Dazhong Daily reporter Lu Yu
This year marks the 140th anniversary of Mr. Lu Xun's birth. Mr. Lu Xun's life, experience, cultivation, knowledge, writing, deeds, character, etc. are all condensed into a spirit, which determines that he is a heavy historical book. This literary giant is also inextricably linked to Shandong.
From reading sage articles as a child to paying attention to Shandong minerals, from collecting Han portrait stones to paying attention to the fate of Qingdao and even the Shandong Peninsula, from paying attention to the drama storm of "Zi See Nanzi" in the whole process, to interacting with writers in Shandong, to a large number of works widely read and disseminated by progressive teachers and students in Shandong, the intersection between Mr. Lu Xun and Shandong can be described as profound and extensive. Mr. Shandong has always been concerned about Shandong, and even has several experiences that have passed by.
"Since Ritchie's travels,
Jiaozhou is not my own."
Lu Xun first learned deeply about Shandong through geology. Before becoming a young man of medicine and literature, his earliest identity was "geological youth". In 1898, 18-year-old Shaoxing youth Zhou Zhangshou was admitted to the Jiangnan Water Teachers School and changed his name to "Zhou Shuren" according to the "Centennial Tree People". In the following year, it was changed to the Mining Railway School attached to the Jiangnan Lushi School.
This mining railway school was opened by the Yangwu faction Zhang Zhidong for the approval of the Guangxu Emperor, "modeled on the moral system", and the curriculum was mainly based on mining, supplemented by railways. Lu Xun was the youngest in his class, studied very hard, and was the only one to receive the Gold Medal, graduating with excellent results in the third place in the first class. As Lu Xun said in "Literature in the Revolutionary Era": "The first thing I seriously studied was mining, and I was told to talk about coal mining, which may be better than literature." ”
In November 1901, on the eve of graduation from the Mining Railway School, Lu Xun went to the Qinglongshan Coal Mine southeast of Nanjing to dig coal for 13 days. The coal mine was terrible, the management was chaotic, and the conditions were extremely bad. He later recalled in "Chao Hua Xi Shi Zhi Zhi Zhi": "When we went down to the mine to see, the situation was really quite bleak, of course, the pump was still rotating, but the water in the mine was half a foot deep, and it was dripping down, and a few miners were working like ghosts in it." ”
In 1902, Lu Xun went to Japan to study. In October 1903, under the pseudonym "Suozi", he published "A Brief Introduction to Chinese Geology" in Zhejiang Chao. In this article, Lu Xun commented on Richthotfen's geological report: "... However, Jiaozhou is enough to control the mining industry in Shanxi, so divide China, and take Jiaozhou as the first... Since Li's travels, Jiaozhou has long been not my own. ”
The "Lishi" mentioned in Lu Xun's text is Li Xihotfen. He had already seen Li Xihotfen's wolf-like eyes draw a straight line between Shanxi and Jiaozhou, exposing Jiaozhou Bay directly to the Western powers, including Germany. At this time, Shandong had its economic and military strategic position in Lu Xun's eyes. At the same time, he also succinctly discussed the relationship between coal and the lifeblood of the national economy: "The charcoal is closely related to the growth and growth of the national economy, and it is enough to determine the great problems of life and death. ”
On the basis of the "Outline of Chinese Geology", in 1906, Lu Xun and his friend Gu Lang jointly wrote the book "China Mineral History". As soon as the book came out, it received great attention from government departments and all sectors of society, and was republished one after another. Why did you compile this book? As the preamble says: "... Listing the location of mineral resources in the whole country, noting them in the map, Chen Zhiyi said, so that our people have a deep understanding of the domestic production, thinking that it is a plan for mining in the future... Deep intentions, deep thoughts... Deeply for the motherland also! ”
The book is divided into chapters to describe the mineral resources of 18 provinces at that time, and each chapter is divided into two sections: metal ore and non-metallic ore, which are introduced in detail according to different mineral species and regions (states and counties), and the original texts of the old chronicles and relevant works are quoted, indicating the source. Among them, the metal ore listed in Shandong includes gold ore, silver ore, cinnabar, copper ore, iron ore, tin ore, aluminum ore, etc., and non-metallic ore include coal, crystal, alum, salt, gypsum, asbestos and so on.
