The high-level ground ancient building occupies the first place in the four countries
Wenshi Monthly, 2015.01, Xu Yongzhong
Gaoping, located in the southeast of Shanxi, the peak of Taihang, was called The Ancient Huishi, and its former name was Changping. With a long history, rich resources, convenient transportation and developed culture, it is known as the "town of coal and iron", "the town of silk" and "the town of pineapples".
In ancient times, the ancestor of China, Emperor Yan, was in the Territory of the Yangtou Mountain, Jiahe, sowing five grains, making rice, teaching crops, and opening up China's five-thousand-year agricultural civilization.
More than 2,000 years ago, the famous Battle of Changping in Chinese history took place here.
On this land, cultural relics and ancient buildings are all over the territory, with more than 1570 registered units, 20 Chinese insurance units, and more than 130 provincial insurance and Jincheng city insurance units. Before the Jin Yuan, the total number of ancient buildings on the ground exceeded the total number south of the Yangtze River, and was called the "ancient building museum" on the ground by historians.
Among the 20 national security companies, there are four places that are unique, unique and exclusive in the country: the broken beam structure of Chongming Temple, the Song Dynasty murals of Kaihua Temple, the Jin Dynasty Opera Stage of Erlang Temple, and the Yuan Dynasty residences in Zhongzhuang Village.
Broken beam structure of Chongming Temple
Chongming Temple, also known as Wolf Valley Temple, is located at the foot of The Sacred Buddha Mountain, 15 kilometers southeast of Gaoping City, and is one of the four surviving Northern Song Dynasty buildings in Gaoping, and the earliest surviving Northern Song Dynasty building in the country. On June 25, 2001, the State Council announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Chongming Temple sits north facing south, the second into the courtyard, the central axis of the mountain gate, the middle Buddha hall, the rear hall, on both sides of the bell and drum tower, box room, side hall, ear tower and so on. According to the inscription in the second year of Song Chunhua (991) in the temple, the Middle Buddha Hall was founded in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty (968-975). It has been maintained throughout the ages, and the existing buildings are ming and qing dynasty buildings except for the middle Buddha hall, which is an early Song Dynasty structure.
The middle Buddha Hall is three rooms wide, six rafters deep, a single eaves on the top of the mountain, and a glass ridge decoration. The temple follows the Tang Dynasty method in terms of architectural structure, with no universal pat fangs on the pillars, seven paving of bucket arches, double copying and double batch of bamboo, and ang tail pressed under the four rafters. The tween bucket arch is paved with five paving, the double copy is secretly made, and the lower part is without a bucket and a straight bucket. The lifting is gentle and the eaves are far-reaching. Its eaves exceed the Ten Thousand Buddhas Hall of Zhenguo Temple in Pingyao County during the Five Dynasties Period, which epitomizes the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty architectural system, and is almost indistinguishable from the East Hall of the Foguang Temple, the Tang Dynasty building of Wutai Mountain.
The most unique part of the Middle Buddha Hall is reflected in a pair of "broken beams" structures. It is the use of exquisite mechanical principles, the two square short beams of equal length docking, the broken beam under the middle seam, with a string of oak support, the two ends of the shelf on the front and rear eaves arch rear tail, and the tail cover gravity balance to the front and rear cornices above the eaves. This architectural form system is an ancient local craftsman designed according to the material, small materials and large use of innovation, in the history of architecture has a high practical significance, but also the study of the mainland Tang, five generations of architectural structures of important physical materials. This broken beam structure, unparalleled in China, can be described as a strange branch in the history of ancient architecture on the mainland.
In 1999, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage allocated special funds to carry out a major overhaul of the Buddhist hall in Chongming Temple. In 2013, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage allocated special funds to carry out comprehensive maintenance and environmental remediation of Chongming Temple. Chongming Temple also shows its unique style to the world with a new look.
Song Dynasty murals at Kaihua Temple
The Song Dynasty murals of Kaihua Temple are the largest existing area of temple murals in the country, with a total of 88.2 square meters, which can be called the first in the country and a treasure of folk art.
Kaihua Temple is one of the four surviving Northern Song Dynasty temple buildings in Gaoping. It is located at the foot of Sheli Mountain in Chen District, 17 kilometers northeast of Gaoping City. On June 25, 2001, the State Council announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Kaihua Temple, sitting north facing south, surrounded by mountains on three sides; The mountains are dense with pines and cypresses and beautiful scenery. Inscriptions in the temple; The temple was founded in the second year of Northern Qi Wuping (571), and since the Tang and Song dynasties, it has been repaired and rebuilt many times. Originally named Qingliang, in the eighth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1030), it was renamed "Kaihua Zen Temple", and is now called Kaihua Temple.
