(6) Private commerce of officials
The History of Song, vol. 260, "Biography of Li Huaizhong", says:
Shang (Taizu) Xingxijing, loves the situation in the land, wins the world in the middle, and has the meaning of staying in the capital. Huai Zhong said: "Tokyo has a canal, and there are millions of rivers and rice in Huai. Hundreds of thousands of janissaries look up to this, and the heavy soldiers are hiding. It has been solid for a long time, and once it is eager to migrate, the subject has not seen its benefits. "ShangGanazhi.
This story was very famous at that time, and was recorded in the Notes of the Song Dynasty, such as Volume VII of the Jade Kettle Qing Dialect, Volume I of Sima Guang's "Records of ShuiShui", and Volume VII of Shao Bowen's Records of Hearing and Seeing of Shao. It can be seen from this that the grain of the Northern Song Dynasty was given to Jiangsu, Huai and other places. If it is analyzed in detail, it is as stated in volume XII of the Mengxi Pen Talk:
Shipping Division is for Kyoshi rice, with a value of six million stones. Huainan 1.3 million stones. Jiangnan East Road 991,100 stones. Jiangnan West Road 1.28 million nine hundred stones. 650,000 stones on Jinghu South Road. 350,000 stones on Jinghu North Road. Two Zhejiang Road 1.5 million stones. TongYu envy earned 6.2 million stones.
Rice is transported from these places to Bieliang, and it is transported in batches separately, called "Gang". For example, the "History of Song" volume 299 "Biography of Li Pu" says:
Cao Zhou used to be a general of the Ruo army who was in charge of the first class, and there were many invaders. Self-Pu and the three principles as one, with three people sharing the same master, so that they are more similar.
Therefore, it is called "Gang Yun". However, although the content of the gangyun is mainly rice, it is not limited to rice, but also includes food, cloth and other items for money.
With regard to the private business of the officials of the Northern Song Dynasty, let us now start with the high-ranking officials in this regard. The highest person in charge of the official is the shipping envoy. The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 167, Records of Officials, says:
Shipping envoys, deputies, and judges: in charge of the source of the goods of the Mountains and Mountains, Caohuai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hu six roads to lose to zhongdu, and concurrently make tea, salt, and spring treasures, and specially assassinate officials.
The person who made the shipment and the private business was Li Pu. He used official ships to sell bamboo. History of Song vol. 299 "Biography of Li Pu" Yun:
Jingdezhong... With the Pu system to put the River, Huai and other road tea, salt, alum tax, and also shipping affairs... Pu Shi was already the deputy envoy of the shipment and moved to the envoy. ...... Pu is both dedicated and greedy, and He is immersed in illegality. Shipping made Huang Zhen strip its guilt to smell. Strike Tan Prefecture and order Yu Shi To rule. Depu's private soldiers started for the in-laws Lint, attached officials to sell bamboo and wood, and committed more than ten crimes of adultery. Finally decided, will pardon, blink loyal to the martial army festival deputy envoy.
The Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan 64 also records this incident, but "bamboo wood" is written as "wood":
On April 16, the second leap year, Li Pu, the envoy of the Palace Garden and the envoy of the Award Prefecture Regiment, rebuked the loyal and righteous army and did not sign the state affairs. Pu was an envoy to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, privately served soldiers, and set up a house for the in-laws of the official Shilang Lin Zhi ("History of Song" and "Continuation of the Long Compilation") as "special" and "holding") and attached official ships to sell bristle wood and take profits. Cited by Huang Zhen. Bow (鞫?) ) is true. If it is not decided, it will be forgiven, so it is not responsible.
Volume 91 of the Continuation of the Long Edition also says:
Peng Shen, the envoy of the palace garden and the envoy of the Xianzhou regiment, Li Pu sat greedily and was responsible for being the deputy envoy of Zhongzheng Jiedushi. At the beginning of the Huang Earthquake, Pu sent Pu to commit adultery, sent YuShi Fengzhi, and obtained Pu's private service of bing jian, and set up a house for the in-laws' official Shilang Linte, and attached an official ship to sell wood and wood, and to take interest, and did everything in a dozen things. If it is not decided, it will be pardoned, and if it is special, it will not be ruled in an exhaustive manner. Liu Sui, the official of the Dali Temple, asked him to be impeached again, and the death was punished.
Second, the officials directly engaged in the gangyun were also private businessmen. This can be divided into two types, which are described below:
(1) During the shipment, the goods are trafficked on the official ship and sold to various places. This, of course, is advantageous in economically developed places. The History of Song, vol. 175, Chronicles of Food And Goods, says:
Post-shipment makes the stake heavy. On the sixth road, the rice regiment will be sent to the ship, and the main road will not be restored, and it will be full-fledged. The text is transferred and merged, and the matter is complicated and cannot be prosecuted. The boat operators are bribed to the officials, and they have obtained rich counties, and the city is cheap and expensive, so as to become a master of the capital.
It is also said in the same volume 301 of the Biography of Zhao He:
The Shipping Division was subordinate to the generals of the Three Divisions, and the divisions were dispatched by the chief official, and they were not evenly bribed, or counted the rich counties, because they were merchants; the poor could not be satisfied with their service.
These officials not only sold privately at the beginning and end of the transport, but also sold along the road to their former shores. "Song Hui Wanting officials" 42 clouds:
On the thirteenth day of the first month of the third year of Xuanhe, Zhao Yiquan, the deputy envoy of the dispatch, said: "The ministers have jointly issued money and grain, gold and silver, horses, miscellaneous goods, etc., which are mostly for the sake of doing things on the road, living on the shore and selling, and doing it in a hundred ends." Its urging is divided into lawsuits and indulgences, and it is not possible to rush. ......”
There are too many bureaucrats in the program of private business, and even if the government wants to interfere, it cannot interfere so much, so it adopts a rather laissez-fairly laissez-faire attitude. This can be represented by the words of Taizong. Li You's Facts of the Song Dynasty, vol. 16:
Shang (Taizong) heard that there were private goods in the city of water and water, and said to the attendants: "Fortunately, the door is like a rat's nest, how can it be stuffed?" But it's okay to go for it. The master of the pennies, there are few traders, but there is no harm, there is no need to investigate. If you want to enter the official property, there is no damage or folding. Lu Mengzheng said, "... The word of the Holy Word is in line with the yellow and the old way. (There is a similar account in volume 35 of the Continuation of the Long Edition of the Continuation of the Book of Continued Passages.) Here's a few omitted. ）
The government is therefore not without reason for letting it go. Because the transport personnel are too poor, they often steal or embezzle the official goods they carry. This is a big loss for the government. However, after they have private business, they have more money and a better life, so there is no such behavior. The History of Song, vol. 300, "Wang Yanchuan" says:
(Wang Ding) Was a foreign envoy of the Relocation Division, and the deputy envoy of Huainan, Liangzhe, and Jinghu. ...... After two years of residence, he thought that he was an envoy. ...... Official boats are forbidden to carry privately, and if the boat soldiers have no self-sufficiency, they will do their best to steal official rice for adultery. There are those who can live and sell themselves, and the people of the city hold the law and refuse to pay for what they have done. Ding is the governor of Qianzhou County. The boat people have self-sufficiency, not adultery, and the rice transported is not insufficient.
