shuofang, Xihe, Hexi, and Jiuquan all led to the river and the valley to irrigate the fields", and agricultural production developed rapidly. In addition, the economic activities engaged in by immigrants have changed the local economic structure, from a relatively single and fragile animal husbandry and hunting economy to a stable harvest of agriculture and animal husbandry. Moreover, immigrants from the interior are also an important force in assisting border guards, ensuring the security of the country's border plugs and Silk Road traffic.
The set time of the five counties of Hexi
People used to call Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei the four counties of Hexi in the Han Dynasty, but the mention of the five counties of Hexi has a long history. In November of the first year of the reign of Emperor Jian of Hangquan (61 BC), in his letter to the farmland officials of the Hexi counties, he added the five counties of "Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei, and Jincheng" to Zhangye, and Dou Rong was once promoted to "the great general of the five counties of Hexi". The "Book of Jin and Geography" of the early Tang Dynasty official Xiu said: "The Han Dynasty placed Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Wuwei Counties, and then Jincheng County, which is called the 'Five Counties of Hexi'", which is more explicit. The five counties of Hexi are quite historical and strategic, because 8 of the 13 counties under the jurisdiction of Jincheng County and the Western Han Dynasty are in the west, 8 of the 10 counties under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Han Dynasty are west of the Yellow River, and the remaining 2 counties are also on the banks of the Yellow River. Moreover, the political and military status of the Tengger Desert, which bordered the Western Qihe West Corridor in Jincheng County, bordered Qiangzhong Province in the south, and resisted the Xiongnu in the north, was too important to exclude Jincheng County from the Hexi counties?
The setting time of the five counties of Hexi, except for the setting time of Jincheng County, which is undisputed in the sixth year of the first year of the Han Zhao Emperor (81 BC), the setting time of the other four counties is very inconsistent in the chapters of the "History of History", "Book of Han" and "Zizhi Tongjian" and other books, which has caused disputes in the academic circles, and there is still no unified opinion. Jiuquan Commandery (121 BC), Yuanding 2nd Year (115 BC), Yuanding 6th Year (111 BC), Taichu Yuanyuan Year (104 BC), Yuanfeng 3rd Year (108 BC), Zhenghe 5th Year (94 BC), Emperor Wu's Time, Zhenghe Shizhu; Zhangye County, after Yuanding 6 years, Taichu Yuanyuan year, Yuanfeng 6th year (105 BC), Zhenghe 6th year, Emperor Wu's time; Dunhuang County, there are Yuanding 6th year, Zhenghe 2nd year (91 BC), and later Yuanyuan (88 BC), Wuwei Commandery (武威郡) has been said to have been in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, after the second year of the Yuan Ding (115 BC), after the fourth year of the Taichu Dynasty (101 BC), before the first year of the Shenjue Era (61 BC), before the third year of the Dijie (67 BC), and before the time of Emperor Wu. Qing Dynasty scholars Qian Daxin, Qi Zhaonan, Quan Zuwang, Wang Zhichang, Zhu Yixin, and others each conducted their own examinations, but their accounts were still divergent. In the 20th century, a large number of Qin and Han Jian Mu were excavated in various parts of Hexi, providing original new materials for the discussion of the dating of the four counties. Chen Mengjia, Lao Ju, Zhang Weihua, Zhang Chunshu, Qi Chenjun, Liu Guanghua, Zhou Zhenhe, Wang Zongwei, Li Hecheng and other scholars used Han Jian and archaeological data combined with heirloom documents to conduct a more scientific study of the dating of Hexi counties.
Synthesizing the research results of scholars, and referring to their own wishes, the dates of the setting of the counties are outlined below.
