Be a theoretician like Marx

My hometown

My hometown is In Lingxi Village, Lingxi Township, Mancheng County, Hebei Province, which is a beautiful and beautiful small village with mountains behind it, water in front of it, sitting north and facing south. Most of the more than 200 households in the village are croppers who have been cultivating the land for generations, and they work on the land for many years. In addition, there are only a few small shops in the village that deal in grain, oil and food, a blacksmith's furnace, a dyeing shop, a rope workshop, and a restaurant. The village is surrounded by a high wall, with more than a dozen gates, a wide street from west to east in the middle of the village, in addition to the two ends of the gate, there are four gates in the middle. There are three wells in the village, called North Well, West Well and East Well. In the middle of the village, there is a large stage and a street, where people watch the opera every year during the Spring Festival, and on weekdays, this is the place where the whole village meets to gather and buy and sell grain. There is a West Hutong on the Taipei side of the play, and my family lives in a crop yard in the innermost part of the hutong, and I was born and raised in such a peasant family.

Behind the village is the towering peaks of the Taihang Mountains, such as a long dragon pan living behind the village, the highest peak is the top of the temple, such as the dragon's tail tilted to the sky; the dragon's body is composed of more than a dozen layers of lower hills and hills, from west to east there are red stone ditches, gate towers, great dangers, north ditches, etc., and the longtou ridge is called Dongshanpo, which is located in the east of the village, forming a sleeping dragon water-absorbing screen tent, from which the name of Lingxi Village comes from. Most of these slopes are made of rock and loess, the mountain roads are rugged and difficult to walk, the hillsides are covered with grass and thorns all year round, and the bottom of the ravine is peacefully reclaimed into terraces to plant fruit trees and crops. Since I was a child, I have been mowing grass in the mountains with my friends, climbing persimmon trees to pick tomatoes, carrying thorn baskets to collect dung, stubble in the field, and firewood under trees.

In front of the village is a large river that flows from west to east all year round, called the Boundary River. Because the north side of the river belongs to Mancheng County, and the south side of the river belongs to Guanxian County, this river is the river that divides the water at the junction of the two counties. However, since the south bank of the river is also a high mountain that stands along the river, the hillside ditch on the south bank of the big river still belongs to our Lingxi Village, but the side of the South Mountain belongs to Guanxian County. On both sides of the river, there are pieces of arable land, vegetable gardens, and fruit groves, which are beautiful pictures formed by the hard work of more than a dozen generations. The river flows down from the western mountains, and the riverbed is full of shiny and round pebbles, and the river is clear and transparent. In the summer and autumn, my male classmates and I went to the Dragon King Pit and the Diaoyutai River every day at noon to swim and dive and play, and several people dived into the water and opened their eyes to find a white pebble to compete with their swimming skills. Many times, because of greed, I missed the afternoon class time and was punished by the class. In winter, the river freezes, and people do not have to cross the river without taking wooden bridges or stone bridges, but by stepping on the ice. Sometimes, through the ice, you can see small fish swimming in the water, which is very happy. Spring came after the sting, the glacial river opened, the water was particularly cool, and we took the homemade wire fish branches to catch fish, which was very fun!

I attended elementary, high and junior high school in Lingxi Village, and I have never left this village since I was a child, and I have an innate deep affection for my hometown. Last autumn, I left my hometown to enter Mancheng County High School and came to the city to start high school study and life, but I always missed the lovely rural hometown that gave birth to me and raised me.

(This essay was published in 1960, 3, 5 Mancheng Middle School won the Outstanding Fan Wen Award composition.) Signed by Wang Zhenyue. ）

Say not afraid of ghosts

When I was a child, I often listened to the adults in the village tell stories about ghosts. Especially at night, when I go to other people's homes and listen to ghost stories, I am particularly afraid, and on the way home, I always feel that there are ghosts chasing behind me, there are ghost bars in front, and there are ghost shadows on the left and right, which scares the bones. A cigarette rushed home and quickly closed the door, the heart beat to the throat, and I couldn't catch my breath.

After going to school, I learned some scientific knowledge and read Song Dingbo's article on catching ghosts, and I knew that fear of ghosts was a superstitious thought. In fact, there are no ghosts in the human world, everything in the world is composed of matter, and all activities are material movements. After being born, production and life, mental and physical labor are real; after death, production and life completely cease, and man's body and soul completely disappear, and they no longer become ghosts and appear in the world. Therefore, the so-called ghosts do not exist.