Among the minerals in Shandong, Lu Xun is most concerned about coal mines. After "Boshan County in Qingzhou Province, Zhaoyuan County in Dengzhou Province, Wei County in Laizhou Province, Zichuan County in Jinan Province," and so on, he specially marked "The Current German People's Office"; and after "Laiwu County, Tai'an Province", he marked the words "The Germans want to take over the office", which was intended to remind the Chinese people to guard against the wolf ambitions of the great powers.
The approval of the ancient in the context of the special era
In Lu Xun's life, there was a Shandong man who could not be avoided, and he was Confucius. In his youth, Lu Xun was "desperate for Confucius."
"Examining Lu Xun's old academic qualifications, it can be found that the education of the Zhou family is very special: do not follow the trend, do not follow the fashion, dare to be innovative, and have their own ideas. The Zhou family is different, and Lu Xun's first book of enlightenment is "Jian Luo". After reading it, I began to read the 'Four Books'. Li Xinyu, professor of Nankai University and lu xun research expert, introduced. Although Lu Xun had read the sage's book, he had a different path. Especially during his stay in Japan, Lu Xun came into contact with Zhang Taiyan's critical remarks on Confucius and the Confucian tradition of "falsification" from a "retro" standpoint, and was deeply influenced.
Lu Xun's criticism of Confucius's followers has a special background of the times. During the Beiyang government, Yuan Shikai held the first ceremony in 1914. Lu Xun repeatedly recorded in his diary that "Yuan Shikai, like all Confucians, advocated respecting Kong the most... Probably thinking that the reformers bowed in suits, and the honorable ancients were dressed in costume and bowed. In the article "From Beard to Teeth", Lu Xun is even more satirical of those who are extremely respectful. In his view, the purpose of criticizing these people is to clean up the "pseudo" side of Confucian culture from the root.
According to the Analects and the Records of History, Confucius came to Weiguo during his travels around the world. At that time, the actual ruler of weiguo was Nanzi, the wife of Duke Wei Linggong. Nanzi was charming and had a bad reputation, but she admired Confucius's ability and virtue, and knowing that Confucius had come, she respectfully invited Confucius to meet with her, so there was a past story of "Zi seeing Nanzi". In October 1928, Lin Yutang wrote the one-act drama "Zi See Nanzi", which was published by Lu Xun and Yu Dafu in the monthly magazine "Running Stream" in volume I, No. 6.
On June 8, 1929, the Shandong Provincial Second Normal School in Qufu held a recreation conference to adapt Lin Yutang's one-act play and perform it, causing an uproar. At that time, when the students of the Second Division designed the stage costumes of Confucius and Nanzi, they deliberately made Confucius "smear his face full of pot ashes, cower and shrink" when he appeared, and "looked completely different from the statue of Confucius in the Dacheng Hall".
Not only that, but the teachers and students of the Second Division also deliberately provoked the Confucius House. Many of their stage props are directly borrowed from the Inner House of Confucius, and this combination and contrast between real and virtual, history and present, serious and playful, constitutes a strong ironic effect. This incident caused strong dissatisfaction among the Kong family, which accused the teachers and students of the Second Division of "insulting the ancestor Confucius" in the name of "the sixty members of the Kong family". The Nationalist government sent personnel to investigate and deal with it, dismissed Song Huanwu, the principal of the Second Division, and expelled two students and teachers who played male and female protagonists in the play.
Lu Xun paid great attention to this incident from beginning to end, and sorted out the relevant materials of the whole incident and published them in the magazine "Yusi". As an anti-feudal fighter, Lu Xun's views on this historical event carried a strong element of political sentiment. In his article "On "Seeing Nanzi", he believed that "the means of the 'holy people' complaint and their majesty in the Holy Land" can be seen in the submission of the Confucius Government, and the final disposition of the "sub-case" by the National Government is ostensibly an act of "calming the people", but from the perspective of the "removal" of the principal and the expulsion of the students, it is still "a complete victory of the qiangzong surname". The criticism between the lines is obvious, but more importantly, Lu Xun saw the message of the political and economic struggle behind the case, and the victory of the Qufu Kong clan in the substantive sense was understood as the victory of the "local clan".
