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There are several cuts
I think there are two indicators that can reflect, to some extent, which scholars missed the Nobel Prize, or more accurately, whether the Nobel Prize missed them.
The first is the total number of nominee Nobel Prizes for which scientists have been nominated
The second is the number of times scientists run with them, that is, the number of times they fail to win awards after being nominated that year (Haruki Murakami: Huh?). ）
Nobel prize nominees (nominators) are not something that anyone can do, they need to have certain qualifications, and they are generally industry insiders. Therefore, these two indicators reflect the degree of recognition of a scholar by the academic community.
The question is, where can I find these two indicators?
Open the official website of the Nobel Prize, and you will find a page called "Nomination Archive", which is the official Nobel Prize nomination database. Once you click in, you'll see
With a focus on physics, there were 2,777 nomination letters from 1901 to 1966.
Hey? Why only 1966?
This is a special rule of the Nobel Foundation that the annual list of nominees and nominees must be kept confidential for 50 years. After this year's winners are announced, we will be able to see the nominations for the various awards in 1967.
Now we can look up the nominations for each year from 1901 to 1966 (the specific awards are slightly different, for example, the medical prize was only until 1953), and we can also enter the name of the scientist to check his nominations before 1966.
Although not all, but the good villain is also more than sixty years of data, enough to do things.
Speaking of the official is also very "chicken thief", there is no "nomination list" that the melon-eating masses like, probably because they don't want to be so easy to find "black history", such as "Wow! No, who is who, obviously there have been so many nominations, so many years of running, you actually don't! hair! prize! ”
However, just a few days ago, the Nobel Prize official sent a tweet:
Some people abroad have started the excavator, but also visual processing of the data, I and other melon eating masses are naturally happy to run:
From 1901 to 1966, a total of 495 people were nominated for the Physics Prize, of which 109 scholars won the prize, less than a quarter, including those who did not win the prize 66 years ago but ended up winning the prize. More than a third of academics (169) were nominated only once.
The size of the circle indicates the number of times the scholar has been nominated. I believe that visual inspection can also find that there is almost the largest gray circle in the whole field. I would like to conclude by taking a look at the other four "Nobel Prize Pearls." (Time is limited, only the Top 5 can be sorted out)
Friedrich Pasing
45 nominations, 16 runovers (12 consecutive years from 1922 to 1933)
He is the hydrogen atom spectrum Pa Xing system of the Pa Xing, which looks like this:
In his most nominated year (1926), the Nobel Prize in Physics was won by the 11-nominated French physicist Jean Baptiste Perrin for studying the discontinuities of matter and discovering sedimentary equilibrium.
George Ullenbeck
47 nominations, 12 run-offs (8 consecutive years from 1951 to 1958)
Samuel Goodesmetter
48 nominations 13 escort runs (8 consecutive years from 1951 to 1958)
These two scholars are academic CP, put together to talk about well.
Even the rules of nomination are almost the same.
(Left Ullenbeck, right Goodsmit, filmed circa 1928)
The two men's most important academic achievement was the discovery of electronic spin in 1925, which was completely Nobel Prize-level work, but until their deaths, they failed to fulfill their wishes.
PS: The 1955 Physics Prize winners were two – Willis Lamb (the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum) and Polykarp Kusch (Precise Determination of Electron Magnetic Moments); the 1956 Physics Prize was awarded to William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain for their research on semiconductors and the discovery of transistor effects
Note that the current database is only 66 years old, and the two of them died in 78 and 88 respectively, so the number of nominations and the number of escort runs between the two will only be more, not less, surpassing the following one should not be a problem.
Henri Poincaré
51 nominations 7 runoffs (4 consecutive years from 1909 to 1912)
It doesn't seem so "miserable" at first glance, just 7 times to accompany the run, 4 consecutive years... Wait, what's the situation with 51 times!
