Because this was a coup d'état, there were many political issues involved. They are listed below: First, the family and the nine products of the Zhongzheng system. Throughout the late Three Kingdoms period, there was inevitably a situation of family dominance, the Shu kingdom Jingxiang family group was dominant, the Wei state was too large, the Wu kingdom later produced a Zhuge Ke, the imperial power gradually declined, the family's desire for rights was getting bigger and bigger, the hope was that the family and the Son of Heaven shared the world, and the descendants still had the right to enter the court. As early as when Cao Pi was vying for the throne of Shizi, in order to get more family support, he compromised with the family, and finally promulgated the nine-pin Zhongzheng system developed by Chen Qun, and the inspection system of the two Han Dynasties had been manipulated and used by the family clan in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and they influenced the public opinion in the townships at that time, so that the inspection and punishment breeding all kinds of corrupt phenomena, and there was a sharp contradiction with the small and medium-sized landlords and their intellectuals who asked to participate in politics, like the Yuan family and the Yang family of the fourth and third dukes, who had long been active in the court of the Eastern Han Dynasty and had a great influence. However, the birth of the Nine Pins Zhongzheng system did not change this phenomenon, but completely enabled the family to control the right to select officials, and finally there was a situation of "no cold soldiers in the upper grades, and no scholars in the lower grades". We know that reward and punishment is the emperor's biggest and most unique rights, once the officials are not promoted by themselves, not loyal to themselves, it is inevitable to lose their foundation, the court will lose the right to speak, since the Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui, no one can balance the family, the rights demanded by the family gradually from the son of heaven to the situation of sharing rights with the son of heaven, which is completely contrary to the imperial power, there will be a war between the family and the royal family that is destined to rise, but sooner or later. The Nine Pins Zhongzheng system accelerated the development of the family, and in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were door valves, until the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian unified the world and implemented the examination system, which made the Han Men Shizi have a day to emerge again. 2. Cao Pi and The Cut Clan. Cao Pi claimed that empress dowager, in order to limit the rights of eunuchs and foreign relatives, issued a decree, "his eunuchs are not allowed to pass the orders of various offices" "the group of ministers must not play the role of the empress, and the family of the hou clan must not serve as auxiliary government officials, and must not be subject to the lord of Maotu", in order to prevent eunuchs and foreign relatives from interfering in politics and causing political crises, but Empress Guo, who was established before Cao Rui's death, participated in many political actions of the Sima family, including the Coup of Gaopingling and the abolition of Cao Fangli Cao, which is not a huge irony, but also reflects that the family has completely disregarded the state law system in order to fight for power. In addition, Cao Pi stripped the power of the king of the domain, and the fiefdoms of the kings of the Cao Wei period were often changed, there was no power of governance and military power, and the actions were strictly monitored, just like captivity, although this was to prevent the rebellion of the princely states like the Han Dynasty, but it led to the weakness of the clan relatives, so that the anti-attack ability of the Cao Wei clan was greatly reduced, and it was powerless to prevent foreign ministers from seizing power in the future. The feudal system implemented by the Han Dynasty, although it caused the strength of the power of the clan kings, but after all, it was the enhancement of the power of the clan, it was difficult for the foreign ministers to succeed in the coup, even if there was a war between the clans, it was also rotten into the pot, until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued the Tuien order, the clan was weakening day by day, Wang Mang's usurpation, the frequent replacement of the emperor at the end of the Han Dynasty, were all the evil consequences caused by excessive cutting of the clan, and after Cao Pi ascended the throne, the implementation of the clan king policy made it impossible for the clan to develop, and the kings of the clan did not have a little strength to speak of, and Cao Wei's establishment time was still short. There was also not enough family support, and when faced