The distribution of official vacancies in the Qing Dynasty was not static, but constantly changed according to the actual situation. The change in the distribution of official vacancies is not just a simple increase or decrease in quantity or adjustment of national attributes, but also reflects the distribution and adjustment of administrative power among different ethnic groups, as well as the process of continuous improvement of the official system in practice.
With the continuous stabilization of qing rule and the increasing prominence of the shortcomings of the administrative system, the rulers adjusted the distribution of vacancies. From the end of the Shunzhi Dynasty to the beginning of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing rulers began to drastically reduce the number of senior officials in the Han Army, first abolishing, then adjusting, and finally all of them were merged into Han Que.
Vacancy reduction and consolidation process
The system of job vacancy distribution "is a concentrated embodiment of the ruling strategy and personnel management concept of the Qing rulers, and gradually adjusted with the changes in the situation," the evolution of the Han army shortage is no exception. The fifteenth year of Shunzhi to the twelfth year of Kangxi was a period of gradual reduction and consolidation of high-ranking officials in han jun.
During the Shunzhi period, it was mainly the reduction and merger of the six Han army attendants and the lack of ministry Qi Xinlang. In the "Chronology of Officials of the Qing Dynasty", the author found that the six parts of the Shunzhi Dynasty basically followed the rules of the left and right of the previous Han Army Shilang, but probably since the sixth year of Shunzhi, this rule has ceased to exist, and the Han Army's appointment as a waiter has shown a trend of shrinking year by year.
It is worth mentioning that from the eighth year of Shunzhi to the thirteenth year, there was a phenomenon of the Han army filling up the vacancies, ranging from one to three members. In the ninth year of Shunzhi, "a member of the Han Army's Warehouse Field Waiter" was added, which was the addition of the Han Army's waiter's absence. Before the seventh year of Shunzhi, Cangchang Shilang had been a member of the Han people, and the number of full officials was increased by one in seven years, and the vacancy of nine years of full officials was changed to a supplementary award for Han officials until the seventh year of Kangxi.
In July of the fifteenth year, the Han army Qi Xinlang was dismissed from the Zongren Mansion. According to the Kangxi Hui canon, the six ministries initially set up Manchurian and Han army Qixinlang, "after the fifteenth year of Shunzhi)", and the Zongrenfu Qixinlang remained until the Kangxi period. In the same year, he was "a han army attendant of the Ministry of Ceremonies". The abolition of the lack of attendants in the Rebbe was the beginning of the layoff of the Han Army's attendants, which lasted until the seventeenth year of Shunzhi.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, all the high-ranking officials of Han Junqiu were dismissed or merged into Han Que. In the eighth year, the Han army warehouse waiter was dismissed, and in the ninth year of Shunzhi, "Manchuria and Han army warehouse waiters were set up one person each". In the eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, it was stipulated that the warehouse field was "one member of each of the Manchu Han waiters" and would no longer supplement the Han army. At this point, the shortage of servants in the Ministry of Medicine and the Han Army have been abolished.
In the twelfth year, the cabinet of Han junshi was merged into Han Que, and the "two members of the Han Army Qixin Lang" were cut off from the ZongrenFu, and it was agreed that "the right tongzheng should be included in the full vacancy, and the rest of the Jingtang officials would be classified as Han deficiency, and they would be supplemented together with the Han people.". By the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, all vacancies had been abolished and merged, which meant that there were no special vacancies for senior officials in the Han army.
Missing cuts and reasons
First, the adjustment of the official system
The main reason for the lack of senior officials in the Han army and the lack of Han was the need to adjust the official system. At the beginning of the entry, the ruler ordered that "Han officials should act in one way with their original posts and Manchu officials", resulting in a mixture of officials in various yamen, and there were two systems of Manchurian and Han Chinese in terms of grade and promotion. As the Qing regime continued to stabilize and consolidate, the rulers inevitably had to adjust to the large group of officials and the chaotic bureaucratic system.