The main courtyard of Kaihua Temple is two entrances, and on the central axis there are the Mountain Gate (Great Compassion Pavilion), the Daxiong Treasure Hall, and the Yanfa Hall. On both sides are the Kannon Pavilion, the Vima Purification Room, the Lecture Hall, and the Auxiliary Hall.
On the east side of the temple, there is a Zen temple for the feast room, and there is a storeroom at the back.
The Daxiong Treasure Hall is located in the center of the temple, and the existing building was rebuilt in the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1073). The main hall is a combination of architecture, paintings and frescoes in one room, which is a top three.
Let's start with the architecture. The main hall is square in plan, three rooms wide, six rafters deep, a single eaves on the top of the mountain, and a glass ridge decoration. The five paving of the bucket arch under the eaves, the single copy of the single batch of bamboo, the heavy chess plan, the tween bucket arch behind the tail on the Top of the Hua chess to cast a huge head, cushioned under the tail, this rare method opened the precedent of the later Huaqi, for the early northern Song Dynasty architecture example.
Second look at the painting. The paintings are concentrated on the wooden structure of the beams in the temple, and the drawings have various patterns such as ancient money patterns, sea pomegranates, dragon's tooth hui grass, etc., all of which are song-made, which is very consistent with the patterns of the painted paintings in "Building the French Style". Among them, the paintings in the arched eye wall are particularly exquisite, which can be described as the most complete preserved Song Dynasty paintings in ancient buildings on the mainland.
Look at the murals. The frescoes are the essence of the Kaihua Temple's Daxiong Treasure Hall. It is distributed on the east, west and north walls of the hall, with an area of 88.2 square meters, ranking first in the murals of the mainland temple. The frescoes were painted between Song Yuanyou and Shaosheng (1092-1096). The west wall is divided into three groups, with the middle of the dharma map and the two sides of the Buddhist scripture story, and the north wall is the "deer girl Bunsheng" figure. According to the inscription on the wall painting, the painter's name is Guo Fa, and he is an unknown folk painter who is proficient in figures and landscapes. The east wall may have been later, painted for other painters, the content is a Buddhist story, painted in the form of a comic strip, seriously damaged, and some have been repaid by later generations. Judging from its content, the whole picture has a map, a Buddhist scripture story, and a scene of farming and weaving life, which more accurately reflects the entire social landscape of the Northern Song Dynasty. From the perspective of his painting art, the picture composition is rigorous, the pen is vigorous and meticulous, the characters are expressive, the interface is neat, mainly red and green, and the character crown decoration and interface building are equipped with asphalt paste gold, making the murals colorful and golden. The entire mural, with its large picture area, can be called the first in the country; The fineness of its painting skills and the high level of art are exquisite, which is enough to compete with the scroll figure paintings of the same era, and some people even compare it with the Qingming Shanghe Diagram.
There is a cave in the back of the Kaihua Temple, and it is said that the late Tang Dynasty five generations of senior monks and great foolish Zen masters once performed sound rhythms in the cave, reaching the Xuanmen of the five tones, the mysterious sounds of the four voices of the Ming Dynasty, and the ninety years of life and immortality. On the southeast slope outside the Kaihua Temple, there is also a stone pagoda of the Great Fool Zen Master, which was built for the third year of Tang Tongguang (925) after five generations and is basically well preserved.
The Jindai stage of the Erlang Temple
Erlang Temple, located on the north of Wang Bao Village ,8.5 kilometers northwest of Gaoping City, Sizhuang Town (which was once the site of the ancient County), is famous for preserving the earliest surviving Jin Dynasty opera stages on the mainland. On May 25, 2006, Erlang Temple was announced by the State Council as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Erlang Temple sits north and faces south, one into the courtyard, the founding date is unknown, at least the Tang Dynasty has existed. The existing buildings include the stage, the dedication hall, the main hall, and there are battlement halls and corridors on both sides. The second road of the mountain gate is opened on the left and right sides of the stage.
The main hall is built on a 1.5-meter-high pedestal, with a width of five bays, six rafters deep, a rectangular plan, a hanging hilltop, a front porch, a tile roof covered with barrel plates, and a glazed ridge decoration. The stigma bucket arch is paved with five paving, the tally bucket arch is one each, the arch is 45 degrees oblique, the long shi is large forehead, there is no universal beating, sandstone column, square bluestone pillar foundation. The wood carvings on the forehead of the temple and the stone carvings below are intricate and gorgeous. This hall is a ming dynasty relic. In front of the main hall, there are three dedicated halls, four rafters in depth, four bucket arches, no tween bucket arches, and also Ming Dynasty buildings.