It is also said in the same book volume 338 "The Biography of Su Shi":
Migration to Yangzhou. The old shipping division was the master of the southeast Cao Law, and the person who listened to the boat operator carried the goods privately, and the merchants were not allowed to stay in difficulty. Therefore, the boat operator is rich and rich, taking the official boat as his home, making up for its shortcomings and omissions, and the lack of boatmen in zhou. Therefore, the rates contained in the report are all reached quickly. In recent years, everything has been forbidden but not allowed, so the boat is troubled, many thieves are carried out to help hunger and cold, and both public and private are sick. Please revert to the old. From there.
Regarding this matter, the Complete Works of Su Shi, vol. 36, "The Outline of a Slightly Underdeveloped Interest", has a more detailed record. Here's a few omitted.
(2) Another way of private business of the officials is to smuggle the official goods they carry. In this way, without private capital, as long as you rub the oil of the public, you can do business. The History of Song, vol. 175, Chronicles of Food And Goods, says:
By the beginning of the Taiping Revival, the two Zhejiang provinces had both sacrificed land and transported four million stones of rice. Where the hired people hold the boat. Officials and officials are adulterous, transporting boats or carrying money, clothing, and miscellaneous goods to the Beijing division. He was transferred back to the outer states, and the chief Tibetan official gave The invitation to be delayed. Therefore, there are those who are good at trading official goods.
In addition, the Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan (宋会要官) records more:
In March of the third year of Emperor Yingzong's reign, Sansi said: "Xu and Ruzhou Shitanghe urged Tun Tian Lang Zhongxu to say... Also known as the ship under its management, its personnel and officers do not care to control the workers, love the boats, tolerate connivance and smuggling; nail < gold and >, and when they are damaged, they cannot be repaired, so they are arbitrarily dismantled and dragged and lost. In the future, according to a small number of estimates, the personnel program officer will beg to recognize the accompaniment; if he wants to do so, he will approve the river gangs. "From there.
Gangyun is mainly based on rice, and among these stolen and sold official goods, rice is of course the most important one:
On August 2, Jingdong's deputy envoy Li You said: "All roads should be the grand plan of the deputy imperial court, and the shipping department is the most vast." In recent years, I have not tried to apply enough. The envoys of Gaiyuanguan did not choose; and the residents along the river stole and sold official rice, and the lawsuit was not aware of it. To each transport is less than a few thousand stones, even to the point of indulging in boats. ......”
In addition, there are those who steal the money carried by the offerings as capital to do business:
On March 3, Li Zhu, the young secretary of the Taifu Dynasty, sang: "Since the beginning of the year, money on the outer road has often been sold licensed or transferred to other uses. Go to Beijing to pay, and see less debt. Although there is a law of inspection by the shipping department Yu Zhen and Sizhou, it has not been held. ......”
As for the smuggling of Huai salt by the officials of the Gangyun, see section VII. The smuggling and selling of official property by the officials of the program will do great harm to the government, and the government must not adopt a laissez-faire attitude. On behalf of the government, Xue Xiangsui came to ban the smuggling and sale of official property by the Gangyun palace officials. The History of Song Vol. 175 "Chronicles of Food Goods" Yun:
At that time (Zhiping), the Caoyun officials up and down were all engaged in the invasion of trade, and even the feng shui sank to extinguish the traces. The official property is broken, and the age is not reduced by 200,000 hu. In the second year of Xi Ning, Xue Xiang sent envoys for Jiang, Huai and other roads, and began to recruit passenger boats and official boats to be transported and inspected each other. The old evil is gone.
Regarding this matter, there is a more detailed record of the same book 328 "Xue Xiang Biography":
The Divine Sect knew the material and thought that Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jing, and Huai were shipping envoys. Gangzhou has been a long time, and the pennies are conducive to stealing goods, tasting fake feng shui and indulging in extinction. Divide the passenger boat to inspect. There is a fixed number of official boats, and most of them are occupied by the main ones. All the fortunes of the prefectures were sent by Ben Cao. There is beauty and evil in the land, and there is weight and lightness in profit, for the establishment of the equation, and with the things that are wasted as rewards.
The Song Hui Zhi Guan Guan also contains this passage, but there are many typos.
In addition to the above-mentioned private businesses of the gangyun officials, there are also officials who pretend to be the private businesses of the imperial gangyun. "Song HuiJiao Officials" four years of xuanhe and three years:
On September 27, Ying Fengsi ... He also played: "Prince Kan of The Qikan offered the money of naji and Yun Erzhou to rent money and travel on the Guangji River, but he was always in front of the ship in front of the lawsuit, moored under the shore, did not dare to transport, and moved through the blockage to stay for ten days." And the same is true of the overland vehicles of zhulu prefectures and counties. If the imperial money is written on the flag, there will be no delay in the boat car ride. The inspection committee was entrusted with the imperial pen: the land and water ships and vehicles set up the flag plate list, falsely claiming that the imperial front was eager to find the gangyun, so as to scratch the prefecture and county, on the basis of the theory of violation; the private property of the courtiers' house and the promotion of traffickers, and those who were called the imperial gang transport and look for color, in violation of the imperial pen theory, promised people to sue, and rewarded five hundred yuan. The investigation of the imperial pen was punished, and it was stopped as a person who falsely claimed that the imperial front was eager to find steel transport, set up a banner plate, and called the private goods of the courtiers' house and the sale of goods. The flag that should be placed by the Imperial Gangyun is not prohibited. "Edict, pay a note from the Priest.
Zhu Yi was one of the kind of people who "smuggled and sold private goods in the family of courtiers, and who were called the Imperial Gang Yun to find color". The second stanza of this article quotes The Magazine of Solitude, Volume X, as saying:
In the name of the imperial offering, many official boats were broken, people's boats were forcibly occupied, and traders traveled between Huai and Zhejiang.
