To the wine
Author: Qiu Jin
At the expense of thousands of dollars to buy a treasure knife, mink fur for wine is also proud.
A heart of blood is diligently cherished, sprinkled with Ju Nenghua Bitao.
The poems that should have been learned around junior high school are roughly as follows: do not spare a lot of money to buy a good knife, exchanging mink coats for wine is also considered heroic, and revolutionaries should fully cherish their lives and throw blood to make earth-shattering undertakings.
In the early morning of July 15, 1907, a heroine calmly walked to the execution ground and bravely took justice. In order to save the nation from peril, he sacrificed his young life at the age of 32. She is the famous hero Qiu Jin during the Xinhai Revolution in China, with the name "Jingxiong" and the nickname "Jianhu Woman".
Qiu Jin was born into a family of eunuchs who were heavily versed in the family. Very young and influenced by the good national culture, she was enthusiastic and stubborn when she was a teenager, and she most admired the "heroes" in history. After the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, the already devastated land of Shenzhou was even more dangerous. Qiu Jin saved the country's feelings and indignantly endowed him with ambition: "I can't be listed as a boy, but my heart is stronger than a man's." In her poems, she enthusiastically praised Hua Mulan, Qin Liangyu, Shen Yunying and many other heroes who had made great achievements in ancient China, and was determined to emulate them and become a generation of heroes who revitalized China.
In 1904, she resolutely broke through the shackles of her feudal family and traveled east to Japan alone to study. In Japan, Qiu Jin actively participated in the revolutionary struggle of Chinese students. After the establishment of the League in August 1905, she was promoted to the council of the League's deliberation department and the main ally of Zhejiang Province. Qiu Jin also contacted the female classmates who were staying in Japan at that time to organize the "Common Love Association" and served as the president herself. The Qing government colluded with the Japanese government to promulgate rules banning Chinese students studying abroad and oppressing students studying in Japan, and Qiu Jin returned to China indignantly and founded a Chinese public school in Shanghai. In 1906, she was introduced by Xu Xilin and joined the Guangfu Society. She and some comrades set up revolutionary organs in Shanghai and presided over the "China Women's Daily", and was the first to put forward the idea of creating a "women's association", which sounded the first clarion call for the liberation of women in modern times.
In 1906, Qiu Jin returned to Shaoxing and presided over the Datong Academy. Originally founded by Xu Xilin and Tao Chengzhang, Datong Xuetang was a revolutionary stronghold for the GuangfuHui to train cadres and organize the masses. In order to further train the revolutionary forces, Qiu Jin set up a "sports club" to recruit the party masses and revolutionary youth, conduct military exercises, and actively contact the parties in various parts of Zhejiang to form the "Guangfu Army", elect Xu Xilin as the leader, and Qiu Jin as the assistant leader, and actively carry out the preparatory work for the uprising.
In May 1907, Xu Xilin prepared for an uprising in Anqing, and Qiu Jin responded in Zhejiang and other places. But Xu Xilin's plans for an uprising were leaked. On July 6, Xu Xilin hastily assassinated The Anhui Governor Enming and launched an uprising in Anqing, but due to lack of preparation, the uprising soon failed, and Xu Xilin was arrested and killed. The failure of the Anqing uprising completely leaked the plan of the uprising in Zhejiang presided over by Qiu Jin, and the situation was very critical, and the comrades advised her to take refuge for a while, and she was determined to be the first person in the Chinese women's circle to sacrifice for the revolution, and resolutely stayed in the Datong Academy to fight to the death with the Qing army that came to encircle her. Outnumbered, Qiu Jin was unfortunately arrested and martyred on July 15, 1907.
It is worth mentioning that Li Zongyue, a local official in Shaoxing, refused to use torture to extort a confession from Qiu Jin, and he sympathized with Qiu Jin, but he was powerless, and actually hanged himself after Qiu Jin was martyred, showing the conscience of a valuable person. This is the shock of human nature, and it is the strength that Qiu Jin gave him, making him resolutely give up his life. In that era, there were shameful informers, people who dipped people's blood and steamed buns, but with the death of Li Zongyue, we still saw a little bright color of human nature, which was not for any ideal or revolution, but only for the discovery of people's conscience, and it was the strength of human nature that defeated the desire to survive. There is no conclusive evidence of Qiu Jin's murder, and the Zhejiang inspector who ordered her killing was also uneasy about this, and asked himself to be transferred to Jiangsu and Shanxi, but was rejected by the locals and had to call her sick. Guifu, the prefect of Shaoxing, asked himself to be transferred to Anhui, but he was also refused, and he did not know the end. It can be seen that people are not convinced.