with the great family that had occupied the imperial court for a long time, once the foreign ministers attacked, it would definitely become a disaster for the Cao Wei regime. The two major political measures implemented by Cao Pi, the Jiupin Zhongzheng system and the excessive cutting of the domain, were important factors in the success of the future Sima family coup. 3. Kingship and subjection. From the moment there is an emperor or monarch, the king's power and the subject power are opposite, the king's power is too strong, the subject power has become a vassal, can only passively accept the king's orders, the advantage is that the order can be carried out quickly, but the royal power has no restrictions, it is easy to cause the king's rigid self-use, the result is poor military force, empty consumption of national funds, Qin Shi Huang, Han Wudi, Tang Taizong are, do not deny the early years of pioneering bravery, made indelible contributions to the country, but the actions in the later years let the empire suffer too much harm When the subject power is too strong, the royal power becomes a vassal, without the emperor's decision, the various functions of the state still operate, the Republic of the Zhou Dynasty, the three branches of the Warring States period, and the thirty years of the Ming Shen Sect are not the same, the subject power is too strong, the royal power is dispensable, the advantage is that it is easier to make rational political measures, but the disadvantages are also obvious, because the Zaifu ministers who are the masters represent the interests of many people, and sometimes it is inevitable that they will attack each other and rip each other off, causing government decrees to be delayed. The ideal state of course is that the monarch respects the subject power, and the courtiers maintain the royal power and advance each other, but this is difficult to do, and the dynasties have been swaying left and right on the balance of king power and subject power. Cao Rui's strength can suppress the family and make the family use for itself, at this time it is the king's power that is strong, but Cao Rui has no children after his death, and the Cao Fang who was established is young and cannot get enough protection from the Cao family, Cao Shuang fell, completely lost foreign aid, had no foundation, and became a puppet just around the corner. Fourth, the process of the coup d'état. In the first month of the first decade (249), the young emperor Cao Fang visited the tomb of Emperor Ming, Gao Pingling, and Cao Shuang's brothers and their cronies accompanied him. Sima Yi took the opportunity to lead his troops to launch a coup d'état, and by order of Empress Dowager Guo, all the gates of Luoyang were closed and the Luoshui pontoon bridge was occupied. He then appointed Situ Gaorou to take over Cao Shuang's army, and Wang Guanxing to take over Cao Xi's army. Sima Yi successively sent his attendants Xu Yun and Shangshu Chen Tai to persuade Cao Shuang to surrender, and promised that as long as he dismissed the army and surrendered his military power, he could still retain his title. Cao Shuang hesitated overnight, and finally thought that surrendering would lose power, but as a marquis, he should still be able to enjoy the glory and wealth; so he gave up resistance and asked the emperor to depose him and confess to Sima Yi. Soon, Zhang Dang, a courtier who had close contact with Cao Shuang, confessed under torture that Cao Shuang and He Yan planned to rebel in March, so Cao Shuang and his accomplices were arrested, and Huan Fan was imprisoned for threatening Sima Yi's rebellion, regarded as a false accusation, executed with Cao Shuang and others, and exterminated the three tribes. The coup d'état was actually not very smooth, there were many variables, although Sima Yi controlled Kyoto with his parts, but many families still chose to wait and see, did not immediately take a stand, Sima Yi's army was not much, and Cao Shuang and the emperor went to sweep the tomb with the most powerful Janissaries, all of which were controlled by Cao Shuang's cronies, more importantly, the emperor was in his own hands, Sima Yi claimed to serve the empress dowager, but as mentioned earlier, Cao Pi issued an edict stipulating that eunuchs and descendants were not allowed to interfere in politics, so in fact there was no legal effect. Cao Shuang could completely ignore this to call on the QinWang troops, but what did Cao Shuang do? "Embarrassed and not knowing what to do"! The Great Si Nong Huan Fan "said that Shuang made the car drive fortunately Xu Chang and recruited foreign soldiers," "The Shuang brothers hesitated", completely clumsy posture, pretending to be forced when there was nothing to do, instigating when things happened, without a little ability to take responsibility, and even naively thought that losing rights could still save their lives, looking at ancient and modern