The above is an overview of the private business of the Officials of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation changed greatly. At this time, China's political organization split into two, with the land north of Huaishui belonging to Jin and the land south of Huaishui belonging to Song. The canal, the most important river in the former gang, was divided into two. The political center of Bieliang and the economic region of Jiangsu, Huaibei and other places are no longer under a political organization. As a result, the conditions for the millet of the Northern Song Dynasty caojiang and huaijiang in the northern song dynasty did not exist, and thus the private business behavior of the gangyun officials who were mainly in this regard no longer occurred. However, the private business of the officials of the Gangyun in other aspects can also be glimpsed in the sporadic records of the Song Huijiao. For example, in February of the ninth year of Chunxi in the 72nd year of the "Official":
Twenty-eight days... Hubei Yunju Cui Yuan... Let it go. Speaking of words... deep pool...... Except for Cao Hubei, he took merchants and boats with him, and abolished the law for personal gain, so he had a fate.
Of these private businesses of the bureaucrats, the majority are at the border. In the southwest, the "Official" 74 said that Jiang Anxing of Zhiteng Prefecture did not follow the restrictions to issue offerings and the gangyun of the general production of money in order to sell the rules and clouds:
On the thirteenth day of august (Jiading 5th year), Jiang Anxing of Zhiteng Prefecture demoted an official and released him. Li Kai of Jingjiang Province said that his annual joint offerings and the total production of money did not follow the limit, and the punishment for trafficking was not non-regular.
In the northwest, "The Official" seven or two years Chun Hee thirteen years of November
On the twenty-third day, Zhang Changshi of Zhijun Prefecture demoted an official. Speaker's theory: Junzhou year tribute silver 700 taels. The edge of the edge is not a place of origin, and it is often easy to transport rice and wheat back to The Golden State. One for every meter, one or two pieces of silver. With Qianhu as a guideline, it is enough to pay tribute. Chang Shi rose from four programs between two years, while rice wheat to five thousand hu. All are taken advantage of by the officials to return the favor. Kocha people ship, the people are disturbed by it. It is Chang Shi's duty to sit on the guard's duties.
In addition, Quanzhou was one of the important overseas trade ports of the Southern Song Dynasty, very close to Hangzhou, the political center at that time, and every year the Fujian Municipal Shipping Department transported overseas goods to the central government in Hangzhou; in this kind of transportation, officials also private commerce. "Official" 44 clouds:
On March 8 of the first year of Shao Xi's reign, the courtiers said: "The gang shipped by the Fujian Municipal Shipping Department every year has a fine color land route class and a coarse color sea road class. His lieutenant was not rewarded. As for Haigang, many people are afraid of the wind and waves, and many are reluctant to do it; every deputy lieutenant and a small envoy has many disadvantages of encroaching on trade. ......”
(7) Private trade in monopoly goods
A. Overview
The Northern Song Dynasty Cai Xiang's "Cai Zhonghui Gongji" Volume 15 "Abolishing Corruption" says that officials at that time smuggled tea, salt, incense and other things:
The subject has entered the army in the past thirty years. At that time, the eunuchs, the rough and disciplined, were ashamed of profit. Although there are those who have the resources to chase the cone knife, they must not avoid people and do it, and they are ashamed of it. Not today. Zhu Huaijin is designed for business travelers. The sale of forbidden tea, salt, herbs and the like, moving to and from boats and cars, taking advantage of the day.
And "Song Hui wants officials" 73 said that Southern Song officials privately sold wine, vinegar and other things:
On the same day (July 2 of the first year of Shao Xi), Zhaowu Yi Lang Shi Hu specially demoted Xiu Wu Lang, and did not < Yuanbei > sent to the Western Outer Sect Zhengji for custody. Shi Luo lived in Jianning, connived at men who did not retreat, did not retreat and gathered, beat up residents, and slaughtered cattle, and could not be banned in court. As for the keepers, there is fate.
According to the press, salt, incense, wine, vinegar and other things, most of them are necessary for the people's life, and the consumption is extremely large. The government of the Song Dynasty completely monopolized them because of its financial relations, and did not allow the people to sell them privately or privately. The History of Song And Food Says:
The system of Song Yu tea, choose the place to meet... Six for the goods. ...... In Huainan, the six prefectures of Pu, Huang, Lu, Shu, Guang, and Shou were the officials themselves, and the officials were in short, called the thirteen of the mountain field. The people of the six states who pick tea are all subordinate to yan, called garden households. The years of class to make tea to lose rent, Yu is the official to learn about the city. ...... Its appearance is all in this field. (Vol. 183)
The Song Dynasty leveled the kingdoms, and the salt profits of the world all belonged to the county officials. Officials and merchants are suitable for the prefecture and county. However, changes are not frequent, and the prohibition of smuggling is particularly important. (Vol. 181)
Song's funds, in addition to tea, salt, and alum, only the benefits of incense are the most extensive, so the officials are the city. (Volume 185)
The Law of Song Dynasty: In the city of Zhuzhou, all of them are engaged in brewing. Counties, towns, and townships may be brewed by the people, and their years are determined. If there is a legacy, please ask the official. (Ibid.)
In the second year of Qi Ning, Qian Jingyun, a Zhilian water army, said: "To establish a schoolhouse, please use the money to buy the vinegar factory." "Zhao Changping calculated harmless public expenses, as requested. Still let him go. Chu Yuan's courtiers asked for a strike of vinegar. There is no prohibition on the hubu. After Zhai Si asked the county vinegar mill to use the daily interest, all returned to Changping. As for Jing Yun, please, so Chang Ping counted. (Ibid.)
However, although the people were not allowed to light lamps, the governor could set fires. Although the general people could not sell or privately control these kinds of goods, the officials could rely on their political power to make private profits. In this case, in addition to the above, regarding the smuggling of incense, the fourth verse quotes the Song HuiJiao Official, 72, who said that Tang Hui of Suizhou "led the evil people to smuggle incense to the market." "And "Official" Seven Three Years Qingyuan Five Years:
On July 25, the new Dali commentator Fei Xi went to bed. It is his own selfishness to supervise the door of the miscellaneous store, forcibly buy incense, sell the guests, and make a profit, thinking that the horse will be dispatched.
Regarding the private sale of tea and salt, the official "Official" 65 Years of Zhiping 2nd Year:
On August 25, Wang Tao, the precondition of the Fujian Road Prison Public Affairs Du Zhilang Zhongwang, accused Jianning Junjie of being the deputy envoy of The Festival, not to write about the state affairs, and to resettle the prefecture. sit...... Men lu jiexing sells private tea and salt, buys copperware, receives silver money from guests, and carries private salt.