Qiu Jin has the courage of a bearded eyebrow as a daughter. During her lifetime, she preached revolution and equal rights for men and women, which effectively promoted the rise of the revolutionary movement and the women's liberation movement in Zhejiang. Qiu Jin made great contributions to the new army, the party, and the students who were mobilized and organized to launch the uprising and mobilize in the Xinhai Revolution that broke out later. The great pioneer of the democratic revolution, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, once wrote a letter to commemorate her: "Edo Yadanchen, grateful that the head of the monarch agrees with the league; Xuanting sprinkles green blood, ashamed of my heroic female soul."
Qiu Jin not only advocated feminist feminism, but also played a major role in promoting the development of the women's liberation movement; if many theories on women's liberation before the Xinhai Revolution were still in the stage of academic discussion and ideological enlightenment, then after the baptism of battle of the Xinhai Revolution, putting ideological concepts into practical action became a historical necessity. During this period, in addition to the development of women's schools and businesses, which were still hot topics for women's liberation, women's political participation was also historically put on the agenda.
As one of the first revolutionary pioneers and the first female martyrs to sacrifice to overthrow the Manchu Qing regime and thousands of years of feudal rule, she made great contributions to the Xinhai Revolution. Therefore, later generations called her "Shaoxing Three Jies" together with Lu Xun and Zhou Enlai.
Lu Xun and Qiu Jin were of the same generation and also compatriots in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, both had revolutionary ideas of opposing the Manchu Qing dynasty and pursuing democracy, and they both actively participated in the Chinese Students' Conference for Studying in Japan and some of the gatherings of the Zhejiang and Hunan Hometown Associations during their study in Japan, and they were also members of the "League". The two men, having so much in common, naturally became good friends at first.
But later, Lu Xun and Qiu Jin had many differences in some things, gradually drifting apart, and even gradually becoming discordant, and the friendship relationship between the two was basically terminated.
These two people grew up in different family environments, different life experiences formed a completely different personality, from childhood economic embarrassment, full of human feelings of Lu Xun, self-denial, serious, calm, pragmatic; and Qiu Jin, who has been smooth since childhood, is bold and unrestrained.
In the revolutionary practice of saving the country and the people, Qiu Jin was good at making friends, daring to speak and dare to do things, and especially the characteristics of super strong action ability were brought into full play. She actively appeared on stage, founded newspapers and periodicals, published propaganda, and participated in almost all the revolutionary hot gangs at that time, which can be said to be an out-and-out "doer".
On the other hand, Lu Xun believes that healing people's hearts and minds is far more important than physical healing, and in the process of the democratic revolution to save the country and save the people, it is more important to make contributions to pens and literary works as "daggers" and "shooting guns", focusing on the discussion of revolutionary theory and the treatment of "the inferiority of the people" as the main focus.
On November 2, 1905, at the request of the Qing government, the Japanese government promulgated the "Regulations on Allowing Qing Students to Enter Public and Private Schools", objectively speaking, the main purpose of the rules is to allow international students to study well, and to restrict and restrict them from using study abroad to engage in revolutionary activities or mixed diplomas.
At that time, the "headline party" of the Japanese newspaper reported that the "Regulations on the Admission of Qing Dynasty Students to Public and Private Schools" was taken out of context as the "Prohibition Rules" for reporting. When the international students heard the word "ban", they were furious and immediately protested! At the protest meeting, there were two factions divided into two factions, and the self-funded students represented by Qiu Jin and others advocated withdrawing from school and returning to China as a protest, and their attitude was quite radical; the old students of the official faction represented by Chen Shutong, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Xu Shousheng, Zhu Zhixin, and Lu Xun did not advocate dropping out of school, and were called "maintenance factions."
The two factions were extremely hotly debated, and the "radicals" even organized "pickets" to patrol Tokyo with sticks and weapons, and when they saw the Qing students, they threatened them: "Will you not return to China?" Those who said "they will not return to China" were immediately surrounded and beaten by the crowd.
In fact, Sun Yat-sen, the recognized revolutionary leader at that time, was worried that many students with revolutionary consciousness would be wiped out by the Qing government after returning to China, so he asked Wang Jingwei to set up a "maintenance association" in Tokyo to advise international students not to follow the trend and return to China, return to the classroom as soon as possible, and resume their studies.
