Tang Poems and Examination |44: Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan, classmates and brothers

In the ninth year of the Tang Dynasty (793), the names of two young people of about twenty years were prominently listed. At that time, people probably did not think that these two hairy boys later grew up to be famous poets and literary heroes who left their history behind.

The first of them, named Liu Yuxi, was born in Luoyang, and was a descendant of Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan Jing in the Han Dynasty, at the age of twenty-one. The well-known famous cultural relics of the golden wisp jade cloth were excavated from Liu Sheng's tomb.

Liu Yuxi lived with his father in Jiangsu and Zhejiang since he was a child, and in the process of studying, he received a lot of points from famous people in Jiangnan, so he made rapid progress. At the age of eighteen, Liu Yuxi, in order to obtain the meritorious name of the imperial examination, went to the capital alone. Soon, he gained a certain popularity in the literary circles of Beijing.

Liu Yuxi's early and middle career experience, and liu Zongyuan, a classmate of the same list of jinshi, can be said to have advanced and retreated in a surprisingly consistent pace. For example, both of them have worked as school scriveners, and they have also passed the "Erudite Hongzi" subject system examination. When Liu Yuxi served as the inspector of imperial history, he was a colleague of Liu Zongyuan. Due to similar political interests and similar intellectual talents, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan became a pair of very good friends. Therefore, shiren referred to the two as "Liu Liu".

After Emperor Shunzong of Tang ascended the throne, he reused Wang Shuwen and others who advocated reform. After Wang Shuwen took charge of the government, he united with some officials who agreed with the reform, including Wang Ling, Han Tai, Chen Chen, Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan, etc., to implement a vigorous change, known in history as the "Yongzhen Reform". The main contents of the reform were to weaken the power of the feudal towns, strengthen the centralization of power, crack down on corruption and corruption, rectify fiscal revenues, and limit the power of eunuchs.

Obviously, such a change is bound to greatly touch the vested interests of interest groups. Causing them a fierce backlash is something to be imagined. Tang Shunzong, who had only been emperor for less than eight months, transferred the throne to his son Li Chun under the pressure of internal and external opposition, for Tang Xianzong. As soon as Tang Xianzong came to power, he immediately abolished wang shuwen and Wang Ling, the leaders of the reform faction, and the "Yongzhen Reform", which lasted only half a year, failed.

After the failure of the "Yongzhen Reform", Liu Yuxi, an important member of the reformist camp, was demoted from the position of Hubu Wailang to Sima of Lang Prefecture (present-day Zunyi City, Guizhou), and was one of the famous "Two Kings and Eight Simas" in history. In Langzhou, Liu Yuxi stayed for nearly a decade. Later, he successively served as the first leader of six states (thorn history). After more than twenty years of local posts, Liu Yuxi was symbolically arranged to go to the eastern capital Luoyang to do an errand. A few years later, Liu Yuxi died of illness in Luoyang at the age of seventy.

Because of such a bumpy experience, but also because of a broad mind, so Liu Yuxi can write such a deep and thick poem as "Wuyi Lane", it is not difficult to understand: "The wild grass flowers by the Suzaku Bridge, the sunset at the mouth of Wuyi Lane. In the past, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people. This poem says that the vicissitudes of the world and the rise and fall of personnel affairs, "In the past, Wang XieTang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people" two sentences, which can be called a sigh through the ages and see through the ancient and modern.

"Yang Liu Qing Qing Jiang level, smell lang river on the singing." The sun rises in the east and the rains in the west, and the road is clear but sunny. "Liu Yuxi's seemingly light and bright "Bamboo Branch Words (Part 1)" I believe many people read it as a love poem." The Tao is no clear but there is clear", which is regarded as a classic love sentence. In fact, in connection with Liu Yuxi's bumpy experience, the author believes that this poem has a pun and hides a sharp edge. In the official world, what is sentient and what is ruthless, everything is in the unspoken.

Liu Yuxi is an all-rounder with excellent poetry, and the prose "Buried Room Ming" is a famous passage passed down from generation to generation. On the whole, his poetic achievements are greater than those of prose, and he has written many poems and has a high artistic standard, and has the reputation of "poetic hero". His "Reward Lotte Yangzhou First Meeting on the Table" is also a well-known famous passage: "Bashan Chushui is desolate, abandoned for twenty-three years." Nostalgic empty chanting flute fu, to the countryside to turn like rotten Ke people. Thousands of sails passed on the side of the sinking boat, and the sick tree was in front of wanmu spring. Listen to a song today, and temporarily rely on the spirit of a cup of wine. While lamenting his own bumpy encounters, the poem also shows his value orientation and political ambition not to sink, and his ambition to eliminate accumulated shortcomings and habits and create a new world.

"A thousand sails pass by the side of the sinking boat, and the head of the sick tree is Wanmu Chun", Liu Yuxi's famous association is often quoted by people to express the aspiration of looking forward from the old and the new. For example, as early as the primary school period, the author wrote "big character newspapers" and experiences and other things, and often followed the cat and tiger to move the hard set. Later, when writing official documents such as speeches and summaries in the organs, he also took the sheep by the hand more than once to fill the façade.