However, in our real life, ghost-like phenomena also exist. In nature, floods, droughts, fires, earthquakes, typhoons, etc., can cause people to suffer from hunger and cold, and families to be destroyed. In the world, imperialist aggressors and foreign reactionary forces have constantly provoked our country in an attempt to bring down the newborn People's Republic of China and reduce it to a foreign colony. Domestically, there are also criminal activities in society such as homicide, arson, theft, and embezzlement, which seriously endanger China's social order and the safety of people's lives and property. All these natural and man-made phenomena are like demons and ghosts, which are frightening and frightening. However, as long as all the Chinese and people, under the leadership of the party, make concerted efforts, unite as one, fight against the heavens and the earth, and do a good job in socialist economic construction, political construction, and national defense construction, we will certainly be able to defeat the sabotage and disturbance of all class enemies at home and abroad, we will certainly be able to overcome the interference and obstruction of all difficult and difficult situations in the process of advancing, we will certainly be able to eliminate all undesirable phenomena and behaviors in social life, we will certainly be able to build our motherland into more beautiful, rich, and powerful, and we will certainly be able to make the people's lives more stable, happy, and happy.

In short, ghosts are not terrible.

(This article was published in 1962, 7, 7 national college entrance examination essay.) Signed by Wang Zhenyue. ）

Strange things happened when I first entered the village

I am a second-year student in the Department of Economics of Nankai University, and I have learned some theories about classes and class struggles in school, but my understanding is relatively superficial, my experience is not profound enough, and I will not use the theories I have learned to distinguish them when I encounter specific practical problems. In the middle of May this year, under the unified deployment and command of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee, teachers and students of the liberal arts departments of our school were sent to the countryside to participate in the Four Qing Movement, that is, the socialist education movement. Something happened shortly after I entered the village, which brought about a major change in my thinking and understanding, and gave me a more real understanding of the class struggle.

One day, when I was having dinner with his whole family at the poor farmer Uncle Wu's house, Uncle Wu's old father-in-law came to the house to gossip. He said to me, you young people go to school in the city, where do you know the complex relationship of rural society. Among all sentient beings, people can be divided into three, six, and nine grades, the superior people eat fragrant and spicy, the middle people live in confusion, and the inferior people have to starve and freeze, which is all fate. People are selfish, they take care of themselves, where to take care of other people's business? In the homes of hundreds of families in Senchapu Village, from the perspective of the feng shui of each portal, it can be divided into three categories, one is the dragon gate, the best feng shui; the second is the tiger gate, the feng shui is not correct; the third is the ground gate, the wind level is flat. Longmen are powerful people's homes, in the past they held the power of life and death, ordinary people did not dare to provoke, this time the four Qing they converged a lot, afraid of losing their official power. Humen is a family where all kinds of thieves are unclean, and they are wary of siqing and are afraid of being straightened out. Dimen is an ordinary peasant family, usually honest and honest work, not much to say, just like your Uncle Wu and their family, they also want to get rich, but Siqing can not solve their poverty problems. When you team members go to each house, you must recognize what kind of family it is, treat them separately, and do not trust their words.

Listening to the old man's words, I seemed to understand the right and wrong, and it was difficult to distinguish between right and wrong; and because I was going to attend a symposium after dinner, I did not have time to discuss with him in depth, but I always felt that something was wrong. A few days later, at a briefing meeting convened by the task force leader, I told all the comrades of the task force what I had seen and heard this time truthfully. There was a lively discussion about this, and an old comrade told me that this old man who talked about the three doors was a landlord element, which frightened me a lot. The leader of the task force is a leading comrade of the Organization Department of the Provincial PARTY Committee, who clearly pointed out that this is the class enemy using feudal superstitious ideas to attack us, and we must heighten our vigilance.

In the past, I always felt that the class struggle was in books and documents, and that the class struggle was someone else's business and elsewhere's business, far away from myself. After this incident, I deeply understood that the class struggle was local at that time, right in front of my eyes, very close to myself. Therefore, I want to take a more active and conscious part in this socialist education work, see the world through the storms, and constantly undergo tempering and testing in the class struggle and grow up faster.

