Text/Kang Yan Xin Shi Jinping
China Youth is the earliest and oldest existing journal in mainland China. She experienced the bloody rain and wind of the shanghai beach during the Great Revolution, experienced the hard years of the Yan'an period, and resumed publication for the second time in Xibaipo before dawn. Ten years of catastrophe faded away, experienced 12 years of pain and transformation, and broke ground for the third time in the tide of reform and opening up. In the long river of life for nearly a hundred years, "Chinese Youth" has always shouldered the sacred mission entrusted by history, stood at the forefront of the times, led the way, and created an immortal monument in the history of modern Chinese culture...
On the banks of the Huangpu River: "Chinese Youth" fell to the ground
Young life waddled to the ground in the bloody rain
At the beginning of the twentieth century, under the guidance of the ideas of the New Culture Movement, the Shanghai Socialist Youth League was established in 1920, and Yu Xiusong, the youngest member of the early organization of the Shanghai Communist Party, served as secretary, becoming the earliest socialist youth league organization in the history of the Chinese revolution. With the tide of revolution, the Communist Party of China was proclaimed in Shanghai in July of the following year. On January 15, 1922, the Herald, the organ of the Chinese Socialist Youth League, was founded in Beijing, edited by Deng Zhongxia and Liu Renjing. This is the predecessor of "China Youth", the inaugural issue to the third issue was sponsored by the Beijing League Organization, in April of the same year, the publication moved to Shanghai, changed to the Shanghai League's provisional central sponsor, Shi Cuntong as the editor-in-chief, Cai Hesen, Gao Junyu also participated in the editing work. In May 1922, the first congress of the Chinese Socialist Youth League was held in Guangzhou. After the meeting, starting from the eighth issue, "Pioneer" was hosted by the Central Executive Committee of the League. It ceased publication until August 15, 1923, with a total of 25 issues. The publication and distribution of "Pioneer" played a positive role in expanding the influence of the Socialist Youth League, strengthening the Education of Marxism among its members, and unifying the thinking of the whole League.
In August 1923, the League Central Committee held its second national congress and decided to establish "Chinese Youth" as an organ publication of the League Central Committee.
◆ China Youth Weekly was launched in Shanghai.
Under the guidance of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, "Chinese Youth" was born on October 20, No. 4, Lane 66, Tamsui Road, Shanghai, as a weekly magazine, 32 folio, deng Zhongxia wrote a masthead. The birth of "Chinese Youth" created a maverick splendor, and its deafening call made countless young hearts flutter. The first editor-in-chief was Yun Daiying, and the editors were Lin Yunan, Deng Zhongxia, Xiao Chunu, Ren Bishi, Zhang Tailei, Li Qiushi, etc. "Chinese Youth" has a unique red background since its birth, and as the organ publication of the Chinese Socialist Youth League, its fighting color is almost natural. The call for revolution at its inception stemmed from these revolutionaries themselves. More than 10,000 copies are issued regularly, with a maximum of 20,000 copies. In its publication, it declared that it was "in the service of ordinary Chinese youth", a publication for young people to be "faithful friendship", and that it should guide ordinary youth to the active, robust and practical road.
"Chinese Youth" was one of the earliest publications to advocate "revolutionary literature" after May Fourth. Its predecessor, "Pioneers", set up a "revolutionary literature and art" column as early as February 1922. After the founding of "China Youth", it has successively published nearly 30 articles on literary issues, guiding literary and artistic young people to care about social reality, get close to the masses of workers and peasants, throw themselves into revolutionary struggles, cultivate revolutionary feelings, oppose the idea of "art for art's sake", and oppose personal pleasure and decadence and pessimism. Among them, the more representative ones are: Qiu Shi's "Admonition to the Youth Who Studied Literature", Zemin's "Youth and the Literary and Art Movement", Zhongxia's "Before The Contribution to the New Poets", "The Problem of the United Front in the Ideological Circles", Chu Nü's "Art and Life", "Chinese Youth" and Literature", Zhang Jianguang's "The Literary Scholars China Wants", and so on. These articles regard literature as "the most effective tool" ("Before Contributing to the New Poets") that "awakens people to make them have revolutionary consciousness and encourages them to have revolutionary courage", and plays a positive role in the dissemination of revolutionary literary and artistic ideas. In addition to translating the works of Gorky and other Russian and Soviet writers, "Chinese Youth" also published a number of better revolutionary literary creations, such as Qu Qiubai's "That City", Zhu Ziqing's "Gifting Friends", Zhao Sheng's "Testament Poems", Shao Wu's "I Stand on the Top of the Himalayas", Wu Yuming's "Martyrs' Collection" (group poems, a total of 65 poems), a sound of "The Oath of the Slaves", "October Revolution", "Oath Poems", Guang Chi's "Crazy Children" and so on. The 144th issue also translated Lenin's article "Party Organization and Party Literature" under the title of "On the Publications and Literature of the Party", which had a good impact on the history of modern Chinese literature.
