"The Biography of the Painter" ~ 275th article
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > Hirohito has a line that determines whether he is a dead soldier or a master artist. </h1>
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Hongren (1610-1664), commonly known as Jiang, mingtao, character Liuqi, also known as Fang, character Ou Meng. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he became a monk in Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, with the character Gradual River and the name Plum Blossom Gugu. A native of Shexian County, Anhui Province.
Hirohito has a line, and across that line he becomes a great master artist. Without stepping over, he became a benevolent death soldier, an anti-Qing benevolent death soldier.
Hongren's line is in 1647 in the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (Ding Hai), when he was 38 years old.
Before the age of thirty-eight, Hongren's name was Jiang Tao, and when he was young, he was admitted to Xiucai with his father in Hang County. Later, his grandfather and father died one after another, leaving only him and his widowed mother, and life gradually became difficult. Because of his "early ambitions", he did not want to join the ranks of businessmen, still studied hard, and relied on his mother for his life. Although he was a widow, he was supplied with food that did not provide enough food for mother and child. In the late Ming Dynasty, after the Jin Dynasty repeatedly violated the border and seized the city, the government, in order to send troops to resist, in addition to heavy taxes, also sent "Liao salary" to the people, making the whole country overwhelmed. In order to make a living, Hirohito returned to SheXian with his widowed mother.
After Hongren returned to Shexian County, he took the local name Ru Wang Wuya as his teacher, studied the Five Classics, and prepared for the examination. In order to live, Hirohito also gave people a "maid book", and after getting paid, he often "walked thirty miles a day with negative rice", and returned home to support his mother, which was locally rumored as a good story of filial piety and was praised by people. When his mother died, he was still unable to marry, selling paintings for a living, and his career was in decline. His earliest surviving paintings are those he painted in the autumn of the seventh year of Ming Chongzhen (1634). When he was 25 years old, he painted a fan with the inscription: "Jia Shuqiu is written as an altar of spiritual fortune." Jiang Tao. ”
After the change of JiaShen and the death of the Ming Dynasty, the Jiangnan Anti-Qing Dynasty was the peak of the qing, and Huizhou did not show weakness. In 1645, in the second year of Qing Shunzhi, after the fall of Nanjing, Hongren was 36 years old, when the Huizhou jinsheng and his student Jiang Tianyi gathered the soldiers to resist the Qing soldiers, Jin Sheng and his protégé Jiang Tianyi gathered the shimin Baojixi and Huangshan, divided the troops into six ridges, and Hongren also participated in the resistance with Jinsheng. King Tang crowned Jin Sheng as the Right Governor of the Imperial History and the Right Attendant of the Military Department, and the Governor of the Various Dao Armies. Jin Sheng led the army to pull out the counties of Jingde and Ningguo. With the slogan of "Chang the murderer, the one who surrenders" was the slogan, the momentary might was greatly shaken, and the team of jinsheng had a greater impact in the Jiangnan area.
In late September of the same year, the Qing army besieged the counties of Huizhou, and Jin Sheng led his troops to hold the Cong Shan Pass. Shi Huizhou's former imperial history Huang Shu, during Zuo Liangyu's serious illness, connected 36 generals of the Left Army, and Zuo Menggeng led an army of 700,000 to surrender to Azig, and Huang Shu also surrendered as a Manchu qing official. In order to seize Huizhou, Huang Shu wore a crown of Daming and asked to see Jinsheng, and sure enough, he was reused. After Huang Shu entered the city, he carried out a large series of tandems, disintegrating Jinsheng's team, and the Qing army took the opportunity to enter Huizhou and capture Jinsheng, and Jinsheng and Jiang Tianyi were captured and killed. Hongren then followed his teacher into Fujian and continued to resist the Qing. When Hongren left Huizhou, he and his friend Cheng Shou cried goodbye to Xianggongtan, and then passed through Hangzhou by water and arrived in Fuzhou.