(This article was published in 1964, 4, 5 Hebei Siqing Bao.) Signed by Wang Zhenyue. ）

Be a theoretician like Marx

This semester, I studied the first volume of Marx's "Capital", felt very deeply, and thought of many thesis topics. But what I felt most deeply was the arduous process of writing the first to third volumes of Capital for forty years for the cause of the proletarian revolution, and the title of one of the thesis I most wanted to write was "Being a Theoretician Like Marx." This article is my main experience in studying the first volume of Capital, and it is also a solemn declaration for me to inherit and develop Marxist theory in the future.

I. Marx fought all his life for the cause of the liberation of all mankind

5 May 1818 Karl Marx was born into a family of Jewish lawyers in the city of Terrier in the southern Rhine region of Prussia. He entered TheTrier High School in 1830 and graduated from high school in August 1835 with the book "Considerations of Youth in Choosing a Career". From the end of 1835 to 1841, Marx studied at the Faculty of Law at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became a young Hegelian. After graduating from university in 1842, he wrote for the Rheinische Zeitung, which he became editor-in-chief in October of the same year. On June 19, 1843, Marx married his childhood girlfriend Yanni. In June, he went to Kronatsch for his honeymoon, during which he wrote "Notes on Kronatsch". In October, he moved to Paris to co-organize the German-French Almanac with Luger. The works of this time: Introduction to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law, writing "On the Jewish Question" for the German-French Almanac, etc., show that Marx and Engels have completed the transformation from idealism to materialism, from revolutionary democracy to scientific communism. 　　At the end of August 1844, Marx and Engels met in Paris to co-write their first book, The Holy Family, and they began a lifelong collaboration. From November to May of the following year, they co-authored the German Ideology, which discussed the basic principles of historical materialism. Books: Manuscripts on the Philosophy of Economics 1844 (1844), Theses on Feuerbach (1845), German Ideology (excerpt) (co-authored with Engels) (1845-1846). 　　In July 1847, he wrote "The Poverty of Philosophy". At the end of November, Marx and Engels attended the Second Congress of the Communist League in London and were entrusted with drafting the League's program. 　　In mid-February 1848, the Communist Manifesto, the first programmatic document of the international communist movement, was published. 　　In February 1848, the bourgeois-democratic revolution that swept across the European continent broke out, and Marx and Engels guided the League into the revolutionary torrent. In early March, Marx was expelled from Brussels by the Belgian government and arrived in Paris. 　　On May 31, 1848, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, edited by Marx, was founded. 　　On 16 May 1849, the Prussian government ordered the expulsion of Marx. On the 19th, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was forced to suspend publication and printed the last number in red ink. 　　In March and June 1850, he twice drafted the Letter of the Central Committee to the Communist League together with Engels. 　　In 1850, Marx wrote The Class Struggle in France from 1848 to 1850. 　　From the end of 1851 to the spring of 1852, he wrote Louis Bonaparte's Eighteenth Day of the Foggy Moon, which summarized the experience of the Revolution of 1848 in Europe, especially in France. 　　Late October to early December 1852, "Exposing the Case of the Coron Communists" 1857 Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy (August 1857) 1858 History of the Opium Trade (3 August and 3 September 1858) 1859 Preface to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) Mr. Vogt, 1 December 1860 Mr. Vogt, September 28, 1864, Marx was invited to attend the inaugural meeting of the International Workingmen's Association (i.e., the First International) held at St. Martin's Church in London, was elected a member of the Provisional Committee of the Association, and drafted the founding declaration and provisional statutes of the Association. 　　On 14 September 1867, the first volume of Capital was published in Hamburg. 　　On 30 May 1871, Marx read a manifesto entitled The French Civil War, stating that the Paris Commune was essentially a government of the working class. 　　In 1875 he wrote The Opinion on the Draft Programme of the German Workers' Party (i.e., the Critique of the Gotha Programme). 　　In May 1880, Marx and Engels instructed the leaders of the Geide faction of the French Workers' Party to draw up a programme and dictated the theoretical part of the program. 　　1882 Preface to the Russian Translation of the Communist Manifesto On March 14, 1883, Marx died of exhaustion in a comfortable chair at the age of 65. Marx's life was a life of unremitting struggle for the liberation of all mankind.