During the Period of the Great Revolution, China Youth was one of the most outstanding and influential publications. The journal attaches great importance to the requirements of young people, from content to form, suitable for the needs of young people, which is the characteristic of "Chinese Youth". All that is needed to come up with it is a "useful and tasteful manuscript". It is choreographed lively. "Chinese Youth" has "Research Topics for this Issue" in each issue for a period of time, which inspires readers to think. Whenever winter and summer vacations begin, it makes recommendations to students. Go home and do something, read some books, think about problems, and so on. The text it contains is generally clear and fluent, and there are pictures, poems, novels, etc. It established direct contact with readers and organized reading groups to carry out discussions. Many young people began to embark on the revolutionary road by reading "Chinese Youth", and they praised it as a "good teacher and good friend". Hu Qiaomu recalled that when "China Youth" guided him, he was full of gratitude, he said: "I first came into contact with "Chinese Youth", and then I came into contact with the Chinese communist movement. ”
◆ On October 20, 1923, "China Youth" was secretly born as the organ of the Socialist Youth League, No. 4, Lane 66, Tamsui Road, Shanghai, which was the former site of the editorial office of "China Youth".
"Chinese Youth" was launched in the early days of the revolution, and with the ups and downs of the revolutionary wave, it was sometimes publicly distributed and sometimes secretly transmitted. From October 1923 to October 1927, China Youth published 170 issues in four years. Communist Party members Yun Daiying, Xiao Chunu, Lin Yunan, Ren Bishi, Deng Zhongxia, Zhang Tailei, and Li Qiushi successively served as editors-in-chief. After the defeat of the Great Revolution, due to the poor conditions of running the magazine in Shanghai, it was forced to stop publishing in October. After the suspension of publication, from November 1927 to 1932, it was secretly published under the names of "Proletarian Youth" and "Lenin Youth".
Yanhe Riverside: China Youth was once revived
In the harsh environment of war, the wings of the flight broke again
In April 1939, the spring sun quietly sprinkled on the high slopes of the loess soil, and in order to welcome the 20th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, China Youth was revived in Yan'an. As an organ publication of the Central Youth Working Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Youth Committee"), which was established in October 1938, China Youth was sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Yan'an Office of the All-China Youth Federation. Hu Qiaomu, then head of the Propaganda Department of the Youth Committee, became the editor-in-chief of China Youth. Mao Zedong wrote the title of the journal for the first time. At this time, "Chinese Youth" has more composure and less anger. In the "Publication Speech," the five tasks of "Chinese Youth" were put forward: to mobilize young people to participate in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; to promote the establishment and development of a national youth united front; to give play to the fine traditions and work styles of China's working youth and various progressive youth organizations; and to help young people study and praise the heroic deeds of Chinese youth in the War of Resistance. During the Yan'an period, China Youth could not maintain a semi-monthly cycle after only the eighth issue, and the poverty of paper and printing materials made it often impossible for the 32-page magazine to be published as scheduled.