In addition, regarding the private sale of salt and wine, the Song HuiJiao has the following records:
On July 22 of the ninth year, Zhaoqian Hebei transported Wang Yan to serve him and conferred him on the secluded Prefecture. First of all, He ordered Li Zhi of Hebei to repeat the examination along the treatment. Zhi Zhi tasted the salt of the fake official boat along the way; in the name of the man, he made it dry and brewed. Therefore, the free bow (鞫?) Ask, and there is responsibility. (The Official, June 4)
On June 12, 12, Zhaoxin removed Shen Wei and Gongguan from Dali Temple. He who is determined to maintain greed and selfishness, regardless of shame. Yesterday, I guarded the sword and the south day, connived at the children, the traffic joints, the general sale of salt, the slaughter of cattle and the open behydride, and the ugliness of the wolf. ...... Therefore there is fate. (The Official, 72)
Among them, the record of Wang Yan's smuggling of salt and wine is in the "Continuation of the Long Edition" volume 11. It also says:
Ding Di (丁卯), the third envoy of the demotion to Hu Zezhi Chen Prefecture (阕州), the Emperor of the Imperial Household (阕) in the palace, and zhizhou (知州) in a small place. At first, he was a transport envoy to the capital of Hebei, and when he tasted it, he sold salt on a fake official ship; and in the name of his son, he asked to buy a liquor store. Zhang Zongzhi plucked his hair. Although the imperial court was responsible for zongzhi, it reinstated its affairs and transferred the department. According to the truth, so sit with the line and sit responsibly.
According to Zhang Zongzhi, he was blamed because he had picked off wang's affairs, and his motives were not pure, which was the reason for taking revenge. History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 265, Biography of Zhang Qixian:
On the day of The Opening of the Seal, King Yushi impeached him for his drunkenness. And for the Hebei transport envoy, Naifa along the bereavement of the official Jia vendor. Talk about evil.
In addition, the "History of Song" volume 299 "Hu Ze Biography" also records that Wang Yan smuggled salt and wine:
At the beginning, in Hebei, the palace attendant Yushi Wangyan tasted the salt in a fake official boat, and prayed for a liquor store in the name of his son. It was Zhang Zongzhi who plucked his hair. According to the test, chen zhou is known.
The above is the general situation of the private monopoly trade of officials in the Song Dynasty. Among them, the private trade in tea, salt, wine, etc., because of the large number of materials, is divided into the following three items.
B. Private ownership of the tea industry
In the Song Dynasty, the officials who sold tea privately were mostly in charge of tea administration. At that time, the organ in charge of tea administration was called yu cargo affairs, which was located in the capital division and tea production areas. The History of Song, vol. 183, Chronicles of Food And Goods, says:
Merchants trade into the money if the gold Bappa Kyoshi goods, to shoot six affairs thirteen tea. Give the coupon as you shoot with it.
The system of Song Yu tea, the place of the choice of meetings, the jiangling province, the real state, the sea state, the hanyang army, the wuwei army, the mouth of the state of the city, is the sixth cargo service.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, these officials who were engaged in goods often did not use private capital and stole the official tea trade. Volume 18 of the Continuation of the Tong Jianchang Edition contains the decrees of the second year of the Taiping Revival:
The chief official of the thief official tea sellers paid less than 500 yuan for three years; more than three consecutive years, the noodles were sent to the que.
The History of Song, vol. 183, "Chronicles of Food And Goods", contains decrees around this time:
The lord privately traded with official tea and always five hundred people died. Since the law was enacted, it is necessary to reduce it. In the second year of the Taiping Revival, the chief official stole more than three consecutive years of money from the tea seller and sent it to the emperor. Chunhua for three years, on the straight more than ten consecutive, noodles with Honshu prison city.
In addition, they often trade privately with tea merchants. The History of Song, vol. 285, The Biography of Liang Shi says:
Entering the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, Jixian Dian University Scholar. ...... Strike Zhengzhou. Jingshi Chajia negative public money of 400,000 taels. The urgency of the case of Salt and Iron Judge Li Yuqing. Jia Fear, with the official for the city, internal to the appropriate children. It was appropriate for Yu Qing to mention the Shaanxi Prison.
According to the "Chronicle of Food and Goods" quoted above, the political organ that has a relationship with the chajia in the beijing division is the official of the goods; therefore, the "official" who says "the beijing division chajia" and "the official is the city" should be the official of the goods.
Secondly, Song Dynasty border officials also often privately held tea. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the History of the Song, vol. 255, The Biography of Zhang Yongde, says:
Yongde was in Taiyuan, tasting the tea rules of the pro-official... In order to transfer the envoy Wang Zongsi, he was deposed as a general of the Left Guard.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan (宋会要官) was written in the sixteenth year of Chunxi:
On March 6, Zhao Zhi Xuyi jun Ge Ji demoted two officers... Let it go. With Huaidong Pacification Division's practical skills to buy low-cost tea and sell it to the public treasury, the money goes into their own... Therefore there is fate.
In addition, the export trade of private tea by Northern Song officials on the northwest border has been seen in section 4 and will not be repeated.
C. Private ownership of the salt industry
The private salt industry of officials in the Song Dynasty was very popular, and there are many records in various historical records. Especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, the officials of the private salt industry were not limited to local officials in various places, or the parties in charge of salt administration, but also included the prime ministers and generals at that time. The private business of the Southern Song Dynasty prime minister was written by Shi Songzhi and Jia Xiangdao. Volume 1 of the Chronicle of the Southeast (Author) says that Shi Songzhi sold salt clouds privately:
The Lizong Dynasty, Shi Song's reign, often offended the public with a profound offense. The business fortune of the stork has been the same as in the past. Song Zhizhi was subordinate to the official. The price is straight and low, and the dealer official sets it himself. Its states and counties have the most recommended examinations, and it is better to do more. So he ran out of salt, and the officials spared him. For every thousand dollars, there are those who sell for three thousand feet. Deep mountains and poor valleys, hundreds of miles of money, all spokes. ...... There is no name for the son who mocks it in a poem: "Thousands of ships are full of canals, and everyone is doing their best to be fair." Although Xianggong is a spoon hand, legend has it that he has used many? ”
Regarding this matter, Li Pleiing's "Wenxi Collection" Volume VIII "Re-discussion of Shi Song's Neglect" also said:
The treasures that swept through the ministry, including the sources of profit of the various roads, borrowed the name of scarcity in the country, sold goods, returned to the private room, were rich and several times the country, and were thieves for the country.
