<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > character experiences</h1>
In 1900 Zweig (station) with brother Alfred
Born on November 28, 1881, in Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Stephen Zweig came to a wealthy family of Jewish merchants. In 1898, at the age of 17, Zweig published his first poem in a magazine; in 1899, Zweig graduated from high school.
In 1900, 200 poems had been published; he studied philosophy and literature at the University of Vienna and Berlin, and later came into contact with the works of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, and studied and translated the poetry of Baudelaire and Verlaren in France and Verhalen in Belgium.
In 1901, he published his first book of poetry, the Silver Strings, containing 50 poems; in 1902, he transferred to the University of Berlin to study philosophy; the Vienna newspaper Neue Liberté published his first novel, Travel, based on the Bible; the Baudelaire Poetry Collection; and the compilation of the Verhalen Poetry Collection.
In 1904, he graduated from university and received his Ph.D. from "The Philosophy of Tanner"; later became the editor of the newspaper "New Liberty", publishing the first collection of novels, "The Love of Elikae Wald", including "In the Snow", "Outing", "The Love of Elikae Wald" and "The Miracle of Life"; later traveled to Western Europe, North Africa, India, the Americas and other places.
In 1912
In 1905, the monograph "Welan" was published; in 1906, the second collection of poems, "The Garland of the Early Years"; in 1907, the first poetic play "Tesits" was published, which was staged the following year; in 1910, the monograph "Emile Valhallen" was published.
In 1911, he met Freud and remained friends; the tragedy "The House by the Sea" was published and staged the following year; the second collection of novels, "The First Experience— Four Stories in the Children's Kingdom", was published, including "The Story of the Obscure Night", "The Schoolgirl", "The Burning Secret" and "The Story of Summer"; from the perspective of a child in the embryonic stage of adolescence, he observed the adult world dominated by lust, to explore and depict the spiritual world of people driven by lust, which became a keynote for his subsequent works, and he called this collection of novels him The original "Chain Novel".
In 1912, the one-act play "The Changing Comedian" was published and staged in the same year; in 1914, the First World War broke out; and "Letter to Foreign Friends" was published.
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Zweig
In 1916, he bought a house in Mozart's former home in Salzburg; became acquainted with the female writer Friedrich Von Windnitz; and created the play Jeremiah, the first anti-war play premiered in Switzerland, based on the Book of Jeremiah in the Old Testament of the Bible.
In 1918, he published the article "Belief in Defeatism" and the novel "The Shackles"; the First World War ended in the defeat of Oder; after 1919, he lived in seclusion in Salzburg for a long time, immersed in writing.
In 1920, he married Windnitz, who was divorced and had two children, and created "Three Masters"; in 1922, he published the second collection of novels of "Chain Novel", "Tropical Epilepsy Patient", which included "Tropical Epilepsy Patient", "Wonderful Night", "Letter from a Strange Woman", "Confused Heart", etc., writing about adult lust, showing the mentality of adult men and women controlled by lust, and they committed the so-called "crime of passion" driven by the subconscious.
In 1926, he published the article "A Glimpse of Hurried Silence"; in 1927, he published the third collection of novels, "The Confusion of Emotion", which contained six short stories such as "The Confusion of Emotion", "Twenty-Four Hours in a Woman's Life", and "The Fall of a Heart", writing about the lust of old age, and the protagonists are people who have gone through vicissitudes, and these people have tremors of the heart and the flow of consciousness when driven by lust or accidental blows.
Old Zweig
In 1928, he was invited to the former Soviet Union, became acquainted with Gorky, and completed a three-book biography of the writer, The Architect of the World: Three Masters (Balzac, Dickens, Dostoevsky), The Struggle with the Devil (Hölderlin, Kleist, Nietzsche), The Life of Three Writers (Casanova, Stenda, Tolstoy), and published the collection of 12 character stories, When the Stars of Man Shine.
In 1929, a biography of a historical figure, Joseph Foch, in 1931, he published Healing through the Spirit; and in 1932, a biography of a historical figure, Mary Antonette.
When Hitler came to power in 1933, Zweig moved to England the following year, and in the same year was expelled from his former home by the Nazis and began to live in exile; his wife introduced a exiled Jewish girl, Lottie Altmann, as a secretary; and created works such as "The Invisible Collection", "The Interlude on the Shores of Lake Geneva", "Old Bookseller Mendel", "Ingenious New Art" and so on.
In 1934, after the Vienna Incident, the Austrian fascists demanded the unification of Germany and Austria, and were expelled by the Nazis and exiled to Britain and Brazil.
Zweig with his second wife, Luti
1935 Maria Stuart, biography of a historical figure, The Triumph and Sorrow of Erasmus rotterdam
In 1936, a biography of Castellio against Calvin, set against calvin, was published, and the novel The Restlessness of the Heart was brought to the screen in 1940.
In 1937, he separated from his wife and divorced amicably the following year; in 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, Austria was encroached upon; he lost his citizenship; and married Luti Altmann. In 1938, after Austria was incorporated into Germany, he became a British citizen and soon left england for the United States.
Traveling to Brazil via New York in 1940, when fascism was rampant, the writer despaired of witnessing the demise of his "spiritual homeland of Europe."
In 1942, after completing his autobiography The World of Yesterday, on February 22, he committed suicide by poisoning himself with his second wife, Luti Altmann, in his apartment in the small town of Petropolis, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro.