At this time, "Chinese Youth" had more professional colors, and its editors also began to be professional propagandists and cultural people, such as the later famous publisher Wei Junyi who walked into "Chinese Youth" at this time. Although the economic difficulties affected the publication of "Chinese Youth", after all, it was in the heart of the revolutionary regime, and the threat to life that existed every day during the founding period of the magazine no longer existed, and what we saw in "Chinese Youth" was no longer an urgent cry and fierce criticism, but more work research and discussion of the selected topic. The most proud of "Chinese Youth" during the Yan'an period was its list of authors, such as Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhang Wentian, Ren Bishi, Wang Ming, Wu Yuzhang, Li Fuchun, etc., which almost included the senior leaders of the Communist Party at that time. However, the lack of paper and printed materials made the publication of "Chinese Youth" extremely difficult, and on the other hand, its distribution also faced great problems, and it was difficult to pass it on to the base areas behind enemy lines and the areas ruled by the Kuomintang. By the 5th issue of March 1941, China Youth was discontinued due to its inability to continue publishing.
During the less than two years that "China Youth" was in Yan'an, Hu Qiaomu wrote many articles for the journal, such as "Ideological Problems in the Youth Movement," "Remarks on Paying Serious Attention to Surrender and Compromise," "Two or Three Things On New Education," "Reading Chairman Chiang Kai-shek's Letter to the National Youth," and "Theses on Anti-Superstition." These articles fully demonstrate Hu Qiaomu's outstanding writing ability, and he added luster to the "Chinese Youth" of the Yan'an period with his outstanding literary style.
During that period, under the guidance of Hu Qiaomu, "China Youth" also published articles by Xu Liqun, Dong Chuncai, Chen Qixia, Wang Xuewen, Liu Mu, Yan Wenjing, and others; it also published Zhang Wentian's novel "The Drifting Yellow Leaves" in the past, and even published essays with strong academic rationality, such as "On the Salt of the Land," which made "China Youth" show a fresh look that had never been seen before in the magazines published in Yan'an at that time.
It was Hu Qiaomu's tireless efforts, and his talent that attracted the attention of Mao Zedong, which led to an important turning point in his life.
Hu Qiaomu published "Ideological Problems in the Youth Movement" in China Youth, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1939. This article was seen by Mao Zedong's political secretary Chen Boda, who thought he had a unique insight and greatly appreciated it, so he recommended it to Mao Zedong. After Mao Zedong looked at it, he said, "Qiaomu is a talent. It was then that Mao Zedong noticed Hu Qiaomu. At this time, Mao Zedong was compiling a "party book" and felt that there were not enough manpower and that he needed to enrich his strength. So in February 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee met and decided to increase the number of secretariat personnel. When discussing the candidates, Mao Zedong personally ordered "general" Hu Qiaomu. In this way, Hu Qiaomu came to Mao Zedong's side and began his 25-year secretarial career.
On the banks of the Tuotuo River: "Chinese Youth" resumed publication for the second time
In the years of greeting the dawn of new China, the cocoon of butterflies was broken
At the turn of the spring and summer of 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made two major decisions on youth work: the establishment of the New Democratic Youth League and the restoration of The Magazine of China Youth. Comrade Ren Bishi was responsible for the work of building the regiment and resuming publications. Yang Shu served as the president, and Wei Junyi served as the editor-in-chief of China Youth after the resumption.
Jiayu Village, which is only three or four kilometers away from Xibaipo, is a small mountain village surrounded by mountains and rivers, with only more than 100 people. Preparations for the resumption of the journal began here in August 1948, and it took three or four months to prepare the manuscript, and the comrades in the editorial department all shared the task of writing. At that time, the editors were Yang Shu, Jiang Ming, Xing Fangqun, Li Li, Yang Huilin and so on.
◆ The first issue of China Youth magazine published in December 1948.
Before the resumption of the journal, the comrades in the editorial department all wanted to ask Chairman Mao to give him a title, but the situation facing them at that time was so grim, the whole country was about to be liberated, and the chairman had so many things to do, and the comrades were worried that the chairman would not have time. Finally, let Feng Wenbin go to Xibaipo to find Chairman Mao. The masthead inscribed by the Chairman was quickly brought back. At the same time, Mao Zedong also published "the army advances, production is one inch longer, discipline is strengthened, and the revolution is invincible" as a substitute publication. The title inscription was used for 17 years, until Chairman Mao wrote a new title for Chinese Youth before the Cultural Revolution began in 1966.