Located just south, the stage is the oldest and most essential building of The Erlang Temple. The stage is wide, four rafters deep, and the mountain-style roof. The cylinder tile roof is built on a 1.1-meter platform, flat and square, and the base is slightly rectangular. Thick round wooden columns are applied to the four corners of the stage, and the piers under the two corner columns of the front eaves are connected with sandstone foundations. The pillar head is placed with a large frontal fang, the upper part of the fang is placed in the bucket arch, the frontal fang is placed under the bird, the corner arch is applied to the 45 degree oblique arch, the tween is two groups of bucket arches are paved, and the single copy and double down are ang, and there is no head play. The stage has no beam frame and directly supports the roof with a bucket arch structure. This form is the original creation of the Wang Bao Erlang Temple Stage, which is really rare. The entire building is original to the Jin Dynasty.
At the waist of the pedestal, three pieces are depicted in a wired manner, carving flowers and grasses such as children, lotus flowers, and peonies. On the top of a piece of the boy's play peony painting is engraved the inscription "Shi Dading Twenty-three Years (1183) Years of Age And Second Decade, Five Days in Mid-Autumn, Stonemasons Zhao Xian, Zhao Zhijian", providing an accurate era for the creation of the stage. Built in the 23rd year of Jin Dading, the theater building has a history of more than 800 years, which can be called the earliest in the country and ranks first.
The discovery of the stage not only provides important physical materials for the study of the history of the development of the mainland's theater, but also adds a new chapter to the study of the ancient architecture of the mainland. After the overall maintenance in 2007, it was shown to the world with the simple and majestic beauty style and the ancient construction sample project of repairing the old.
The Ji family house in Nakaso Village
Ji's Residence, also known as the Yuan Dynasty Residence, is located in Zhongzhuang Village, Chen District, 18 kilometers northeast of Gaoping City, and was discovered during the 1986 cultural relics census. On November 20, 1996, it was announced by the State Council as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It is the first national security unit in Gaoping, and it is also the earliest ancient residential building found in the mainland.
Ji's house is a north house in an ordinary farm yard in Zhongzhuang Village. The surface is three bays wide, six rafters deep, and the structure of four beams and eight columns. Gently folded, overhanging mountain roof, covered with cloth tile roof, clean surface ridge decoration, front eaves with square sandstone columns four. Four stacked beams, two and four rafters between the one-step beam. The pillar head is applied to the pubaifang, and four paving are set up as bucket arches. A semi-rafter open door is inserted into the inner recess, and the two stone pillars in the middle of the inner groove are in a line, and the plan of the house is in the shape of a bronze lock" shape. The top of the door to the pillar is aligned, the shed board is applied, and the three rooms are applied. The pillars are square, with bluestone door piers and sandstone sills. Above the sill is a wooden door frame with five rows of large treasure cover nails nailed to the door. Five nails in each row, with wood carved lace on the outside of the cheeks, with double five-toothed petal strips as the base, and a peony pattern engraved on it. There are four wooden square door hairpins in the middle of the upper sill. The stone of the left gate is inscribed on the threshold: "The thirty-first year of the Great Yuan Kingdom (1294) years of jia noon××× Ji House X stonemason Tiandang County Feng ××" and other words, which is the accurate founding date of the residence, which has a history of more than 700 years.
Ji's house, the building is simple, the structure is simple, the arch is loose, the beam frame is stable, the architectural techniques and style follow the Song and Jin, which is a typical example of the local rural ancient architecture, and it is the earliest yuan dynasty folk residential building found in the country, which is still an isolated case. Its architectural characteristics and architectural style are of high value for the exploration and study of early residential buildings on the mainland.
The above four cases are the first in the country, only one-fifth of the 20 national security in Gaoping. Of the other 16 national security sites, 15 are ancient buildings. Judging from the content of the building, there are Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, Confucian temples, and unique local palaces and temples. From the perspective of the style of architecture, there is the simplicity of Song, the simplicity of gold, the thickness of Yuan, and the exquisiteness of Ming. Judging from the characteristics of the building, some are victorious with stone carvings, some are amazed by components, some are known for their layout, and some are dazzling with nature. It can be described as an ancient rhyme Gaoping, a classic Gaoping.