Second, Marx's spirit of assiduous study and theoretical innovation is our brilliant example

As the founder of Marxism, Marx not only left a huge treasure house of ideas and theories for mankind with his life's work, but also set a brilliant example for people in terms of governance and theoretical innovation.

Marxism answers the questions already raised by the advanced ideas of mankind and directly inherits the excellent achievements of the classical philosophy of Germany in the 19th century, the classical political economy of England and the utopian socialism of France. Marxism consists of three components: philosophy, political economy, and scientific socialism. Marx defended philosophical materialism, enriched philosophy with the achievements of German classical philosophy, especially dialectics, generalized materialist knowledge of the natural world to the understanding of human society, founded historical materialism, pointed out the way out of spiritual slavery of the oppressed classes, and gave the working class the great tools of understanding. Marx argued and developed the labor theory of value of Classical British political economy, created the theory of surplus value, elucidated the true position of the proletariat in the capitalist system, and scientifically demonstrated the inevitability of the demise of capitalism and the victory of socialism. Utopian socialism criticizes capitalist society and fantasizes about the emergence of a better system, but it cannot point out the real way out of the system of exploitation; Marx made a scientific analysis of capitalism, showing that the proletariat is the social force that eliminates the old system and creates a new one, and concludes that the class struggle is the basis and driving force for social development in class society.

　　Marx was expelled by a reactionary government four times in his life and finally settled in London, England. During the first ten years of his life in London, he spent the most difficult period of his life. However, Marx was not overwhelmed by suffering, and almost every day as soon as the British Museum opened, Marx arrived here on time, eager to study and research until the museum closed at night. Marx accumulated very profound knowledge, and his knowledge areas included philosophy, economics, law, religion, logic, aesthetics, political science, literature, history, linguistics, translation, industrial and commercial practice, and even touched on mathematics, natural sciences, etc. He could read more than a dozen European scripts and write in German, French and English. The abundance of Marx's writings fully demonstrates his diligence and profound knowledge. Diligence enabled Marx to acquire profound knowledge, and profound knowledge was the basis of Marx's governance.

　　Marx had a great spirit of theoretical innovation, and this spirit of theoretical innovation was closely linked to his critical inheritance of human cultural heritage. The three components of Marxism are all models of combining critical inheritance with theoretical innovation. Marx was once a fanatical believer in Hegel in his youth, and after he discovered the contradictions in Hegel's philosophical system, he bravely questioned and studied in depth, and finally Marx criticized the idealistic system in Hegel's philosophy and absorbed the "rational core" of Hegel's dialectics; at the same time, he criticized Feuerbach's materialist idealistic view of history, and absorbed the "basic core" of Feuerbach's materialism, thus creating marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialist philosophy. The other two main components of Marxism (political economy and scientific socialism) also realize theoretical innovation on the basis of critically inheriting the excellent achievements of their predecessors. In the study of political economy, Marx critically inherited the labor theory of value of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, and on the basis of determining the two factors of commodities and the duality of labor, he created the theory of surplus value, laying the cornerstone of Marxist political economy theory. In the study of scientific socialism, Marx critically inherited the utopian socialist ideas of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen and others, and proposed to realize the transition from capitalism to socialism and communism through class struggle and proletarian revolution, thus creating Marxist scientific socialism.

　　In order to dedicate the best research results to the working class, Marx always repeatedly deliberated and revised his works with an extremely rigorous attitude. He once said: "I also have the characteristic that if I re-read some of the things I have written every other month, I will feel dissatisfied, so I have to rewrite them all." 　　Marx spent forty years of extremely hard work writing Capital, revising the manuscript many times. Lafarge once recalled: "Marx's sense of responsibility for his writings is not inferior to his treatment of science. Not only does he never quote a fact which he is not yet very sure of, but he never speaks of it when he has not thoroughly studied it. He never publishes a work that has not been carefully processed and carefully considered by him. He could not bear to make the unfinished business public. On 14 September 1867, the first volume of Capital was officially published in Hamburg, and the remaining volumes were compiled and published by Engels after Marx's death in 1883. "Capital" is a classic work written by Marx with his life's painstaking efforts, the result of Marx's "scientific research throughout his life", it embodies all of Marx's painstaking efforts and wisdom, and it is one of the most important scientific documents he dedicated to the proletariat of the whole world. While "Capital" is widely circulated in all countries in the world, Marx's rigorous spirit of study and theoretical innovation, as a lofty quality and fine tradition of mankind, are also widely circulated in all countries in the world, and have become a brilliant example for people to learn forever.