At first I didn't expect Poincaré to be on the list, and it was so high, because traditionally we think he has a greater relationship with mathematics. Later, I found out that he had also won two astronomical awards (the Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal in 1900 and the Bruce Prize in 1911).
The 34 nominations were horrible (58 nominations in all) and, if nothing else, would have been the most nominated physics prize ever for a single year, a cursory look at the nominees, including Marie Curie, Hendrik Lorentz, Guglielmo Marconi, Albert A Michelson, Pieter Zeeman, Gabriel Lippmann Wait for the Nobel Laureate. But in the end, Poincaré still failed, probably because the Nobel prize judges thought his work was too mathematical.
PS: The winner that year was Johannes van der Waals (on the study of gas and liquid equations) who won a one-vote nomination. Van der Waals knew, it was him.
Now it's time to reveal who the big gray circle is, and he is indeed the most nominated scholar in the whole world. I believe that some students have already guessed who it is.
Arnold Sommerfeld
84 nominations, 25 run-offs (16 consecutive years from 1922 to 1937)
(Haruki Murakami: emmmmm)
We know that Sommerfeld's students, even students' students, have no shortage of Nobel Laureates, but Grandmaster himself is always a breather.
Ashley Smart has written that Sommerfeld lacks an achievement that would weigh enough to make the jury determined to present the award to him, even though his overall academic achievement was enough to surpass that of his contemporaries.
(The data in the article comes from the official website of the Nobel Prize)
Later, I found out that some people in the chemistry prize had done similar reviews, so I also ran to watch.
hmmmm...... Found something interesting.
In the first 4 years, a total of 17 scholars were nominated, and the scholars who were nominated more than 10 times in the final number became Nobel Laureates, which shows that the attitude of the academic community and the Nobel Prize judges at this time is still quite consistent.
The only exception is the French chemist who was nominated in the first edition and eventually nominated 12 times, but did not win the Nobel Prize
Marcellin Berthelot(1827~1907)。
About Wikipedia:
A famous French chemist who has studied the properties of fats and sugars and synthesized a variety of organic compounds. His research on the thermal effects of chemical reactions has advanced the development of physical chemistry and is a pioneer in the study of explosion mechanisms and explosion waves. He discovered the nitrogen fixation of microorganisms and wrote a large number of monographs on the history of chemistry. Bertello was also active in political and social activities, serving as French Minister of Education and the Arts (1885-1886) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1895-1896).
Berthelot was last nominated in 1907, and he died on March 18 of the same year because the Nobel Prize had always been a practice of not giving awards to deceased people, so it was missed. Judging from the situation of others, if Berthelot can stay in the human world for a few more years, the probability of winning is still quite large.
Some new faces appeared in the nomination list in 1905:
The first one I don't know, I feel like four years of chemistry white learning... But the last two believe that everyone can guess a ten out of nine.
One is Mendeleev (periodic table) and the other is Le Châtrelle (Le Châtrelle's principle).
One thing they have in common is that they have not won the Nobel Prize.
Let's take a look at Mendeleev, who everyone cares about most.
For 3 consecutive years, 9 nominations, two Nobel Laureates endorsed, still drink hate.
If you are careful, you may find that Mendeleev also died in 1907... Isn't that a lot like berthelot's situation? It seems that Providence has tricked people! Living a few more years may turn out to be different!
However, if we put the other two people in, we will find that things may not be so simple.
Nominations by Le Châtre:
31 nominations, 16 run-offs, very much Haruki Murakami.
Then there's Giacomo Ciamician:
16 nominations, 9 run-offs.
This is actually an Italian photochemist, one of the first scholars to conduct photochemical reaction research, known as the father of photochemistry.
In short, the so-called "rule" of "nominating more than ten prizes" did not work after 1905.
PS: In 1905 Mendeleev took a (at the time) Copley Medal that was probably heavier than the Nobel Prize.
Trainee Editor zhou Yuhua in this issue