In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (121 BC), the Hun Evil King surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and the sovereignty of Hexi was returned to the Han Dynasty, but "the ground and air were empty", and the Han Dynasty immediately began to migrate to the local area. However, the financial, material, and manpower spent by the emigrants were enormous, and the Han Dynasty was financially tight due to the continuous use of troops, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pinned his hopes for Wusun Dong's return to his homeland on Zhang Qian, who sent a second mission to the Western Regions, so the action was not large. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (115 BC), Zhang Qian's envoys returned to Chang'an and reported that Wusun could not return to the east, and Emperor Wu of Han immediately used Lingju as a base and stronghold to build the Great Wall to the west, building a defense system for the border of Hexi with the Great Wall and the Beacon Pavilion barrier along the way, and at the same time increasing the speed of migration, when the Great Wall was built to Jiuquan, zhangye and jiuquan counties were set up. It is not unreasonable for the "Book of History and Ping zhuan" and the "Book of Han and Food Goods" to set the time of the sixth year of the Yuan Ding (111 BC) of the second county. Zhangye County was set up to "cut off Qianghu and prevent the north from crossing the border", and Jiuquan County was set up to "pass through the northwest". The two counties were in the eastern and western parts of the Hexi Corridor, roughly bounded by the present-day Heihe River and the Yanchi Minghai Desert Area to the north.
If Han wanted to further expand his influence in the Western Regions, he had to operate a road to the Western Regions. Dunhuang is the throat of east-west transportation, the hub where eastern and western civilizations converge, so it is necessary to set up Dunhuang County in the western part of the Hexi Corridor. The Book of Han and Emperor Wuji record that "coincided with Hou Ma tong's 40,000 horses out of Jiuquan" to Tianshan and attacked the Xiongnu in March of the third year, indicating that in 90 BC Dunhuang had not yet set up a county, so the plug was Jiuquan Sai, which excluded the establishment of Dunhuang County in the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC) and the second year of Zhenghe (91 BC), and can only be attributed to the "Book of Han Geographical Chronicle" note: "Emperor Wu's first year (88 BC) was divided into Jiuquan (Dunhuang County)".
Jincheng Commandery (金城郡) was set up in the sixth year of emperor Zhao's reign (81 BC), from Yuzhong and Jincheng in Tianshui County, from Fenghan and Baishi in Longxi County, and from Lingju and Zhiyang in Zhangye County. It can be seen from this that at that time, the entire eastern part of the corridor to the west of Jincheng County in the present Xigu District belonged to Zhangye County, and there was no Wuwei County, which excluded the first three misconceptions in the literature that Wuwei County was set up. Laoyu was determined by the names of the counties described in the chronicles of juyan Hanjian, and Wuwei County was first established in the three years from the first year of Emperor Xuan's reign (80-67 BC). The current research is roughly not said by Lao. Wuwei County was originally the pastoral land of the Xiongnu King Xiutu, and after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened Hexi, it was Zhangye County, and Emperor Xuan's Yuanfengyuan to dijie was divided into the eastern part of Zhangye County during the three years from the beginning of the reign of Emperor Xuan.
The five counties of Hexi and the counties under their jurisdiction
Zhangye was the "ancient Xiongnu Kun evil land", the county name was taken from the meaning of "Zhang Guo Arm Ye", ruled Jiande (present-day Heishui Ancient City, Mingyong Township, Ganzhou District), there were 24,352 households and 88,731 people during the PingDi Dynasty, and there were 10 counties under it: Zhende County; Zhaowu County ruled the area of Banqiao and Yanuan in present-day Linze County; The ancient city of Shuanghu Village in Huocheng Township, Present-day Shandan County; The Ancient City of Jichi County; the ancient city of Alkalitan Town in Present-day Ganzhou District; the ancient city of Qingquan Town in Present-day Shandan County; and the ancient city of Gaogu in Hongshan Kiln Township in present-day Yongchang County Fanhe County ruled the ancient city of Jiaojiazhuang Xizhai in present-day Yongchang County; Xianmei County ruled the area around Fengle Town in present-day Liangzhou District; and Juyan County ruled over the area of Ejina Banner in present-day Inner Mongolia.
The name of Jiuquan County comes from "there is a golden spring under the castle, and the spring tastes like wine". During the reign of Emperor Ping, there were 76,726 people in 18,137 households in Zhilufu (present-day Suzhou District), and there were 9 counties under it: Lufu County, zhijin County, present-day Gaotai County, LuotuoCheng, Yongsheng Village, Luoshui County, Xiahe Qingxiang Imperial City, Lezhuo County, Present-day Suzhou District, Chimen County, Present-day Yumen City, Chitou County, Present-day Jinta County, Shuanggucheng Village, Jitou County, Present-day Yumen City, Huahai Bijiatan Ancient City, Suimi County, Linshui Township, Suimi County, and Yumen Town Oasis, Yumen Town, Qianqi County.