Liu Yuxi is also quite accomplished in philosophy, and his three articles "On Heaven" express the simple materialist philosophical view of respecting the laws of nature and living in harmony between man and nature. "The chanter sighed and passed away, which made me sad and play a short song. There are few people in the world who are shocked by the sky, and there are many people who concentrate on worshipping. Fanglin new leaves promote old leaves, and the front wave of flowing water makes the back wave. All ages have hated this to the present, and Wenqin wept with tears. The title of the poem is too long and tongue-twisting to be quoted here. The famous link in the poem, "Fanglin New Leaves Promote Old Leaves, Flowing Water Before Waves Make Later Waves", reflects Liu Yuxi's philosophical thought on the metabolism and development of all things.

Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元) was a member of the hedong Xie County (in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), so Liu Zongyuan was called "Liu hedong" (柳河東). Because Liu Zongyuan official finally stabbed liuzhou, it was also called "Liuliu prefecture".

At the time of the jinshi and the first time, Liu Zongyuan had just turned twenty years old. Because of the reasons such as returning to his hometown to guard filial piety for his father Liu Zhen, Liu Zongyuan waited for more than three years before he was appointed to an official position and became a secretary of the provincial school. After another two years, Liu Zongyuan passed the examination for the "Erudite Hongzi" section and was promoted to deputy county-level cadre (Lantian County Lieutenant). After working in Lantian for two years, Liu Zongyuan was transferred back to Beijing to serve as the inspector of imperial history.

Because of the same political views, Wang Shuwen was very appreciative of Liu Zongyuan and promoted him to the rank of foreign minister. After the "Yongzhen Reform" ended in failure, as a member of the reform faction, Liu Zongyuan also fell ill, and was demoted to Shao Prefecture (邵州, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). The opposition, who had not yet reached renshou and felt that they had not yet been relieved, demoted him to Sima of Yongzhou (永州, in modern Yongzhou, Hunan). Liu Zongyuan, who was still running on the road, had to wade through the mountains and waters, turn around and continue south.

In Yongzhou, Liu Zongyuan stayed for ten years. The famous "Snake Catcher Says" was written during his tenure in Yongzhou. "Whoever knows the poison of the endowment, there is even a snake!" Liu Zongyuan's concern for the suffering of the people, his feelings of compassion for the people's livelihood, and his extreme dissatisfaction with the reality of corruption in the official arena are full of words.

Liu Zongyuan was also a leading figure in the Tang Dynasty's ancient Literature Movement, and was known as "Han Liu" along with Han Yu. Liu Zongyuan was diligent in pen cultivation, had excellent poetry, and wrote a lot of works. In his work, prose achieves more than poetry. Widely known works, in addition to "The Snake Catcher's Saying", there are also "Feudal Theory", "Heavenly Theory", "Theory of Breaking Punishment", "Zhi XiaoqiuXi Xiaoshitan" and so on.

Although famous for his ancient writing, Liu Zongyuan has also achieved great success in poetry. "A thousand mountain birds fly to extinction, and thousands of people disappear." Lonely boat, fishing alone in the snow of the Cold River. Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue" uses only twenty words to create an aura with a wide sky and solipsism. This aura can be called "the only self." "Alone" and loneliness in the general sense, the realm itself is world-widely different, this is a kind of heaven and earth with me. With an incomparably strong heart, the poet wrote an incomparable loneliness and an incomparable tranquility. Whenever I read this poem, I feel a deep spiritual shock.

Liu Zongyuan's "Crossing HengShan to See New Flowers Bloom but Sending Brothers" is also a masterpiece loved by many people: "The old national famous garden has been separated for a long time, and now the Chu tree has a southern branch." On a sunny day, it is good to return to the road, and it is the time when the geese return in front of the peak. This poem seems to be indifferent and peaceful, but in fact it is full of emotions and contains a strong sense of joy and expectation. After many years of depreciation, the poet who is about to return to the north, the new flowers and the geese that he sees in his eyes have become the sustenance and symbol of emotion in his heart, which shows the subtlety of the poet's brushwork.

"Crossing Hengshan to See New Flowers Bloom but Sending Brothers" is liu zongyuan who ended his career in Yongzhou and returned to Chang'an in the north, writing to his younger brother Liu Zongzhi who was demoted to Yongzhou with him, which means urging him to quickly pack up and return home. Liu Zongyuan, who is full of expectations for his new life, returned to Chang'an with confidence and prepared to embark on a more important job. Then, then there was no then. The imperial court told Liu Zongyuan that Chang'an you could not stay, and you had to go through the experience in Liuzhou, which was more remote and more southern. After arriving in Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan never had the opportunity to return to Chang'an from the north. At the age of forty-six, Emperor Wenzong Liuzongyuan died of illness in Liuzhou.

"The high-rise buildings in the city are in the wilderness, and the sea and sky are worried and confused. The wind was fluttering with hibiscus water, and the dense rain was obliquely invading the wall. The ridge trees are heavily shaded, and the river flows like nine ileums. A total of 100 Yue tattoos, like a self-music book lagging in a township. "This poem is full of sorrow, full of heartache, full of bitterness, and it is painful to read to read the famous work "Dengliuzhou City Tower Sending Zhangtingting to Seal the Four Prefectures", which is liu Zongyuan's work in the history of Liuzhou.

"Liu Liu Liu Liu", a pair of classmates and friends who are good at poetry and difficult friends.

Tani ogi

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