Third, aspire to be a theoretician like Marx

Marx was a man living in the old days, not a pure Marxist when he was young. In terms of his social status, he was a bourgeois intellectual; in terms of his philosophical point of view, he was an idealist; in terms of his political point of view, he was originally a democrat. Roughly speaking, between 1842 and 1844, he was actively involved in the actual political struggles, the workers' movement and scientific research, transforming his subjective world while transforming the objective world, and gradually transforming his world outlook into a proletarian intellectual, materialist and communist. After 1844, he co-authored with Engels "The Holy Family" and "German Ideology", and wrote "The Condition of the Working Class in England" and "The Poverty of Philosophy" respectively, expounding his dialectical materialist and historical materialist world views to the world. The Communist Manifesto, published in February 1848, was the first systematic formulation of the proletarian ideology, marking the birth of Marxism.

　　Comrade Mao Zedong once said: "With regard to Marxist theory, we must be able to master it and apply it, and the purpose of mastery lies in its application." If you can apply the Marxist-Leninist point of view to illustrate one or two practical problems, you will be praised, even if you have achieved some achievements. The more questions you explain, the more common, the more profound, the greater your achievements. "The process by which Marx wrote the great economic work Capital is the process of exemplary insistence on integrating theory with practice. Marx not only participated in and led the actual movement of the european working class revolution at that time, but also carried out revolutionary theoretical creation. He applied the dialectical materialism and historical materialist world outlook he had founded to analyze the economic reality of capitalism, starting from the simplest factors of capitalism --- commodities, made a huge and in-depth study of commodities, money, capital, value and surplus value, found completely scientific theories from universal existence, carefully revealed the economic structure and basic contradictions of capitalist society, and created the labor value theory, surplus value theory, capital circulation theory, capital turnover theory, and so on. This kind of theory, which is extracted from objective reality and confirmed in objective reality, is the real theory that we must study and uphold.

Comrade Mao Zedong said of theoreticians: "If a person only knows how to recite Marxist economics or philosophy, and has memorized it from chapters one to the tenth, but cannot apply it at all, is one not considered a Marxist theoretician?" This is not a theoretician. What kind of person do we want theorists to be? It is such theoreticians who can correctly explain the practical problems that have occurred in history and revolution on the basis of Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods, and can give scientific explanations and theoretical explanations on China's economic, political, military, and cultural problems. We want such theoreticians. If we want to be such a theoretician, we must be able to truly understand the position, viewpoint and method of Marxism-Leninism, truly understand Lenin and Stalin's theory on the colonial revolution and the Chinese revolution, and apply it to profoundly and scientifically analyze the practical problems of the Chinese revolution and find out the laws of its development. In fact, Comrade Mao Zedong is such a true theoretician. In leading China's revolution and construction, Comrade Mao Zedong persistently closely integrated the basic tenets of Marxism with China's reality, creatively applied and developed Marxism, founded Sinicized Marxism, that is, Mao Zedong Thought, and guided the CPC and the Chinese people to win great victories in the new-democratic revolution and the socialist revolution, and to score great achievements in socialist construction. Therefore, today's efforts to study and apply Mao Zedong Thought are the inheritance and development of Marxism.

I am a junior majoring in political economy in the Department of Economics of Nankai University, and I have already studied Marxist philosophy and political economy, and this semester I have studied Marx's original work "Capital", and I have initially mastered a large number of basic knowledge of Marxist theory. However, I have not yet been able to apply Marxist theory to explain the practical problems in China's revolution and construction, and according to the standards of a theoretician laid down by Chairman Mao, I cannot yet be regarded as a Marxist theoretician. At present, China's socialist economic construction needs scientific economic theory as guidance, and it also needs a red and specialized contingent of economic theorists. Therefore, as the inheritor of Marxist theory, I must persist in studying and studying Marxist theory of political economy in depth, persist in applying Marxist stands, viewpoints, and methods, correctly explain and handle practical problems in China's revolution and construction, and resolve to take Marx as a brilliant example and be a qualified theoretician like Marx who integrates theory with practice.

(This paper was published in 1965, July, 10 Nankai University political economy final exam self-proposed paper.) Signed by Wang Zhenyue. )