On February 22, 1942, Zweig committed suicide by taking poison with his wife
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="29" > creative features</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="33" > novel</h1>
Theme of the work
Zweig's works, especially his novel creation, mainly with the theme of "emotion, passion - lust, women", through the description of the inner world of the characters, and the various complex and rich emotional activities and psychological states displayed, which are in harmony with the aesthetic expectation horizons of Chinese readers. These novel texts either attach importance to the psychological analysis of the youthful excitement of young boys and girls, or record the painful confessions of adult men and women who commit the crime of passion driven by lust, or describe the tragic memories of the intense emotional journey of men and women in twilight. In Zweig's work, the reader "discovers a strange and attractive emotional world" and "resonates" with them for this purpose.
Europe between the two world wars was not a peaceful world, with upheaval lurking beneath the appearance of seeming security, and the clouds of war left bloody and chaotic everywhere.
Europeans living in this era inevitably suffered more or less the negative consequences of the cycle of environmental variability: material poverty, environmental repression, and spiritual burdens.
Although the characters in Zweig's novels belong to the class of propertied people who do not worry about food and clothing and are not threatened by survival in their material lives, Zweig knows that the material peace of life cannot escape the spiritual troubles, and in order to experience, Zweig sets up various special environments for his characters: the strange woman's "living world is very small", "trying to tell others about her heart", no one "points out, reminds, has no experience", "the heartless girl is cold and sluggish"; and the Malay madman is expelled from Rotterdam for embezzling public funds from the hospital.
Instead of being placed "in a city of people, clubs, golf, and books," he went to a place two days from the nearest city, with a social circle of only a few tedious officials and a few mestizos, and the rest was endless forests, plantations, swamps, and swamps.
The people they indulge in in their own inner world are some of the abandoned, these characters are usually somewhat empty, lonely and autistic, they lack the opportunity to socialize normally, they lack the fullness of normal and mediocre days, and over time, they also lose the ability and desire to socialize, and their feelings also lose a normal channel of liberation. But the more the mind accumulates, the greater the repression, and as long as there is a suitable opportunity, it has an incredible power when it erupts.
The chaotic and fragmented living environment, the indifferent relationship between people in capitalist society, has created a large number of emotional fallen people, and the inner loneliness and helplessness often prompt them to show some act of transgression, which is a completely unconscious struggle, the futility of the drowning person to grasp a life-saving straw. Because of this, the characters in Zweig's works have an unusual courage and pride.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="50" > artistic features</h1>
The peculiar behavior of Zweig's characters is often sudden, often contrary to the general sense of ethics. Therefore, when the passion has passed, the person concerned is either ashamed to open his mouth, or disdainful of compromising with the world, exposing his true bloom to the world, and being ridiculed and even laughed at by the world.
But the load of the human mind will not be too heavy, once it reaches the limit, the desire to talk will sweep through everything, and these people who have been suppressed for a long time and are in a state of aphasia for a long time need to curb the right object and the right time, and the language will be overwhelming and unstoppable. Zweig not only knew and grasped this, but also allowed almost no interjection or useless description to guide the prompt and interrupt the speaker, thus weakening the power of expression. Large, coherent, almost neurotic confessions are not so much a confession to people as monologues, a murmur of anxiety wandering on the fringes of society, a reliving of the past through the medium of strangers.
Zweig chose this form of expression precisely with this deep understanding and sympathy for the people who lived in that era and in that chaotic world; or only this form made the emotions of the characters in Zweig's works fully and vividly expressed, so that the reader could understand the distortion and alienation of the characters of that era through the narrative of these characters, and to some extent, this was to push that era to the judgment seat.
Zweig's novels have a distinctive feature, that is, his novels have a dramatic flavor. Whether it is the hand of the young gambler in "Twenty-Four Hours", the shining dagger in "Moonlight Alley", or the faint and recurring white rose in "Strange Woman", all of them have the nature of dramatic exaggeration and suspense. The monologues of large paragraphs or even entire characters in the work are the expression of drama.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="45" > biography</h1>
Zweig's biographical literature consists mainly of two parts, one is a biography of a literary artist with the general title of "The Architect of the World", whose biographies include Balzac, Dickens, Dostoevsky, Hölderlin, Kfrest, Nietzsche, Casanova, Stendhal, and Lev Tolstoy. Most of these people were well-known literary masters from the 19th to the 20th century, and looking at this list today, it is almost a history of European literary thought in the 19th century.
The second is a series of biographies of historical figures, including the humanist Eras four hundred years ago, the brave Swiss scholar Castries who rose up against the rule of the reformer Calvin's ideas, Mary Stuart, queen of Scots in the 16th century, and Marie Antonette, queen of King Louis XVI of France in the 18th century. Whether it is to narrate the life of the master, or to evaluate his status and merits, whether it is to portray his psychology and behavior, or to describe his fate and gains and losses, it is from the humanitarian point of view, affirming the concept of freedom and humanitarian feelings, attacking ideological imprisonment and authoritarian dictatorship, and expressing Zweig's humanitarian spirit of loving mankind and life.
Zweig's biographical literature is closely related to the era in which he lived and the education he received. Vienna nurtured Zweig, cultivated his ideals and beliefs and pursuits in life, cultivated his unparalleled artistic appreciation, and created his artistic talent. He was deeply influenced by the spirit of Western humanitarianism, and critically accepted the ideas and doctrines of Nietzsche's superhuman philosophy, Tainer, Romain Rolland, Strache, and Freud.
Zweig's biographical literary creation is rooted in the fertile soil and real life of Western culture, deeply nourished by humanitarianism, influenced by Nietzsche, Turner, Romain Roland, Strache and Freud, etc., going deep into the inner world of the master, and showing the development and change of the master's psychology in detail.