Ren Bishi was very concerned about the resumption of the publication of China Youth, and the editorial policy, plan and all the manuscripts of the first issue of the journal were personally reviewed by him. Feng Wenbin, the person in charge of the preparatory work for the establishment of the league, originally decided to publish an article entitled "What is the New Democratic Youth League" in the first issue. However, by the time it was time to print, the article still needed to be revised and temporarily withdrawn. At that time, Ren Bishi believed that the publication of "Chinese Youth" was an important step in the work of building the league. The first issue did not contain a central article explaining the nature of the regiment, which showed the lack of power of the journal. Later, because it has been a long time since the date of preparation, it was still published as scheduled. Ren Bishi criticized this matter: we have not been able to do our best to achieve the highest quality of publications as possible, which is still a shortcoming in our work. The newspaper that advertised was far away in Shijiazhuang, and the person sent by the magazine to publish the advertisement did not receive a notice from the editorial department, so he sent the advertisement to the newspaper office and published it. Ren Bishi was very concerned about this and said, "This can't work, you have foretold to the reader, there is this one." Not actually. This is the dishonesty of the reader! A publication should never do that!" Later, following Ren Bishi's advice, the editorial department temporarily added a notice to the back cover of the first issue explaining the origin of this matter. Ren Bishi's seriousness and seriousness in his work deeply educated the comrades in the editorial department.
At that time, Hu Qiaomu was no longer the editor-in-chief, but he still cared about "Chinese Youth", cared about the growth of the editors, and guided them to write. Once, he gave a lecture on writing knowledge to cadres who were doing writing work, took a press release written by Mao Zedong as an example, and made an analysis of how to begin, how to take care of the whole text, and how to end. Wei Junyi, who was the editor-in-chief of "China Youth" at the time, felt very interesting when he heard it, so he sorted out his own transcript and marked it with the title "Writing Examples - A Piece of News" and wanted to publish it in "China Youth". After writing it, she took the manuscript and went to find Hu Qiaomu. She felt that this article could not be said to be hers, but should indicate that it was Hu Qiaomu's, so she signed a name "Listening Bridge". Hu Qiaomu read it, made changes in the inappropriate use of words and sentences, explained the reason for the change, and then said: "How can the bridge listen?" The pen was changed to "listening to the tree" and sent out.
On December 20, 1948, "Chinese Youth" was officially published in Jiayu Village near Xibaipo Village. The fourth issue of the manuscript in 1949 had been compiled, and before it could be printed, he was ordered to move to Beiping.
Under the Big Red Wall: "Chinese Youth" resumed publication three times
With the footsteps of New China's reform and opening up
All the way through the storm
After "Chinese Youth" moved to Beijing, it grew rapidly and led the trend of the times. However, after the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, China Youth entered its third 12-year suspension period, until its third resumption in 1978. After 12 years of silence, the resumption of publication is like a nirvana, and "China Youth" in 1978 is destined to achieve her amazing achievements in the history of Chinese journalism with the passion and courage she had when it was founded.
However, her resumption of publication has experienced twists and turns and tribulations that other domestic publications cannot match.
On May 4, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Notice on Convening the Tenth National Congress of the Communist Youth League", which decided that "China Youth" magazine should actively prepare for the resumption of publication before and after the League Congress.
Hu Yaobang was a veteran leader of the CYL Central Committee, and at that time he was already the director of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, and he was still concerned about the resumption of the publication of "Chinese Youth". On July 5, 1978, the editorial section wrote letters to Hu Yaobang and the former leaders of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, including Hu Keshi, Wang Wei, and Xing Chongzhi. The letter earnestly said: "All localities have great expectations for the resumption of China Youth, and we feel pressure. I hope to have an interview with the leading comrades in the near future and listen to the guidance. ”
Although Hu Yaobang was very busy, he replied the next day and agreed to an interview. On the morning of July 7, Guan Zhihao brought comrades from the preparatory group for the resumption of publication to visit. This time, when I came to Hu Yaobang's house, I saw that although Hu Yaobang was very tired, he was in high spirits and greeted warmly, and everyone felt particularly cordial.