As for Jia Rudao's private salt industry, Mingtian Rucheng's "West Lake Tour Zhiyu" Volume V says:
It seems that people sell hundreds of salt ships to Lin'an to sell. Tai student has a poetry cloud: "Last night the river was long and blue, and the boat was full of Xianggong. Although it is necessary to use it as a spice spoon, it may not be used much for the spoon. ”
In addition, with regard to the private salt industry of the Southern Song Dynasty general Shuai, the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 182, "Chronicle of Food Goods", says:
In February of the tenth year of the fourth year of Baoyou, the attendant of the temple, YuShi Zhuyi, said: "Those who are close to the salt are losing money in the class, and they are getting worse and worse." According to the Words of the Zhenzhou Branch Division, I saw a loss of more than 20 million. All of them were profited by the Taiwanese and the generals of the various armies. So he reiterated the strict prohibition of smuggling. Five years later, Zhu Yi repeated: "... It is a doctor who is a greedy and shameless man, who knows that the imperial court lives and buys floating salt, and the dragon breaks and cages its profits. ...... For now, Mo Ruo... One can eliminate the wind of profit; the other can continue the profit of cooking and frying. "There is a purpose to follow it.
As for the private salt industry of local officials and parties in charge of salt administration, it is scattered in the following quotations.
Now we will describe the situation in which the officials of the Song Dynasty privately sold Xie salt, Sichuan salt, Huai salt, Zhejiang salt, and Cantonese salt:
(1) The most official who sells salt for the purpose of selling salt is the person in charge of salt solution. Volume 18 of the Continuation of the Tong Jianchang Edition contains the decrees of the second year of the Taiping Revival:
In its various places, the superintendent of the ponds and overseers stole the salt merchants to make profits, just as the method of stealing and boiling salt was also used. ...... Therefore, than the prohibition of Qiande, the number of pegs was increased to more than 200 catties, the boiling alkali and the main official's theft were sold to more than 100 catties, and the silkworm salt was sent into the city for more than 500 catties, and the cane was sent to the noodles.
The History of Song, vol. 181, Chronicles of Food and Goods, also says:
Since the four years of Qiande, each edict is excellent and wide. In the second year of the Taiping Revival, the edict was more than 200 catties, the alkali and the main official were sold to more than 100 catties, and the silkworm salt was sent into the city for more than 500 catties, and the noodles were sent down. In the fifth year of Chunhua, the former offender was assigned to the Honshu prison.
According to the same book,
The pond is salt, and the two ponds are Xie County and AnYi.
The "ponds" mentioned in Book XVIII of the Continuation of the Long Edition refer to these salt ponds. The Chronicle of Food and Goods says: "Since the fourth year of Qiande, every edict has been excellent and generous. This edict of the fourth year of Qiande, that is, the "prohibition of Qiande" mentioned in the "Continuation of the Jianchang Edition", is not contained in the "Chronicle of Food Goods", but the seventh volume of the "Continuation of the Jianchang Edition" contains Qiande in November of the fourth year:
Edict of leniency salt koji law. Officials salt into the hundred catties, boiled alkali to fifty catties, the main official easy to and more than a hundred catties is dead.
From this, it can be seen that "the chief official sells Yi and the people with more than 100 pounds", and in the fourth year of Qiande, he was sentenced to death, in the second year of the Taiping Revival, he was only "sent to the back of the staff and sent to the side", and in the fifth year of Chunhua, the punishment was even lighter, and he was only "worthy of the prison city of Honshu". In addition, other types of officials also privately owned the salt industry. The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 181, Chronicles of Food And Goods, says:
The first year of the Yuanfu... In yongxingjun, Weizhou, Hebei, Gaoyang, Liyang, Jing and other counties, such as the six prefectures such as Hua, officials still sold salt themselves; while the forbidden lawsuit was forbidden to buy salt sellers in the folding bowu to buy and solve the salt dealers.
According to the lawsuit, xie salt was bought at the folding bowu, and in addition to selling it in Yongxingjun and other places, most of it was shipped to Sichuan for sale. ditto:
Celebrating the second year of the calendar... It is also forbidden for merchants to enter Shu privately. In Yongxing and Fengxiang, he listened to people entering the money and selling them in Shu, and the easy salt tended to Shuzhong to sell.
Sichuan originally produced well salt, but Yizhou, Lizhou and other places produced less, so it was necessary to rely on the salt solution. The History of Song vol. 183 "Chronicles of Food Goods" Yun:
First of all, the benefit and benefit of salt into the thinnest, so eat Daning supervisor, Xiechi salt. Merchants resold it. Celebratory calendar by...
In addition, the officials who sold tea from Sichuan to Shaanxi also smuggled xie salt back to Sichuan for sale. Su Rui's "Luan ChengJi" volume 36 "On the Five Harms of Shu Tea" says:
The Sichuan tea law ends with the official selling tea, and its law is ugly. Now the official's fate is adultery... Because of the tea sellers, the salt is sold into Shu. The salt sold is still distributed to the prefectures and counties, sold in many ways, and discounted miscellaneous goods, for different harms.
(2) Chuan Salt On the official sale of Sichuan salt for profit, the Continuation of the Jianchang Edition, vol. 18, The Second Year of the Taiping Revival:
In the fourth month of Xia, Xin Shuo, the right pick of the widow Guo Bi said: "The officials of the Jiannan Prefectures are salty, and the pound is seventy for money." The haomin officials are adulterous with the sacs. The city is lowly to the official; the noble is to the people, and the pound is money or to hundreds. If you hope to increase the old price slightly to one hundred and fifty, then the arrogance is not profitable, and the people eat cheap salt. "From there.
And the Luan Chengji, vol. 36, "On the Five Harms of Shu Tea", says:
Now that the officials were guilty of adultery, they also sold cloth, Daning salt, magnets, and other things.
According to the History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 89, Geographical Chronicle:
Daning Prison, same as Xia Prefecture. In the sixth year of Kaibao, he was imprisoned by the Yanquan Institute in Dachang County, Kuizhou.
And the same book 183 "Chronicle of Food And Goods" says:
The well is salt, known as Yi, Zi, 夔, Li, and the four roads. ...... Three prisons, twenty wells, and eighty-four thousand eight hundred and eighty stones.
Therefore, Daning Prison is one of the three prisons on Chuzhou Road.
(3) Huai salt Huainan produces a lot of salt, so the scope of marketing is also very wide. The History of Song, vol. 182, Chronicles of Food And Goods, says:
It is in Huainan, Chuzhou Yancheng Supervisor, with more than 417,000 stones; Tongzhou Fengli Prison, more than 489,000 stones; Qinzhou Hailing Prison, Rugao Cang, Xiaohaichang, more than 656,000 stones. Each gave Honshu and Huainan's Lu, He, Shu, Pu, Huangzhou, and Wuweijun, Jiangnan's JiangningFu, Xuan, Hong, Yuan, Ji, Jun, Jiang, Chi, Taiping, Rao, Xin, She, Fuzhou, Guangde, Linjiangjun, the two Zhejiang's Chang, Run, Hu, and Muzhou, Jinghu's Jianglingfu, An, Fu, Tan, Ding, Yue, E, Heng, Yongzhou, and Hanyang Jun, Haizhou Banpu, Huize, and Luoyao, and the 477,000 stones of the Year; and the Lianshui Army Haikou Field, more than 115,000 stones. Each gave the Honshu Army and the Xuzhou of Jingdong, the Guangguang, Si, Hao, and Shouzhou of Huainan, and the Hangzhou, Suzhou, Hu, Chang, Runzhou, and Jiangyin armies of the two Zhejiang Provinces.