In 1646, in the third year of Qing Shunzhi, the Qing Dynasty Bellebolo led an army to attack Fujian, and Huang Daozhou, with his loyalty and righteousness, paid for it himself, plus the support of friends, and only brought more than 10,000 silver and several disciples to generously go on the expedition. The righteous people throughout Fujian heard about it, and nearly 10,000 people joined his command. Emperor Longwu was very touched and sent off with a weeping nose. Since people, money, and things were all in the hands of the Zheng Zhilong family, Emperor Longwu could only give this old loyal minister a hundred blank letters of appointment, and failed to give him one or two military salaries and a soldier. At the end of August, Zheng Chenggong, the only loyal minister of the Zheng clique, led a group of righteous soldiers to garrison the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong to resist the Qing Dynasty after Yanping resigned from Emperor Longwu. In October, Longwu was captured in Tingzhou and died on hunger strike. Shi Hongren was 37 years old and was forced into Wuyi Mountain, where he lived in the highest victory of Tianyou Peak for a year. He wrote in the "With Cheng Eclipse An" book: "Enter Wuyi, live in the most victorious place of the heavenly tour, do not know the taste of salt and a year." ”
At that time, the common practice of dignified intellectuals was to become a hermit and a monk. In 1647, in the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (Ding Hai), when Jiang Tao was 38 years old, in Wuyi Mountain, he became a monk and converted to the ancient waterway boat Zen master, and began to use the legal name Hongren, the character Wuzhi, and the number gradually jiang. In a letter to Cheng Shou, he wrote: "Karma is converted to the Ancient Navigation Master." Hongren's student Zheng Min wrote in "Eight Songs of the Remembrance of the Gradual River Division", one of which is a cloud:
Loyalty and filial piety also from the great punishment,
Shamen wishes to be solid.
Fear of annihilation to the point of being difficult for sexual beings to recognize,
Only put Linchi heavy right army.
In this way, Hongren began a life of wandering around, doing as he pleased, and writing everywhere he went. In 1649, in the sixth year of Qing Shunzhi (己 ugly), Hongren was 40 years old After returning from Wuyi, he lived in Wuming Temple under the Phi Yun Peak in Xigan Mountain, and the zen room was named "Chengguan Xuan". He "will travel to the Huangshan Mountains in his old age, sit and lie down, or figures or poems, and Xi Nan Heng man", so Song Yishi, one of the thirty-six peaks of the Huangshan Mountains, has stored his chest and abdomen, and has not entered his paintings. Immersed in the painting, he wrote in the inscription poem:
The rain is after the rain and the rain is urgent,
Can you not feel the twilight of spring?
Flowers are neither tired nor tired,
The pine wind can also soothe the night and morning.
His Tiandu Peak is majestic and steep, the mountain stones are made of thin and powerful lines, and the large and small geometries are staggered, and the parts are rendered in the form of hemp and lotus leaves, accompanied by a small amount of vertical moss. The mountain peak is rendered with light ink, and the two ancient pines at the foot of the mountain are thick ink, and the thick and light are clear. His Huangshan Yunhai uses a strange composition, a complementary technique of virtual and real, and a gesture of twists and turns. The mountain color is rendered with a large ink color, and the depiction of the pine tree is fine, and the trunk is twisted and flipped, forming a yin and yang to the back of the god. In the inscription, Hirohito said: "Hang up the scoop and drag the staff, and there is no permanent bed." Every time he seeks a victory, he will take the soup mouth deaf and bear the stone. Or sit quietly in the empty pool for a long day, or the lonely roar of the moon and night. Tired of returning to the key to the painting quilt, the pillow groaning bitterly, or a few days do not come out. He inscribed a poem to himself: "After all the experiences are full of clothes,
Returning to the heart is contrary to the heart.
Phi tu glance erson wind agitation,
It's like the heavens singing.
Hongren was a remnant of the late Ming Dynasty, and his personal encounters were not satisfactory, his political encounters were not satisfactory, and for him, the only thing he was slightly proud of was painting. Throughout his life, he was arrogant and uninjured, and his associates were all reclusive people of high moral character. His ideological connotations, relics complex and aesthetic concepts are different from ordinary people because of subjective factors and objective factors. He insists on self, detached from tradition, obsessed with creation; detached from things, obsessed with the heart, creating a unique painting language system, with the perfect combination of geometric symbols to outline the remnants of the mountains and water in his mind. In addition to his long-term sketching in Huangshan, Hongren also often traveled to Nanjing, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Yangzhou, Wuyi and other places, and made friends with Landscape painters such as Xiao Congyun, Gong Xian, Cheng Jiaxuan, Zha Shibiao, Mei Qing, etc., and exchanged painting skills with each other, so that his painting style and ideas could be disseminated, which in turn had an important impact on the painting world in the early Qing Dynasty. Hirohito has a poem in the Painting Scroll:
How heavy is the first to sit in the torn moss suit?
Thirty-six hibiscus in a dream.
Pouring ink can be held as a gift,
Trance is a certain peak.