When reporting on the ideas and main points of the first issue, Hu Yaobang spoke of the article "Breaking Modern Superstitions", which Hu Yaobang very much agreed with. He said: "You must use popular methods, the method of linking theory with practice, to write the most basic things of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. In the past, I always wanted to expound on the class struggle from the standpoint of the whole Party, but now some comrades write articles that they do not understand or do not link them with reality. If this question is not clear, what is loyal to Chairman Mao and to Mao Zedong Thought is bragging rights. ”
When talking about typical propaganda, Hu Yaobang said that advanced young people in both fields should publicize it. He said: "Priority should be given to publicizing the young heroes who oppose the Gang of Four." If you can't finish the propaganda for a year, you can set up a column called the anti-'Gang of Four' young hero spectrum, and after the resumption of publication, you can report continuously, open a list, and report 10 and 20 is not too much, which can reflect the revolutionary spiritual outlook of this generation of young people. Of course, to be sure. Guide them forward and don't kill them. He added: "Magazines should not criticize the 'Gang of Four' from the perspective of the whole people, like the People's Daily. It is necessary to engage in those specific examples and concrete examples and criticize the poisoning and harm of the 'Gang of Four' to young people. The question of who cares for young people must be clarified. ”
On August 19, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to abolish the nationwide Red Guards organization and decided to convene the "Tenth Congress" of the Communist Youth League in mid-October. The Preparatory Committee for the "Tenth National Congress" of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League decided that China Youth magazine would be officially published on September 11, 1978, to welcome the "Tenth National Congress" of the Communist Youth League.
According to the overall design, a group of "Tiananmen Revolutionary Poems" was also edited. At that time, the "Tiananmen Revolutionary Poems" that were widely circulated in society were also characterized by the "Gang of Four" as "reactionary poems", and were copied and collected by comrades from the Chinese Teaching and Research Department of the Second Foreign Chinese College in Beijing, who risked their lives in Tiananmen Square. Soon after the smashing of the "Gang of Four," they used the common pen name "Tong Huai Zhou," that is, "jointly remember Premier Zhou," which was edited and printed into a book at their own expense, which was quite popular with the masses. Song Wenyu, Chen Hantao, and Chen Duanmin visited the Beijing Second Foreign Chinese College three times to hold talks with Comrades Li Xianhui, Wang Wenfeng, Bai Xiaolang, and other comrades of the "Tong Huai Zhou," and they immediately agreed. In order to successfully pass the examination, a clever "packaging" was carried out, and the title of "Tiananmen Square Revolutionary Poetry Copy" was not adopted, but the title was changed to "Youth Revolutionary Poetry Copy", but the inscription picture placed in the left two-thirds field of the title was a towering monument to the people's heroes and a sea of people and wreaths; the right side was signed "Beijing Second Foreign Chinese College Chinese Teaching and Research Department" and highlighted the name of "Tong Huai Zhou".
For the sake of prudence, the editorial board sent the article "Special Commentator of this Journal" and a small sample of Han Zhixiong's long-form newsletter to Hu Yaobang again for review, and asked him to give Guan his opinion. Hu Yaobang's secretary quickly called back and said that Comrade Yaobang had read the first article on breaking down modern superstitions and believed that the viewpoint was valid. In the second report on Han Zhixiong's long-form newsletter, Comrade Yaobang said that he would not read it, and specifically instructed that "the important thing is that you must re-check the facts you have written and be accurate."
In accordance with the provisions of the examination procedure, the editorial department sent all the samples to Han Ying, director of the Preparatory Committee for the "Tenth National Congress" of the CYL Central Committee, and the deputy directors for review. None of them objected.
On September 11, 1978, the first issue of the resumption of "China Youth", which had been suspended for 12 years, was officially published! It inherits the traditional style and appears in front of the vast number of young people with a new look in the new era.
Just as the whole company was immersed in the joy of success, the situation suddenly changed! On the afternoon of September 10, the central leader in charge of the work of the Workers' youth women's group called Han Ying, director of the Preparatory Committee for the "Tenth National Congress" of the Communist Youth League, and pointed out that there was a problem with the resumption of the first issue of "Chinese Youth". There are four main articles:
1. Why is the first issue of "China Youth" only has the inscription of Vice Chairman Ye and no inscription of Chairman Hua;
2. Do you understand Han Zhixiong, who is propagated in "Why revolutions must be afraid of breaking their heads"? There is something wrong with the person;
3. How did "Tong Huaizhou's" "Tiananmen Revolutionary Poetry Copy" come out again?
4. There are no articles commemorating the second anniversary of Chairman Mao's death.
In view of the very serious development of the situation, Han Ying, secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, immediately announced on behalf of the Preparatory Committee: "The printing and publication of this periodical will be stopped immediately and awaiting research and processing." "The 41,000 copies that reach readers will be exchanged for new publications in the future."
