Kublai Khan died in 1294, when Zhenjin was dead and was succeeded by his grandson Timur as Emperor Chengzong. Timur was "good at keeping the rules" and was good at balancing the forces of the Han-French faction with the hui and fearful bureaucratic forces. During his reign (1295-1307), the political situation was relatively stable and the economy developed; but at the same time, contradictions between various political forces still existed, and in the days of relative "peace", the imperial court and the officialdom at all levels became increasingly corrupt. After Timur's death in 1307, the contradictions within the Yuan court gradually became apparent and became more and more intense.
I. The "South Slope Change" Launched by iron loss
The crown prince erected by Timur died early. When Timur returned to heaven, Empress Buluhan and Zuo Xiang Akutai plotted against Ananda, the King of Anxi, because Buluhan had driven the emperor's nephew Aiyu Li Bali Bada out of the capital, fearing that haishan and Aiyu Li Bali Bada brothers would retaliate after they came to power. However, the Right Chancellor Hassan believed that Ananda was a side branch and could not succeed to the throne, and first welcomed Aiyu Li Bali Bada from Huaizhou (present-day Qinyang, Henan). Ayuli Bali Bada arrested Ananda and swept away his supporter Akutai and others. Haishan original town guarded the northern Jinshan Mountain, and at this time also rushed to Shangdu. Aiyu Li Bali Bada made his brother emperor, and Haishan made him crown prince. They executed Brouhan and Ananda and took control of the throne.
In 1311, Haishan died, and Aiyu Li Bali Bada ascended the throne as Emperor Renzong. He knew how to "cultivate oneself and govern the country, and Confucianism is the key", boldly implemented the imperial examination system, and once began to manage Tian Fu and made some political reforms. However, he allowed Empress Dowager Taiji to shelter the traitor Temu Di'er, and even accepted Temu Di'er's suggestion to make His son Shuo De Ba thorn the crown prince. In this way he broke his promise to pass on the son of Seamount.
In 1320, Emperor Renzong died, and Shuode Eight Thorns took the throne as Emperor Yingzong. Temudian thought that he had made a meritorious heir, and he was even more unscrupulous. However, Shuode Bashi was a person deeply influenced by Confucian courtiers, and after he ascended the throne, he used Han scholars to implement new policies, such as formulating the "Great Yuan Tong System", implementing the "Law of Assisting Indemulgence", and reducing servitude. He appointed a descendant of Muhua Li to preside over the government of Zuo Xixiang, alienating and rid rid of Temudi'er. In August and September 1322, Temudi'er and Daji died of illness one after another, and Emperor Yingzong further pursued Theimo Die'er's official title and eliminated Temudi'er's henchmen. In August of the following year, Tiemu Di'er's Yu Dang Tie Felt that he was in danger, so he relied on the Azov forces in his hands to kill Yingzong and Baizhu on the southern slope, and supported Yesun Timur as emperor.
Second, the world? He marched north of Helin, that is, after the throne, to Dadu
We can see very clearly from the genealogical table that Sun Timur is the son of Ganma Thorn, and Haishan and Aiyu Li Bali Bada are the sons of The Eight Thorns of The Thorn. After Kublai Khan's death that year, GanMa Thorn gave the throne to Timur. If there was no iron lost push, Sun Tiemu'er naturally could not ascend to the emperor's throne. However, Sun Timur understood that the "South Slope Change" launched by Tie Lost was a great rebellion of the feudal dynasty, and after he ascended the throne, he executed Tie Lost's gang of rebels. Relying on his cronies Barb Sha and others, he became emperor for four years smoothly and steadily, and died in 1328, known as Emperor Taiding.
Emperor Taiding had Crown Prince Asokji VIII. However, Emperor Taiding had just died in Shangdu, and Yan Timur arrested all of Emperor Taiding's trusted courtiers in Dadu. Yan Timur was a favored and promoted person by Haishan, determined to support the son of Haishan and regain the throne. He was a Chincha nobleman, and he was based on the powerful Chincha guards and controlled the SS troops stationed in Dadu.
In September 1328, the Right Counsellor Barb Sha and others were made emperor of the nine-year-old Asoki viii in Shangdu. At that time, the eldest son of Seamount and the world? In Jinshan, the second son, Tu Timu'er, was in Jiankang. Tu Ti Lu Er rushed to Dadu first, and Yan Timur supported him as the throne. Shangdu and Mostly form a timely situation. The two sides fought a great war, Yan Timur won a great victory, Barb Sand and other emperors surrendered, and Ashi Jiba "did not know the end". Then, Tu Ti Lu er and Yan Timur said that they wanted to meet the peace of the world.
In the first month of 1329, he was born in the world. He marched north of Helin, that is, after the throne, to Dadu. In March, Yan Timur was halfway to peace? Offering the Emperor's Treasure, and the World? Fengtu Tiluer was made crown prince. In August, the two brothers who gave way to each other met at the place of Wang Kuducha, and within a few days after drinking, they were reunited with the world. It's a "pawn". In this way, Tu ti Luer once again ascended the throne in Shangdu and finally became emperor. He immediately killed Heshi? The wife of The Eight Bosa, and the excuse is that TuoHuan Timu'er is not a peace? The Son and relegated him to a distant place.
3. Tuohuan Timur took the throne as emperor
Tu Timu'er revered Confucianism, and he established the Kuizhangge Academy in Dadu, gathering a group of Confucians. According to his instructions, the Confucian courtiers led by Yu Ji completed the Classics of the Classics in 1331, consisting of 880 volumes, which to some extent expressed his intention to govern the country. However, at that time, the political affairs of the Yuan court were in the hands of the powerful minister Yan Timur, and even if the financial crisis was already very serious, he could not effectively rescue it. In August 1332, Tu Timuel died of illness, probably due to guilt, and he left his life in peace. The son inherits the throne.