In terms of the adjustment of the grades of officials, the grades of Han officials showed a development trend from being superior to Han officials to gradually becoming in line with Han officials. During the Shun and Kang years, the main period of official rank adjustment was the ruler, who repeatedly ordered the adjustment of the grade of officials, and the object of adjustment was the rank of the flag official.
This is due to the fact that the Han official system followed the Ming Dynasty and was already very complete after the succession and development of many feudal dynasties, while the Manchurian official system inherited from the Later Jin Dynasty could no longer meet the development needs of the newly established unified multi-ethnic state.
The Shunzhi Dynasty was a period when the ranks of Manchu and Han officials moved from difference to unification, and at this time the ranks of Han officials belonged to the Manchurian official grade system. The process of Manchu and Han officials' ranks from difference to unification reflected the Shunzhi Emperor's intention to streamline the official system. During the Kangxi Dynasty, the rank of officials was adjusted several times, and because the Han army and the Han people were one and the same, the promotion was relatively fast, and the ranks of Han officials were separated from the Manchurian grade system, and the rank of Han officials was gradually drawn.
The Han army and Han officials are constantly approaching in terms of rank, and at the same time, the Han army can serve as a local official like the Han people, and compared with the Manchurian officials who are more important than those outside the office, the promotion and transformation of the Han army and the Han people are more similar, so it is possible to upgrade the Han army and the Han people as a whole.
Therefore, the lack of the Han army and the merger of the Han army is, on the one hand, the need to streamline the system of officials, on the other hand, the merger of the Han army can also limit the rapid promotion of Han officials to a certain extent. During the Kangxi Dynasty, while the senior official Han Jun was absent and merged with Han Que, the promotion method of the senior official Han Jun Que was also adjusted.
Second, the Han army has a large number of foreign posts
Due to the large number of foreign posts in the Han army, such as the Han army bachelors, starting from the first year of Shunzhi, they were successively changed to governors, until the eleventh year of Kangxi, there were 18 Han army officials who served as Han army bachelors, of which 14 were changed to foreign governors, and in the central organs, the Han army lacked many people and no one could be appointed, and many Han army vacancies began to supplement han and Manchus, and over time these Han army deficiencies became Han or Manchu full-time.
For example, the Han Army Ceremonial Department Shilang was short, and the Han Army Ceremonial Department Shilang was short of about one of the six Shilang in the early Shunzhi Period, and with a large number of foreign posts in the Han Army, from the fifth year of Shunzhi, there was only one member left in the Han Army's Ceremonial Department, and in the nine years of Shunzhi, the only remaining vacancy also began to supplement the Han people, so by the time the Han Army's Ceremonial Department Was absent in the fifteenth year, there was actually no Han Army post.
This development trend also prompted the rulers to begin to adjust the han army shortage, or to cut or merge. Of course, a feudal official like the Governor can only be a high-ranking official, so the foreign governor of the Han Military Hall may have a direct connection with the dismissal of the Han Army Hall official.
3. Others
There are many reasons for the shortage of senior officials in the Han army. In the thirteenth year of Shunzhi, because "the money and grain were insufficient", the Shunzhi Emperor began to think about "the method of eliminating redundant personnel and saving money". Natural disasters, huge and complicated officials, military expenditures, etc. have a great impact on finances, which Wang Jingze also mentioned in "Layoffs in the Early Qing Dynasty and the "Qing System"" that "the layoffs in the early Qing Dynasty were first of all forced by the pressure of financial embarrassment."
Of course, this dismissal is not limited to the officials, but for the dismissal of Han military officials, it is a senior official, so the financial problem may be a factor of influence, but it is not the main reason.
Adjustment of the method of promotion of senior officials after vacancy reduction
After the establishment of the official system, it is always continuously improved through practice in the process of implementation. With the reduction and consolidation of senior officials in Han Jun, the method of promoting senior officials has also changed accordingly.