Hongren was a leading figure in the Xin'an school. In the early Qing Dynasty, Zhang Geng's "Pushan On Painting" Yun: "The Xin'an Self-Gradual Master is known for the Yunlin Method, and many people tend to it, and the law that is not lost, that is, the loss of neglect, is also a school of one and another." In his early years, Hongren learned from Sun Wuxiu, and in his middle age, he studied from Xiao Yuncong, starting from the Song and Yuan families, and later taught the "Four Families of the Yuan Dynasty", especially the Painting Method of Ni Zhan. Hongren is famous for painting Huangshan, "to get the true temperament of Huangshan Mountain", deeply conveying the magic of god and sketching, the pen and ink are vigorous and clean, full of elegance, giving people a fresh feeling. Together with Shi Tao and Mei Qing, he became the representative figures of the "Huangshan School". Cha Shibiao wrote in the title Hongren Landscape Painting Cloud: "Gradually painting into Wuyi and changing, returning to the Huangshan Mountains and a strange." Shi Tao said: "The longest public tour of Huangshan, so the true disposition of Huangshan, that is, a wood and a stone, are the true colors of Huangshan." "Hongren's landscape paintings, whether it is album sketches or long-form masterpieces, or field sketches, or ideas, Huangshan provides him with an inexhaustible source of creation.
In 1663, in the second year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, the 54-year-old Hongren painted the axis of the "Shixin FengTu" at the Lü family in Poyang, and then painted the "Landscape Map" scroll and sent it to Wu Boyan. He said on the top: "癸卯春, Hongren Yu Zhiyang East Lake, Ji BoYan resident." It was Chun who also composed the "Shuquan Washing and Research Chart", and Hongren himself titled: "Shuquan Washing and Research Chart, 癸卯春弘仁作." "The day was slightly warmer, accompanied by Wang Geng, downstream kuanglu, with the remains of Hangzong Bing, Lei Cizong, Hui Yuan and others, as well as the old traces of the White Lotus Society during the Jin and Song Dynasties, su Xue Nunnery. At the beginning of the summer, he had already descended Kuanglu, returned via Poyang Lake, and temporarily rested at Lü Danxian's house, and painted the axis of "Autumn Willow Lonely Map". Then, he returned to Shexian County to rest under the Phi Yun Peak, returned to Shexian County, and crossed Fengxi, when it was already June, and the Wu Buyan brothers stayed for ten days.
On December 22, 1664, the third year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, that is, January 19, 1664, Hongren died at Wuming Temple. During his illness, he still did not quit writing, and the day before his death, he still painted and sent to poor families to help him do la. Hongren Tian does not pretend to live, making people strangle their wrists.
When Hongren was young, it was the time of national crisis, he disregarded his personal safety and stepped forward; after the death of the Ming Dynasty, he went to the famous mountains, wrote poems and paintings, and cherished his homeland. His painting was first studied by Huang Gongwang, and in the late Fa Ni Zhan, he especially had a special love for Ni Zhan's works, and in terms of technique, Huang Gongwang was the most powerful. The destruction of the country and the death of his family, as well as his personal participation in the anti-Qing Dynasty, had a huge impact on his artistic formation.
In the late Ming Dynasty, Ni Zhan's reputation became higher and higher, and when Hui merchants rose, they brought Ni Zhan's works back to the Huizhou area, which contributed to the collection of Ni Zhan's works in this place, and Hongren's imitation ni works also became popular in the market. Therefore, Zhou Lianggong said in the "Reading Album" that Hongren "likes to imitate the cloud forest, so he has perfected the extremes." Jiangnan people have no fixed elegance, such as the heavy clouds of the past, and the salty means that the river is gradually enough to be a cloud forest. ”
Lu Xiuhui has a song "Song for Hongren Gradually Jiang", poem Yun:
New An Kai Grandmaster,
The painting world is hard to win.
Spring and autumn for hundreds of years,
No one abandons the legacy.
In the past, for the anti-Qing war alliance,
But the war has dried up the city.
Green Tree Orchid Pavilion Tour,
The heart is full of hope.
Who is everything in the smoke of fishing songs?
Lotus sent to learn Bo Xing'er.
Rotten stump sentence compilation,
Naïve illness dream breaker?
Gentleman Su Shou Solo Ride,
The human hanging table Danqing is lost.
Kyauk kyauk high clean abandoned things,
The slow defeat of the rain is regrettable.
Do not complain about this life,
Why hate to give?
Floating Clouds Manggu Road,
Scrap Ho ho
The husband sighed,
Chis broke through the siege.
Begging for shame and empty bags,
Sell paintings to make a lot of money.
All the artists in the world,
Bitter to the small trick blowing.
The old man sang again,
Shout out and praise.
Mountains and rivers for me thin,
Yunhe returned because of poetry.
Dream-bearers,
Sleeper knows who is doing it.
Idle clouds want to win,
Shame on you!