To this end, the editorial department wrote letters to Chairman Hua Guofeng and four vice chairmen, including Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, and Wang Dongxing, respectively overnight, explaining the situation and imploring that normal circulation be resumed.
On the morning of September 11, the editorial department sent the above report directly to Zhongnanhai, submitted it to Chairman Hua Guofeng and the vice chairmen, and at the same time copied it to the Preparatory Committee for the "Ten Congresses" of the Communist Youth League.
On the evening of September 12, Han Ying summoned a meeting of cadres at or above the director of the magazine department to convey the four-point opinion of the central leaders in charge on the handling of the periodicals: Vice Chairman Wang Dongxing should ask Chairman Hua for an inscription; three newly published poems and photographs of Chairman Mao were added; paragraphs such as "This great and magnificent people's movement was ruthlessly suppressed by the 'Gang of Four' in the article "Why the Revolution Must Be Afraid of Breaking Its Head" was deleted; and the Tiananmen Inscription and Editor's Note of "Copy of The Poetry of the Youth Revolution" were deleted.
Guan Zhihao and several other comrades have repeatedly stated that we can all rush to the Inca page with Chairman Hua's inscription and Chairman Mao's poems; however, it is very difficult to delete and revise the articles "Why the Revolution Must Be Afraid of Breaking Its Head" and "Copying the Poems of the Youth Revolution," and it is best not to delete or alter them, so as not to cause adverse effects. However, the editorial board's comments were rejected.
On September 14, the editorial board sent the letter directly to Zhongnanhai again, presenting it to Chairman Hua Guofeng and the four vice-chairmen, and at the same time submitting it to the Preparatory Committee for the "Top Ten" of the delegation. At the same time, the editorial staff appealed to Comrades Ye Jianying, Deng Yingchao, Chen Yun, Wang Zhen, and other comrades through various channels and in various ways, demanding that the contents of the publication should not be deleted or altered and that it be distributed normally.
On the afternoon of September 14, the Preparatory Committee of the "Tenth National Congress" of the CYL Central Committee notified the magazine to convene a meeting of cadres at or above the editorial level of "China Youth" in the Great Hall of the People. At 8 p.m., everyone waited at the Xinjiang Hall on time. At 8:15 p.m., the central supervisor, accompanied by a secretary, entered the hall. After taking his seat, he first criticized the magazine for being unorganized and undisciplined, and without his censorship, "China Youth" was officially published. The leader in charge criticized for several hours in one breath, and the more he later became, the more relaxed his tone became, and he changed from "condescending" to "consulting with each other," saying: "Chairman Hua asked me to consult with you, and if I did not move, I would do as you pleased, and Chairman Mao's poems would not be published, and Chairman Hua's inscriptions would not be published." The second opinion is to put in Chairman Hua's inscription, Chairman Mao's poems, and photographs, and leave nothing else. On behalf of everyone, Han Ying expressed his position: "We thank President Hua and the CPC Central Committee for their cordial concern, so we will act in accordance with the second opinion you said, and put Chairman Hua's inscription and Chairman Mao's poems and photos into it, and the rest will not move." Everyone was relieved. The hour hand is at 0:50 a.m., and it is 1:30 a.m. on the 15th when I return to the magazine.
The result of the final solution objectively produced an unexpected special effect, and this special effect brought about by this storm won an unprecedented warm welcome from the broad masses of the people, and 2.7 million copies of this periodical were quickly sold out across the country, and more than 300,000 copies were reprinted, setting a record high in history! On October 21, xinhua news agency published a message entitled "Carrying Forward the Fighting Style of Daring to Tell the Truth and Speaking the Truth," which specifically reported on the grand situation of the resumption of the publication of "China Youth."
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