China and foreign countries, which coup was not full of blood and violence, conspiracy and power. It was a fluke that Sima Yi won the Gaopingling coup, but history is history, and the result is that Sima Yi won power, Cao Shuang was given the head, and the Cao clan completely lost the right to speak. Fifth, avoid suspicion and let the sages. Cao Yu and Cao Shuang's abilities are compared. According to the biography of Emperor Ming of Wei in the Three Kingdoms Chronicle, "With Wang Yu of Yan as the great general, Jia Shen was spared, and the Wuwei general Cao Shuang was replaced." "Cao Yu and Cao Shuang were both very close to Cao Rui, Cao Yu was Cao Rui's uncle, an old minister of the Three Dynasties, who had experienced the three dynasties of Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Pi, had rich political experience, and had the ability to advise Cao Rui, and still had the ability," the Han Jin Spring and Autumn Period: The emperor took Yan Wang Yu as a general, and made him an auxiliary government with the leading general Xiahou Xian, the Wuwei general Cao Shuang, the Tun Riding Colonel Cao Zhao, and the Xiao riding general Qin Lang. Zhongshu supervisor Liu Fang and Sun Zijiu were monopolistic and favored, and they were not good for Lang and others, afraid of the consequences, and there was no Sima Yi among the auxiliary ministers, whether Cao Yu or Cao Shuang, or Xiahou Xiancao Zhao, Qin Lang were all close associates of the Cao family, it can be said that such a lineup was very beneficial to Cao Wei, whose foundation was not very stable, plus Cao Yu's ability and political experience were good enough to cope with many situations, which was important for the consolidation of the royal power, but Cao Rui listened to Liu Fang and Sun Zi, and finally appointed Cao Shuang and Sima Yi to jointly assist the government. There is an episode in this, the ancient people for the sake of the name, the custom is to avoid, you appoint me, I have to make a gesture, say that I can't do it, please choose another gaoming, repeated invitations will agree, both the superior and the appointees have a good reputation, the result is that Cao Yu also did this, so the tragedy, by Liu, Sun two secretaries a meal fooled, Cao Yu lost the right to assist the government, but also let the Cao Wei regime in crisis, "so Yu, Zhao, Xian, Lang Xiang and weeping returned to the first." It can be seen that Cao Yu's heart is also broken, just habitually let go, how to take it seriously... After Cao Shuang came to power, he co-opted some people, but we found that there were basically few real big families to rely on, Ding Mi was known as the Three Dogs of Taichung together with He Yan and Deng Biao, which was Cao Shuang's close confidant, Ding Shuang's father was Ding Fei, who became a lieutenant in the military academy, in charge of the soldiers and horses inside and outside the palace, but it was not a big family, He Yan was He Jin's grandson, Cao Cao's adopted son, and he was Cao Shuang's cousin, but the background was also like this, there was no big power, Deng Biao was said to be after Deng Yu, but by the Time of Cao Wei, it had long since fallen, and it was not a big family Ten years later, there are still these few people around, there is still no big family to contribute, and the conflict between the royal family and the family is inevitable. Chen Shou commented: Shuangde is thin and dignified, Shen drowning is overflowing, this gu da yi is written, and the Taoists are jealous. I don't have much ability to still love to be in a high position, I use a group of unscrupulous people, correct opinions cannot be adopted, there is no political foresight, I live completely in my own imaginary world, the knife is close to the body and does not know how to hide, and it is not dead. In summary, Sima Yi's coup d'état is actually insufficient in terms of military strength, pretending that the empress dowager's edict has no legal effect, and many families in the city have not established a position, just like the later mother Qiu Guan, Zhuge Shi and others have chosen to rebel against the Sima family, the family has not yet become an ironclad piece, the coup is not fully grasped, as long as Cao Shuang does not give up his military power, heeds Huan Fan's advice to take Tianzi to Xu Du, in the name of Tianzi, calling on the King of Qin to fight against Sima Yi, Cao Wei has established the third emperor, has a certain influence, and there will be many northern families to respond to the call of Tianzi. Sima Yi must be on the isolated side, and the destruction of the family and the extermination of the clan can be expected. But the fall of the Sima family is only the beginning, the rising family of this behemoth has revealed a vicious side, the temptation of power always emits aroma, attracting the family.
!["Cao Zhen's three sons are stupid pigs!"[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)