Under the auspices of Empress Bu Dawuli, the first was presided over by Heshi? The seven-year-old second son, Yi Xuan, took the throne and died immediately. Yan Timur was almost in suspense, and tried to set up a picture of Timur's son Yan Timur, but was stopped by the empress, so he had to welcome Lu Er to Jingjiang (present-day Guilin), Guangxi. In early 1333, Tohuan Timur arrived in Shangdu, but Timur delayed his ascension to the throne. It was not until the death of Yan Timur in June of that year that Tuoba Timur was able to take the throne and become emperor. After ascending the throne, Tuohuan Timur ostensibly made Boyawu, the daughter of Timur of Yan, empress, but in fact prepared to cut off the power of this powerful vassal. Two years later, he finally relied on the Right Chancellor to execute Thera Tanmu's son Zuo Cheng Tang Qishi and Empress Boyawu. By 1340, he had simply eliminated Bu Da Ngali and Yan Ti Gu Si.
Seven emperors were changed in four or twenty-five years
The above is a brief description of the internal disputes among the highest ruling class in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty. This dispute sometimes reflects to some extent the contradiction between the continued implementation of Han law and the opposition to the implementation of Han law in the Yuan court. After Timur's death, the Yuan court was in turmoil for supreme power. From the death of Timur in 1307 to the accession of Thémule to the throne in 1333, seven emperors were replaced in twenty-five years. In the Communist Party, except for Emperor Renzong, who reigned for a long time, they were all short-lived emperors, and some emperors lost their lives less than a month after ascending the throne. The frequent change of the throne shows that the political system of the Yuan Dynasty has inherent shortcomings, which in turn seriously weakens the ruling power of the Yuan court.
In the frequent changes of the throne, the power of the Yuan court was often in the hands of the powerful courtiers. Some of the powerful subjects used the empress (empress) as a patron, such as Temudier, while some of the powerful subjects relied on force and labor, such as Yan Timur. Although the emperors of the middle of the Yuan Dynasty could not be said to be puppets, they were undoubtedly constrained by the powerful ministers, who often had conservative tendencies in the actual dominant position. Emperor Yingzong attempted to reform the situation, but was killed by the forces of the powerful.
Fifth, the Mongol nobility has become very decayed
In the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongol nobility was very decayed, and this was also concentrated in the power of the courtiers. Temudi'er had Empress Dowager Taiji as his patron, and Emperor Renzong had no way to get rid of him. He was characterized by "greed and greed", taking bribes everywhere for personal gain, and even the rich man Zhang Bi bribed him 50,000 yuan after killing people, he also accepted it, and also sent domestic slaves to threaten the government to release Zhang Bi. After Emperor Renzong's death, Temudian was even more "vicious", killing Xiao Baizhu and Zhongcheng Yang Duo'er, who had played the role of impeaching him. As long as he believes that he is a person with whom he has a personal vendetta, he will retaliate one by one.
Yan Timur was appointed to be the "Sole Minister" for supporting Tu Timu'er to have a great honor, and to be the president of all Zhongshu government affairs. Kings, princesses, horses, attendants, and officials of the great and small gates were not allowed to "cross the air." Timur was extremely powerful and lived an extremely absurd life. He even married the empress of Emperor Taiding and possessed forty women in the imperial household. After Tutilus' death, he repeatedly attempted to manipulate the succession to the throne. However, due to excessive absurdity, he eventually drowned in blood.
Sixth, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty splurgeed
Naturally, almost all the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty squandered it. The two largest expenses of the Yuan Emperor were rewards and Buddhist deeds.
At that time, there was a system of annual gifts, through which the emperor made the Mongol nobles share the income from exploitation in the country. The new emperor ascended the throne and the reward was even greater. When Emperor Chengzong ascended the throne, he gave five times more gold and more than three times the silver. When Emperor Wuzong ascended the throne, according to Emperor Chengzong's example, he should be given 3.5 million ingots, and at that time, only 2.8 million ingots were often given to the Treasury of the Beijing Division every year, and the annual expenditure required more than 2.7 million ingots, so it was immediately difficult to support the finances after giving 1.7 million ingots. When Emperor Renzong ascended the throne, he gave 39,652 gold, 1,849,520 silver, 223,279 ingots, and 472,488 coins. When Emperor Wenzong ascended the throne, because the cost of military revival was insufficient, those who gave more than five ingots of gold and silver were subtracted by one-third, but the total number was still very large. In addition, the emperor's rewards for his courtiers were often staggering. This reward economically guaranteed the enjoyment of life for the Mongol nobility.
The emperors of the Yuan Dynasty all practiced Lamaism. After every emperor ascended the throne, he had to build a Buddhist temple and do Buddhist things every year, which cost a lot of money. For example, in 1288, Kublai Khan built the Wan'an Temple, and in order to decorate the Buddha statue and the window wall, he used 540 gold and 240 pounds of mercury. Another example is that in 1308, Emperor Wuzong gave 750 taels of silver, 2,200 ingots of money, and 300 horses of coins at a land and water conference at Haotian Temple. In 1313, it cost more than 439,000 catties of noodles, 79,000 catties of oil, more than 21,000 catties of crisp, and more than 27,000 catties of honey to do Buddhist work in the inner court. In 1329, Empress Wenzong took out 50,000 taels of silver to help build the Great Chengtian Guardian Temple.
The establishment of monasteries, Buddhist deeds, and rewards for monasteries and monks became a huge financial expenditure of the Yuan court. At the time, it was estimated that this expenditure even accounted for two thirds of the total State expenditure. However, such a large expenditure was nothing more than the emperor's hope that the bodhisattva would bless him with immortality and the eternal survival of the Yuan Dynasty.