The origin of the name of Dunhuang County, in ancient times, was interpreted as "Dun, Daye; Huang, Shengye"; modern research includes the transliteration of "Dun Xue" in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, that is, the tocharian, and the transliteration of the Dunhuang ancient Turkic "gua" sound. During the Pingdi Emperor's reign, there were 11,200 households and 38,335 people in Dunhuang County, and there were 6 counties under it: Dunhuang County, Ding'an County, which ruled the ancient city of Dakeng in nancha, Suoyang Town, Guazhou County; Dunwan Village, Guojiabao Township, Dungu County; Sidaogou Village, Sandaogou Town, Guazhou, Yuanquan County; Baochengzi Ancient City, Suoyang Town, Guazhou County; and ShouchangCheng, Beigong Village, Yangguan Town, Dunhuang City, Longle County.
The origin of the name of Jincheng County, there are "in the beginning, the city was built to get gold, so it was called Jincheng", there was "called gold, take its solidity, so "Mozi" said: 'Although the golden city tangchi'", there is "to the county in the west of the capital division, so it is called jincheng." King, the journey to the West". Junzhi Yunwu (present-day Xiachuankou, Minhe County, Qinghai), with 38,470 households and 149648 during the Ping Emperor's reign, consisted of 13 counties: Yunwu County; Yuzhong County, which ruled the area around Donggang Town, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City; Xigucheng Town, Xigu District, Present-day Lanzhou City; Shuangcheng Village, Fenghan County; Baishi County, which ruled the area of Qu'ao Township, Xiahe County, Gannan Prefecture; Lingju County, which ruled the present-day Yongdeng County Chengguan Town; Zhiyang County, which ruled present-day Yongdeng County; Heqiao Town, Present-day Yongdeng County; and Yunjie County, which ruled the area of Honggu District, Lanzhou City Heguan County ruled the north of Dadun Village, Dahejia Town, Jishishan County; Laoyacheng, Ledu District, Present-day Qinghai Province; Anyi County, in present-day Ping'an District, Qinghai Province; and Linqiang County, southeast of Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province.
Wuwei County Zhigu Zang (present-day Liangzhou District Jinyang Town Zhao Jia Mo Village Ancient City Ruins), 17581 households 76,419 people during the Ping Emperor's time, there are 10 counties: Guzang County, xiongnu old Gaizang City, yinxia as Guzang; Zhangye County zhi present-day Liangzhou District Wang Jingzhai Ancient City; Wuwei County Zhi present-day Minqin County Quanshan Town Northwest Ancient City; Xiutu County was formerly xiongnu Xiu Tu Wangcheng, ruling the ancient city of Sancha Village, Siba Township, Liangzhou District; Tumen Town, Tumen Town, Gulang County; Luanwu County, Zhijin Gulang County North Xiaoqiao Fort; And Puhuan County Zhi present-day Gulang County Dajing Town Puhuan Ancient City The ancient city of Hanggou in Luyang Town, Jingtai County, Cangsong County, and the ancient city of Wenyi Agricultural Science Team in Dam Township, Minqin County, Xuanwei County.
The geographical outlook of the above five counties and counties is based on the examination of the "Chronicle of Gansu Province and The Chronicle of Jianzhi" edited by Liu Guanghua, and is hereby explained.
The establishment of the five counties of Hexi is an event of far-reaching significance in the history of our country. First of all, it made Hexi a strategic base for "breaking the right arm of the Xiongnu", strengthened the defensive capabilities of the Western Han Dynasty, promoted the joint confrontation between the various ethnic groups in the Western Regions and the Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu, and became a strong base for the Central Dynasty to control the Western Regions. Second, it provided conditions for the smooth flow of the Silk Road and guaranteed and facilitated economic and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries. Finally, the emergence of the emerging Agricultural Zone in the Hexi Corridor, while realizing the so-called "isolation of Qianghu" purpose, has promoted the economic and cultural development of the Hexi region, expanded the combination of China's agricultural area economy and the economy of nomadic areas, and constituted an ancient national economic system with a unified agriculture and animal husbandry.