It is said that at the memorial service for Chen Tianhua held at the Jinhui Hall in the International Student Association, Qiu Jin announced that Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun) and Xu Shousheng, who opposed the collective return to China, were sentenced to "death", and also pulled out the Japanese sword he carried with him and shouted: "Surrender manchus, sell friends for glory." Oppress the Han people and eat me with a knife. ”
In fact, this widely circulated passage is a misinformation in the japanese Keisuke Nagata in his writings. According to Qiu Jin's student Xu Shuangyun in "Remembering Qiu Jin", from 1905 to the end of December, Qiu Jin, as a member of the "school of withdrawal", resolutely decided to withdraw from school and return to China, and the Zhejiang Overseas Students Association held a send-off meeting for her. At the meeting, Qiu Jin made a generous statement, and casually took out a knife from the boot barrel and inserted it on the podium to make an oath: "If someone returns to the motherland, surrenders to Manchuria, sells friends for glory, oppresses the Han people, and eats me with a knife." ”
Of course, the reason for the misinformation is also that Lu Xun once refused to obey the organizational arrangements to fight for his life like the "underworld" Ma Zai, Lu Xun once recalled: "When I was engaged in the anti-Qing revolutionary movement, I was ordered to assassinate. But I said that I could go or I might die, and leave my mother behind after I died, and I asked my mother what to do with it. They say it's okay to worry about things after death, you don't have to go."
It is precisely because of this incident that it has been misunderstood and attacked by Qiu Jin and others who advocate fierce means! Lu Xun asked the "organization" to have a "statement" on how to deal with the old woman, but he couldn't get it, which was too difficult!
Regardless of right or wrong, Lu Xun and Qiu Jin were identical in the general goals of the revolution, but they were very different in some specific tactics, so it is conceivable that the two would eventually become strangers and no longer communicate with each other.
Mr. Wang Wei, chairman of the China Finance Museum, has a book "Finance Can Subvert History", which says that railways and finance started the industrial revolution in modern China, and a railway bond induced the Xinhai Revolution.
On June 30, 1876, China's first railway (Wusong Railway, Shanghai Henan Road Bridge - Wu Weikou, 14.5 km) was opened to traffic, the British Jardine Matheson & Co. built a railway according to the British narrow gauge technology, ransomed by the Qing government after a year of operation, the reason for the demolition, in addition to the fact that the railway was built by the British without China's consent, but also related to many conflicts over the land rights of the surrounding people, plus a month after the railway was opened to traffic, it crushed a Chinese soldier, and the Chinese and British dismantled it after consultation. Rail vehicles were transported to Taiwan to prepare for the construction of a transverse railway, but were later abandoned.
The construction of railways requires a lot of capital, but the Qing government has no money, and the railway policy at the end of the Qing Dynasty has gone through three stages: joint shareholding and official office, commercial office and road right state ownership. During the period of joint stock and government, it was only possible to borrow from foreign countries, that is, bonds issued by the Qing government on the condition of government credibility and railway rights and interests, and the negotiable certificates issued with promised interest were bonds; due to large-scale borrowing, not only the right of way but also the sovereignty were lost. From 1903 onwards, with the rise of nationalist thought, the Qing government began to redeem the right of way from foreigners and transferred it to private fund-raising merchants. By 1911, the Qing Dynasty wanted to overturn the situation again and receive it to the Central Committee on the grounds that "the railway is tied to the political power, so it cannot belong to the people forever".
The implementation of the railway state-owned policy is in the history of China's railways and even in the entire history of China's modern industry, and one of the figures that must be mentioned is Sheng Xuanhuai. According to the statistics of scholars, the Qing Dynasty built a total of 9100 kilometers of railways, of which 3962 kilometers were built and operated by foreigners, 5100 kilometers of railways built by China itself (including 4465 kilometers built by the government and 657 kilometers of commercial railways), and 2254 kilometers of roads built by Sheng Xuanhuai, accounting for nearly half of the railways financed by the government.
Sheng Xuanhuai, who came from a family of officials and eunuchs, could only serve as an assistant to Li Hongzhang. Li Hongzhang proposed the construction of railways and the establishment of a telegraph bureau and a steamship bureau. Sheng Xuanhuai, as Li Hongzhang's assistant, dealt with foreigners, and his achievements in railways, mines, telegraphs, and ships were all achieved under the command of Li Hongzhang (later Zhang Zhidong). It can be said that Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong are decision-makers, and Sheng Xuanhuai is only an executor.