It can be seen that the marketing area of Huaiyan, in addition to the two Huai, includes Jiangnan and Jinghu roads, as well as part of The West Beijing and the two Zhejiang Provinces. The marketing area of Huai salt is so large, the quantity transported from the production site is so large, and the scale of water and land transport, especially waterways, is of course very large. The officials in charge of this kind of transportation, from the transfer envoys down to the gang officials, all took the opportunity to sell smuggled salt or smuggle official salt. "Song Hui Yao · Officials" 64 years of celebration of the fourth year of the calendar:
On August 3, the former Huainan Road transit envoy Si Xun Lang Zhongzhang Kejiu (保) Xinjun Jiedu deputy envoy. Sit in the smuggling salt department also.
Volume 151 of the Continuation of the Commentary also contains this matter:
Si Xun Lang Zhongzhang Kejiu was responsible for appointing BaoXin Jiedu as the deputy envoy. Before sitting for the Huainan transport envoy, selling more than 10,000 pounds of salt in the ministry also. Inspector Yushi Bao was not convicted of seeing the two convictions of jin and jin, and was specially re-arranged outside the law to be a police officer, so he had a fate.
This is an example of the transshipment of smuggled salt. As for the smuggling and sale of official salt by the Gang officials, the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 182, "Chronicle of Food and Goods", says:
In the second year of the Ming Dynasty, the Counselor Wang Sui suggested: "Huainan Yanchu was very good. From Tong, Tai, and Chu to Zhenzhou, and from Zhenzhou to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jinghu, Gang officials invaded the pirates and sold fish, thus mixing with sand. The farther you go, the more inedible the evil is. The pawn sits on the whip, and the disciples are matched one after another, and there is no way to stop. ......”
Li Qian's "Collected Writings of Mr. Zhizhi" Volume 16 "The Ninth Rich Country Policy" also yun:
Those who are now counties are also counties in the past; and those who have a hukou are multiplied. And if there is less benefit, why should the salt benefit stagnate? It is a conspiracy to get into the ear. When the salt comes, the far away is beyond the rivers and lakes, the years are in the waves, and the moon is in the wind. The near ones are also hundreds of miles, Wei Di Wei, Su Ye Ying Yan. The poor of the army, the cunning of the officials, the family, the food, the private sale of a few and enough other things, the consolidation of its constants. If you are in a position, the person who raises his hand will privately sell a few of them and be enough for other things. The carefree male salt often loses half of it and half of it.
Among them, regarding the private salt industry of the salt gang officials who were transported to Jiangnan West Road, Wang Gong's "Smell and Seeing Recent Records" also said:
Jiangxi Old Caoyan to the prefecture, There is Yu Xi lost to the official. Boats are attached to the smuggled salt along the river. Having exhausted it, it has stolen official property. The salt is exhausted, the chiseled boat sinks, and the feng shui is claimed. Three-fourths of ten are lost at every age. And the theft of prison pro private goods to the law, pillow through the city.
In addition to transport officials, those who worked as officials in the huai salt production areas also privately owned the salt industry. "Song Hui Yao · Official" 73 years of the first year of the New Year:
On April 27, Huaidong raised Chen Zhizhi... Let it go. ...... The salt merchants who stole the officials and caused damage to the ministers went to the river and got money to buy goods into Shu.
Officials in the places where Huai salt is sold also often sell Huai salt privately. On Jinghu North Road, the Song Hui Wants to Be An Official, 72 years chunxi nine years:
On May 15, Zhao Shante, the Great Master of Zhiyue Prefecture, demoted an official and released him. Impeached by Cao Chen... Buying customer salt, doubling the market price, all belong to the county, so there is a fate.
The "guest salt" mentioned here refers to Huai salt. Because the "Food Chronicle" quoted above said that Yuezhou in Jinghu Lake is one of the marketing places of Huai salt. And the "Continuation of the Long Edition of the Tong" volume 18 contains the second year of the Taiping Revival:
The Right Qianniu Wei general Dong Jiye, former Zhichen Prefecture, smuggled salt to the people, the pound is a cloth horse, the salt stops twelve two, and the cloth is forty feet. The people are very bitter, and there are those who complain about it. The Lower Imperial Prison is real. Therefore, he blamed Jiye as the general of the headquarters.
The salt smuggled by Dong Jiye in Zhichen Prefecture is also Huai salt. Although the "Food Chronicle" quoted above does not say that Huai salt is supplied to Chenzhou, it does say that it is supplied to most of Jinghu. By analogy, the remaining small parts of the place, such as Chenzhou, although it is not mentioned, are actually the marketing places of Huai salt. Because during the Northern Song Dynasty, the salt in all parts of Jinghu Lake was nowhere else to be given except huainan. Of course, Guangxi Salt (because of the salt-producing Lianzhou, in the Song Dynasty belonged to Guangnan West Road. See History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 90, Geographical Records. Also went there to market, but this was only during the Southern Song Dynasty. "Lingwai Answer" Volume 5 Clouds:
When Yang Mo disturbed the cave court, Huai salt did not pass through the lake and Hunan, so Guangxi salt was able to cross the boundary. Sold for 80,000 taels at the age of one, each with 100 catties.
In addition, in the two Zhejiang Road, "Song Hui Wants to Be An Official" Seven Three Clouds:
On the ninth day of the third year of Shao Xi, Chen Xu was demoted to two officials by the Xupu Water Army of Pingjiang Province, and Yang Zizhan was trained for three years. With the military commander Yan Xu and other guan borrowing official money, the general Dong Duan and others sold smuggled salt outside, so they had a fate.
On the 21st day of the second year of the Qingyuan Dynasty, Feng Jianfang, the deputy commander of Xupu's former water army in front of the Sword Emperor, was dismissed.
With the words of his ministers, he went out of his own army, had no courage, and served many water troops to sell salt goods, greedy and lawless, and corrupted the military and government.
According to the History of the Song Dynasty, Vol. 88, Geographical Records:
Pingjiang Province, Wang, Wu County. Taiping Rejuvenated the Country for three years, changed to Pingjiang Army Festival, this Suzhou. Masaharu was promoted to the rank of government for three years. At the beginning of Shaoxing, Xu Pujun was restrained.