Passing by Qingdao
In addition to traveling to Shandong, Mr. Lu Xun also passed through Shandong by the Jinpu Railway many times, but rarely stopped. And his encounter with the geographical space of Qingdao can be described as a passing shoulder. From August 3 to 4, 1913, Lu Xun, who was then a "bureaucrat" in Beijing, returned from Shanghai to Beijing, passed through Qingdao by boat, and spent 18 hours on the Qingdao seashore. This was the only time in Lu Xun's life that he had close contact with Qingdao. Lu Xun recorded in his diary: "Three days, sunny. In a boat. Arrived in Qingdao at 12:00 p.m. Four days, sunny. In the boat, depart for Qingdao at 3 p.m. ”
As early as the German occupation period, the scene of the Qingdao colony deeply touched Mr. Lu Xun's patriotism. He once wrote in the article "Yellow Peril": "On the one hand, we are dreaming of the 'Yellow Peril', but the fact that a man in Qingdao under German rule has seen it is that a bitter child has soiled the electric pillar, and he is carried by the white patrolman on his feet like a Chinese against a duck... The 'Yellow Peril' can be turned into a 'blessing', and the awakened lion will also make a play." When the European war was fought, we had workers who were desperately working for others, Qingdao was occupied, and we had children who could be lifted upside down. But it would be unreasonable to say that we did not have our share on the stage of the twentieth century. ”
In 1922, the Sino-Japanese Treaty on the Settlement of the Outstanding Case in Shandong was signed, and China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Qingdao, attaching great importance to this diplomatic victory that could be called the aftermath of the May Fourth Movement. Eleven years later, in his essay "Speaking of Face", he also mentioned an interesting story at that time: "When Yuan Shikai was about to become emperor, some people used the list of names in the persuasion table as 'having face'; when a country withdrew troops from Qingdao, some people used the list on the umbrella of the people as 'having face'. So, to have 'face' is not necessarily a good thing – but I'm not saying that people should 'not have faces'. ”
In May 1928, the Ministry of Education of the National Government of Nanjing organized the Establishment of National Shandong University, and in June, the Provincial Shandong University was moved from Jinan to Qingdao. "Qingdao University has opened. Yang Zhensheng, the director of liberal arts, seems to have contacted Zhou Qiming and his ilk recently. Since then, the various factions have divided and merged, and the situation has changed a lot. The Silk Sect should be destroyed also. Chen Yuan has also gone to Qingdao University, as well as Zhao Jingshen, Shen Congwen, and Yi Jiayu. On July 21, 1929, Lu Xun said in a letter to Zhang Tingqian.
What impressed Lu Xun most at National Qingdao University was the "book-by-book incident" that occurred in the university's library. At that time, Liang Shiqiu, as the director of the library, presided over the establishment of the Book Committee, the vast majority of which was a crescentist, and often could not agree with the books promoted by the left-wing literary circles at that time. Lu Xun's works were not taken seriously here, so much so that rumors spread that Liang Shiqiu had purged Lu Xun's works from the library, the so-called "book-by-book incident".
In addition, several of Lu Xun's participation in literary communication, disputes, and clashes of ideas were more or less related to Qingdao, including Song Huanwu, Wang Tongzhao, Yang Zhensheng, Liang Shiqiu, Tai Jingnong, Shen Congwen, Lao She, Zang Kejia, Yu Heiding, Wang Yaping, Xiao Jun, Xiao Hong, Zhang Yousong, Wang Jingzhi, Feng Yuanjun, Hua Gang, and so on.
On July 11, 1936, Lu Xun said in a letter to his friend Wang Yeqiu: "Things really happened, when your manuscript of the "Preface Collection" arrived, I could not even read the article, let alone write... Qingdao is good, but the place is small, easy to understand, and inappropriate; Yantai has too much daily climate change, and it is not good. ”
It was a pity that Mr. Lu Xun once again rubbed shoulders with Shandong. More than three months later, he died of illness in Shanghai.