In the last years of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai was ostracized, Zhang Zhidong died of illness, and Sheng Xuanhuai, an official and businessman, became Zaifeng's confidant. In the opinion of experts, his businessman thinking has two obvious weaknesses:
First, there are no political principles, and problems are considered only from the perspective of maximizing personal interests. Once upon a time, he opposed the nationalization of the railways and tried to promote the many benefits of commercial offices. At this time, he came up with a grandiose reason to close the railway, obviously because the "seat" had changed.
Second, superstitious beliefs about money and business rules for money purposes. In his mind, everything starts with money, so it can be solved with money. In his lifetime, the most successful experience is business negotiation, and to succeed in business negotiation, first hide the "bottom price", and then stubbornly bargain.
When the Qing government wanted to nationalize the railway and then provide mortgage financing to foreign capital, Sheng Xuanhuai formulated different plans for the situation in different provinces: Guangdong Province: return shareholders to invest 60% of the original value of cash silver, the remaining 40% into state interest-free bonds, and later choose to pay off; Hunan Province, Hubei Province: all commercial shares return cash at their original value, and a small amount of rice donations and leased shares are converted into state Poly stocks.
As soon as this plan came out, it basically calmed down the trend of road protection in guangdong, Hunan and Hubei provinces. Hunan, which was the first to make a fuss, since it received the full amount of cash, did not make trouble. Sheng Xuanhuai was able to "take care" of these three provinces, mainly because the two lakes returned very little cash, and the provinces only had more than two million taels, and it did not make much sense not to give them. As for Guangdong, it was equivalent to a 60% discount, and the imperial court obviously took advantage.
The situation in Sichuan is different from that of the other three provinces: First, the Sichuan Railway Company raised a total of 14 million taels of share capital, which was levied from the ground rent in a compulsory manner and "worth 100 out of 300", which involved more than 30 million Men and Women in Sichuan, and the shareholder representatives were the gentlemen and merchants of more than 100 prefectures and counties. Even after experiencing the turmoil of corruption and stock markets, there are still more than 7 million taels of cash on the account; second, 76% of this money belongs to "leased shares" and is expropriated by local governments by apportioning farmers.
Sheng Xuanhuai's attitude towards the Sichuan-Han Railway was different from that of the other three provinces. The essence of the problem of the Sichuan-Han railway is the question of whether the surplus funds of more than 7 million taels will go to Sichuan or to the central government, and it is a problem between the central and local governments, so he insists on using official prices to force the nationalization of private railways.
At the same time, Sheng Xuanhuai also signed the "Guangdong-Han Railway in Hubei and Hunan Provinces and the Sichuan-Han Railway in Hubei Province" with the British, French, German and American banking groups in Beijing, borrowing 6 million pounds through the "Huguang Railway Bond", which was borne equally by the four countries, with the two lakes of gold and salt tax as collateral, and hired a chief engineer from Britain, Germany, and the United States to build the Guangdong-Han Railway and the Sichuan-Han Railway respectively. At this point, the above-mentioned railways, which originally belonged to the private sector, were forcibly taken away by the Qing government and mortgaged the right to railway revenue to foreigners.
This hasty and hegemonic act of the Qing government was strongly opposed by the private capital, so the provinces set up the Baolu Comrades Association, with the purpose of "breaking the contract to protect the road and maintaining complete commercial offices", to protest the Qing government's sale of the right of way, which later developed into a large-scale movement to defend the right of way, and Sichuan became the area where the road protection movement developed most rapidly and fiercely.
What happened next is well known: the Sichuan Consultative Bureau sent a letter to Zhao Erfeng, the governor of Sichuan, asking the imperial court to suspend the reception of the Sichuan-Han Railway. However, instead of conforming to public opinion and public sentiment, the Qing court ordered Zhao Erfeng to suppress it, which eventually led to the "Chengdu Bloody Case". As a result, the road protection movement developed into an armed resistance of the masses in various places, and the league took the opportunity to organize comradely armies to launch uprisings in various places and push the road protection movement to a climax. Zhao Erfeng appealed to the imperial court, and the imperial court sent the Hubei New Army into Sichuan to assist in the suppression, resulting in an empty number of troops in the Wuhan area, and the long-planned revolutionaries took the opportunity to revolt, Wuchang finally succeeded, and the Xinhai Revolution was launched and was a great success.