The "Chronicle of Food Goods" quoted above once said that Huai salt was supplied to Suzhou, and Pingjiang Province was just a name changed from Suzhou, so the salt sold privately by the Xupu Water Army Commandery and the Vice Capital Commandery of Pingjiang Province was Huai Salt.
(4) Zhejiang Yan's "Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan" 72 Years Chun Xi November 12:
On the fourteenth day, Xiong Ke of Zhitai Prefecture was released. With Zhejiang Dong's execution of Zhao Gongshuo and the elevation of Changping Yuefu Sooke, he connived at the military to steal and sell salt... Therefore there is fate.
And "Official" 73 years Shao Xi 3 August:
On the eighteenth day, Yicheng County, the former Governor of Xiangyang Province, ordered the holding of the service money to be reduced by two capitals, and waited for the service of The Day and the Yuanxiao Supervisor to be sent. Living on the rooftop, Loan Rice Valley and the deserter Zhou Nian were second-class, and ordered each of them to hold a murder weapon and escort the private salt and hide it in his home. Captured for the county lieutenant. This road mentions Huang Tang's words. Therefore there is fate.
This matter is also found in Lou Key's "Attack on the Collection" volume 34 "From the Political Lang Qian Ti Down Two Capitals Waiting for the Service of The Day and the Yuanxiao Prison Dang":
Edict Officer: The fine people are engaged in boiling the sea, and the smugglers are forbidden or unavoidable. Ershi to Yi Ling, and Fang to mourn, the messenger lian, called Er the abyss of escape, Ho Ya? Cut off the second order, and the final system is final. Chao Xiang Twilight degraded, its still words.
According to the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 88, Geographical Records, Tiantai was a county in Taizhou. According to the same book volume 182 "Food Goods", Taizhou is one of the salt producing areas in Zhejiang:
In the two Zhejiang, it is known that... Taizhou Huangyan Prison, more than 15,000 stones.
The above is the situation of officials smuggling Zhejiang salt in Taizhou. In addition, the Song Hui Wants officials to take the opportunity to smuggle Zhejiang Yanyun when they are out on business:
(June 3, Shao Xi) On the twenty-fifth day, Zhaowen Prefecture sentenced Fu Yi... Demote an official and let it go. Yi was sent to Chuzhou for interrogation, and the people he brought with him were from selling smuggled salt, and Fu Yi did not restrain him at all, because he was captured and killed. ...... Therefore there is fate.
According to the "History of Song" volume 182 "Food Goods Chronicle" Cloud:
Wenzhou Tianfu North and South Prison, Mi Parrot, Yongjia Two Fields, more than 74,000 stones. ...... To give to Honshu and Yue, Chu, Qu, Wuzhou.
It can be seen that Wenzhou is the production area of Zhejiang salt, and Chuzhou is the marketing place. When Fu Yi and his attaché were on official business from Wenzhou to Chuzhou, they happened to be trafficking in smuggled salt for profit.
(5) The salt of Guangdong and Guangdong is mainly produced in Guangzhou and Lianzhou. The History of Song vol. 183 "Chronicles of Food Goods" Yun:
Thirteen games in Guangzhou, such as Dongzheng and Jingkang, with more than 24,000 stones... Lianzhou Baishi and Shi Kang two fields, aged 30,000 stones.
Most of the officials in these two places were private salt farmers. ditto:
In the first year of Baoqing, he took the Guangzhou Pacification Division Water Army as a merchant (selling salt - the author), dismissed his commander Yin Chun, ruled Over Huang Shou, and demoted one official each.
This is about the Guangzhou side. As for Lianzhou, the Song Hui Wants to Be an Official, In December of the sixteenth year of Chunxi in the 72nd year:
Thirty days, Zhao Zhi LianZhou Huang Wanqing... Let it go... Specially demoted two officers. The courtiers are greedy and greedy, specializing in harsh work, illegally selling salt and pearl mining, which is particularly harmful to the people... Therefore there is fate.
In addition, in various parts of Guangdong, officials also privately owned the salt industry. "Song HuiJiao Official" 73 years Shao Xi five years of the first month:
On the twenty-ninth day, Zhaohe Prefecture sentenced Zhang Shi... Let it go... Never be sent with a close friend. Selling official salt in the words of courtiers, and... So also.
And "Official" Seven Four Clouds:
On November 17, Xiu Wu Lang zhi Wan'an Jun Zhang Zhuan demoted an official and released him. Played by the Guangxi Jingluosi... Ke Pei Min Ding sold salt in his mouth and planned the remaining profits to return to his private money.
(Jiading 5th Year 5, May 30) Zhigao Prefecture Huang Feng chased the three officials, and shui was not allowed to be sent with the people. First of all, the right is the right right speech Dong Juyiyan ... Even if Guangxi Tijing Cui repeated it, Fengzhi County died, and the main customer paid money to buy salt and sold it for profit. Therefore there is fate.
D. Private ownership of the liquor industry
The custom of the private liquor industry of the Officials of the Northern Song Dynasty was most at stake during the reign of Emperor Renzong. The History of the Song Dynasty 320 "Biography of Lü Zhuo" says:
Migrated to the German army. ...... Extravagant and extravagant, Jane ignored things. The operation with both makes Li Ginseng incompetent. Also sentenced to flow inner quan. He was impeached for borrowing official koji as wine, trading with private goods to Hedong, and receiving illegal gifts. Under the matter of Dali, the discussion did not taste. And the foreign court is in turmoil, saying that there is a capital offense. Emperor Renzong knew that he was too light. But derogatory to the knowledge and state.
And "Song Hui Wants to Be An Official" in June 65 Jiayou 3rd year March:
On the twenty-first day, the Punishment Department Langzhong Zhilong Tuge Zhiyan Prefecture Wang Kui chased an official and stopped; the official Wai Lang tong sentenced Ma to redeem copper and commuted to a small punishment. Hatsukui used public candles and ink to be an important official, and... Ma pre-empted the lawsuit. And the pre-purchase is also in the ministry with the wine obtained by the mane, so it sits with it.