Before entering the customs, "the civilian officials of the Han Army were from the university scholar and Shangshu below, and were set up side by side with Manchuria", except for some high-ranking officials, the remaining senior officials were promoted and transferred in the same way as the Han army.
After the first year of Shunzhi, while retaining the shortage of senior officials in the Imperial Taiji period, it was stipulated that senior civilian officials of the Han army, such as university scholars, Shangshu, and Zuo Du Yushi, could "ask for the same question as the Han people", and the senior officials of the Han army could broaden the channels for the Han army to supplement the senior officials by supplementing their own vacancies or supplementing the promotion of the Han deficiencies, and it was relatively easy for the Han army to promote senior officials.
In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, out of the need to adjust the official system, the rulers dismissed all the Han army shilang deficiencies, and the promotion of Han military officials to shilang could only be supplemented by making up for the han deficiencies, which had a certain restriction on the promotion of senior officials in the Han army.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, the high-ranking official Han Junfeng was all merged into Han Que, and the ruler's initial attitude was: "Now the Han army and the Han people are replenished together, and there is no stopping their respective rises and disadvantages." Its promoted officials remain as usual. If the shortage of personnel is paired with the shortage of Manchuria, all the deficiencies will be eliminated, and the officials will be promoted and turned to congestion. Therefore, the shortage of Han army jingtang personnel remained as usual and attributed to Han lack, and the Han army and Han officials were promoted together. ”
In the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, it was agreed that "the right tongzheng should be included in the full vacancy, and the rest of the Jingtang officials should be classified as han deficiency, and they should be supplemented together with the Han people." In this way, as of the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, except for the Right Tongzheng who was classified as a full vacancy, the promotion and transfer of the remaining senior officials who lacked Han military personnel were all integrated with the Han people, of course, some of the promotion and transfer officials could also be combined with the full vacancy.
Such adjustments not only made the promotion and transfer regulations generally stable, but also promoted the final establishment of the Manchu and Han reinstatement system. Since then, the high-ranking officials in Beijing have been set up in Manchu and Han, which has become a unique feature of the bureaucracy of the Qing Dynasty and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
effect
The restoration of the Manchu and Han dynasties was a characteristic of the Qing Dynasty's civilian official vacancy, and its assumption was to inherit the idea of dividing the official vacancies before entering the customs, merging the four ethnic components of the Manchu, Mongolian, Han, and Han nationalities, and selecting the two most representative ethnic groups, namely, the ruling nation, Manchuria, and the largest number of ethnic groups, the Han nationality, to carry out the reinstatement, which can not only reflect the unity of Manchu and Han, but also not be redundant with officials.
In the process of adjustment, the Mongol deficiencies were gradually classified into the full vacancies, and most of the Han army deficiencies were classified into the Han deficiencies, a process that continued until the Kangxi period, and the reinstatement of senior officials in the Manchu Han gradually formed a custom. The reduction and consolidation of senior officials in the Han Army was one of the processes of the reinstatement of senior officials from the Manchu Han Dynasty, reflecting the deepening of the Qing Dynasty rulers' understanding of the official system and the Han army group, and had a far-reaching impact on the Qing Dynasty official system.
After the Han army was short of a large number of people and merged with the Han shortage, the ruler stipulated in the method of promoting senior officials in the Han army that "the Han army must be used for the promotion of senior officials, and the Han army must be used for the han shortage, and the Beijing hall must be used at the same time.", this practice not only avoids the excessive number of official vacancies and bloated, but also appropriately takes into account the rights and interests of officials of various identities, so that the official system is gradually neatly drawn, the efficiency of work is improved, and the continuous improvement of the official system in the Qing Dynasty is promoted.
In addition, the rulers not only incorporated the Han army into the Han shortage, but also limited the number of senior officials promoted by the Han army, which to a certain extent limited the speed of promotion of Han officials. At the same time, the Han people lack a large number of people, and the promotion and transfer of the Han people as a whole will cause the promotion and transfer of Han military officials to be relatively difficult than before.