It is also mentioned that the aforementioned imperial attendant Yushi Wang ordered his son to privately carry out the liquor industry, which is also a current affair of Emperor Renzong. In addition, there are also records of officials selling liquor privately during the reign of Emperor Zhezong. "Luan ChengJi" volume 36 "On the Five Evils of Shu Tea" Yun:
Lu Shimin moved from Chengdu to Yongxing last year, and still took supplies from Chengdu, and there were Yang Rixin people in the government who sold liquor for him. By the middle of December, Shi Min felt illegal, and used Yongxing to supply yongxing from the beginning to Chengdu. He sold liquor before his illegal mission, and asked Chengdu to provide more, that is, he did not wake up. He was greedy and shameless, and as far as he was concerned, he begged the officials to do what he sent.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the private liquor industry of officials was even more popular. Yu Wenbao's "Record of Blowing Swords" says that the highest financial officer at that time opened a liquor store:
Emperor Gaozong dreamed of being good at financial management, in addition to senior government temple studies, but also to receive financial uses. Zhu Shengfei:. In the past, Zhang Wu did this, as for setting up his own liquor store. No one else. ”
Book 363 of the History of Song says that Zhang Yi:
Jianyan changed his name to Hubu Shangshu. In addition to the affairs of the Privy Council, he was also the deputy envoy of the Imperial Camp. (Biography)
And the "Chicken Rib Compilation" volume down said that the main general at that time, Zhang Jun:
The yingdi house gallery is called the Taiping Building. All are military soldiers. The crowd rumored: "There is no reason in the Zhangjiazhai, so that he spends his legs to lift stones." The Second Saint Judas could not save himself, and he built the Taiping Building. ”
This was all the case at that time. As for the localities, from Huaishui in the north to Guangdong in the south, the officials were also private liquor industries. "Song Hui Zhi Zhi Guan" 72 Years Chun Xi 5 May:
On the eighteenth day, Zhang Shiyuan, deputy envoy of Huaixi, and Ding Fengfeng, the zhi'an Fengjun, were released. Speaking of shiyuan as a tenant... Whenever a person is sent over the Huai wine, the sins of the two are uncountable, so they both stop.
And "Official" seven or three years to celebrate the first year of the new year:
On December 3, Guangdong Yun sentenced Xu Wei to death. According to the right-hand man Liu Dexiu, the Mian Li Dynasty thought it was strange, and when it was outside, it was greedy, and at home, it allowed its children to sell their private debts, and when it came to political affairs, it took bribes.
The private liquor industry of southern Song Dynasty officials has two major characteristics:
(1) Using public rice and wheat as raw materials to make liquor, the profits from the sale go to people's private pockets. For example, Zhu Xi's "According to the Third Form of Tang Zhongyou" (Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection, vol. 18) Yun:
The Minister Ku was not allowed to sell alcohol. The fate of the converted people, together with some small supply money. Since the arrival of Zhongyou (Zhitaizhou Tang), in this name, the public treasury has sold more than 180 pieces of raw wine every day, and the number of boiled wine is also as much. One day and at a rate of three hundred, nine thousand in January, and more than 100,000 in a year. The wine he made, of the genus of rice and wheat, was not taken from the warehouse, and the interest money he received was not attached to the minister's calendar, and it was entered into his own.
Some officials even stole public liquor to sell. "Song Hui Wanting officials" 73 years Shao Xi 2 June:
On the twenty-second day, zhaoquan sent Wanliangyun of Lizhou to release it. Uncle Xue seemed to sell public treasury liquor in this way, but did not enter the scripture system, privately stole military food, carved and stripped soldiers, and greedily impregnated the old man.
(2) Private liquor can be tax-free, the cost is cheaper, and the price sold is also cheap. Legal — taxable — liquor is expensive because of its heavy cost. The two meet, and the latter sells badly, or even is completely knocked down. As a result, the amount of alcohol was greatly affected, and the loss was very profitable. "Song HuiJiao Official" 41 Years Shao Xi 5 December:
On the ninth day, Zheng Xun, the commander-in-chief of Huaixi, said: "The post of the commander-in-chief is only in dispatching grain and pay, inspecting the military and government." In the eighth year of Qiandao, the general commander Zhou was sullen and wanted to make a profit, so he began to beg the liquor class of the various divisions and returned to the headquarters, and managed to take advantage of the imperial court and the imperial court to net interest money of 300,000 yuan. In the following year, he also recognized the net interest money of 250,000 yuan, and added the tax money of Jiankang Province to 10,000 yuan, and the net interest money of 560,000 yuan was taken advantage of by the general management. Since the beginning of the merger, the imperial court has restrained Fang Xin, and the various divisions have refused to make liquor too many times, nor dare to sell it privately. For decades, the wines that the priests have made privately have grown in age. The wine that the original lifted in the city belonged to the general office, so the amount of tax lost was not very large. Later, it split into four or five, each with its own interests. Since the liquor class has been secretly divided, it has lost more than 200,000 yuan in net interest every year; it is often embezzled and exchanged for regular money, and it is not used as a business cover. Seeing that it has now invaded more than 440,000 yuan of regular money, it owes more than 830,000 yuan of pile management money to the imperial court. If you do not make a clear accusation based on the interests and stakes, turn backwards to see the wolf. Begging..."
And "Official" 72 said:
On the same day (September 27, 1966), Zhao Shankuo of Zhi'e Prefecture was released. With the general commander Zhou Siwu and the Caochen Chen Yanping saying Zhao Shankuo... Forced the auctioneers to sell private liquor, Benery money, and invaded the capital to teach the court.
Both of the above-mentioned acts of the officials in the private liquor industry are illegal. But the officials who do these things, because of the benefits, do not care about this much. They are interfered with, they are not particularly disobedient, and they are bullying. For example, in "Song HuiJiao Official", Chunxi 6 October 20072:
On the sixteenth, Zhou Ji of Xinzhi Ezhou was released. First of all, he took his own private boat and sold private liquor in Honshu, which was arrested by the liquor department's subordinates. He was extremely angry with his people, and he slandered them for robbery, and bandaged them to the dead. Dali Temple, in fact, first ordered the three officials to stop. It is wasted. Zhongshu Sheren Zheng Bingguan is not evil, and the more arbitrary he is, so he has a fate.
Another example is the second year of Jiatai in the seven third years of "The Official":
On December 29, Zhao Shicang, the official of the New Guozi Library, resigned from his new post. Zhang Ze, the attendant of the palace, said that if he lost the favor because of his private wine, he would want to win, and he would be strong and strong, and he would suppress the lawsuit.
In addition, the following two incidents are also examples of officials using political power to sell alcohol:
On the twenty-fourth day of the 24th year of Chunxi," Li Anguo, the attendant of the household department, was released. sit...... For the general commander of Huguang, even if his relatives and children bought wine in Zhuku, the generals of the entrusted soldiers sold out at a high price, and they occupied more and more... So also.
On the nineteenth day of the first month of the first year of Jiatai, Zhipeng Prefecture Shi Rongte demoted an official... Let it go. To allow Pengzhou to guard, to use relatives to pretend to ask for military food, traffic joints, and to sell smuggled goods... So also.