There is only one month left before the 2024 college entrance examination, and the children in the third year of high school study hard to actively meet the exam, with the end of the last large-scale mock exam around May Day in various cities in Fujian, the review of the third year of high school will also enter the final sprint stage
1. Chinese-style modernization
(1) Connotation: It is the socialist modernization under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and the effective combination of the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific reality and China's excellent traditional culture, and the creation of modernization with the common characteristics of the modernization of all countries and the modernization with Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions. High-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way and one of the essential requirements of Chinese-style modernization.
(2) Characteristics: The modernization of the mainland is the modernization of a huge population;
It is the modern era of common prosperity for all people;
It is the modernization of material civilization and spiritual civilization in harmony;
It is the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature;
It is modernization that follows the path of peaceful development.
2. High-quality development is a development that can well meet the people's growing needs for a better life, a development that embodies the new development concept, a development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous feature, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only way, and sharing becomes the fundamental purpose
3. The unified national market refers to the reduction of logistics costs, which can make China's economy lighter and more dynamic. At the same time, the construction of a unified national market will also stimulate consumption and give better play to the leading role of consumption in economic development.
4. Decentralization, decentralization and decentralization refer to the abbreviation of streamlining administration and delegating power, combining decentralization and decentralization, and optimizing services.
"Decentralization" means streamlining administration and delegating power, and lowering the entry threshold".
"Management" means fair supervision and promotion of fair competition".
"Service" means efficient service and create a convenient environment.
5. Monetary policy, also known as financial policy, refers to the general term for the various guidelines, policies and measures adopted by the central bank to control and regulate the money supply and credit in order to achieve its specific economic goals.
The essence is that the state adopts different policy tendencies such as "tight", "loose" or "moderate" in the supply of money according to the economic development situation in different periods.
6. Reserve Requirement Ratio: Deposit reserve refers to the deposit reserve ratio prepared by financial institutions to ensure the needs of customers to withdraw deposits and liquidate funds, which is deposited with the central bank, and the proportion of the deposit reserve required by the central bank to its total deposits is the deposit reserve ratio.
7. Targeted RRR cut is an adjustment of the central bank's monetary policy for a certain financial sector or financial industry, with the aim of reducing the reserve requirement ratio.
8. De-globalization refers to the fierce populist sentiment that has aroused them, making them more inclined to set up new restrictions and barriers to the world economy and international trade in order to prioritize their own self-interest.
9. A listed company refers to a company limited by shares whose shares are publicly offered and listed on the stock exchange with the approval of the State Council or the securities administration department authorized by the State Council.
10. Strategic emerging industries are industries that are based on major technological breakthroughs and major development needs, have a major leading role in the overall and long-term development of the economy and society, are knowledge- and technology-intensive, consume less material resources, have great growth potential, and have good comprehensive benefits.
11. Industrial upgrading is to improve the production factors, change the structure, improve production efficiency and product quality, and upgrade the industrial chain to increase the added value of products.
12. Product structure: the proportion of each component of social products and the sum of their interrelationships. It can reflect the nature and level of social production, the use of resources, and the extent to which social needs are met. Macrologically speaking, it refers to the composition of various types of products in a country or a region in the national economy, and micrologically speaking, it refers to the proportional relationship between various types of products in the products produced by an enterprise.
13. Central enterprises refer to the Central People's Government (State Council) or entrusted with the State-owned assets supervision and administration agency to exercise the responsibilities of investors, the leadership of the central government directly managed or entrusted to the Central Organization Department, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission or other central ministries (associations) to manage the wholly state-owned or state-controlled enterprises.
14. The negative list system for market access refers to a series of institutional arrangements for the State Council to clearly list the industries, fields, and businesses that are prohibited or restricted from investment and operation within the territory of the People's Republic of China in the form of a list, and all levels of government are to adopt corresponding management measures in accordance with law.
15. Effective supply refers to the supply that is compatible with consumer demand and consumption capacity, that is, the balance between supply and demand of products.
16. To expand domestic demand, it is necessary to activate the investment market through the issuance of treasury bonds and other active fiscal and monetary policies, and to activate the consumer market through credit and other economic levers, so as to stimulate economic growth.
17. Rigid demand refers to demand that is less affected by price in the supply and demand relationship of commodities. When rigid demand is destroyed by commodities that rise too fast, this rigid demand becomes elastic demand.
18. Enterprise income tax is a kind of income tax levied on the production and operation income and other income of enterprises and other organizations that obtain income within the mainland.
19. Value-added tax is a turnover tax levied on the basis of the value-added amount generated by goods (including taxable services) in the process of circulation.
20. Management effectiveness refers to the comprehensive reflection of the management department's ability to achieve management objectives and the management efficiency, effectiveness and benefits obtained.
21. Reform of the economic system refers to the reform of the national economic management system and management mode that is not suited to the development of the social productive forces in accordance with the requirements of the objective law that the relations of production must be adapted to the nature of the productive forces.
22. Supply-side structural reform is to start from improving the quality of supply, use reform methods to promote structural adjustment, correct distortions in the allocation of factors, expand effective supply, improve the adaptability and flexibility of the supply structure to changes in demand, improve total factor productivity, better meet the needs of the broad masses of the people, and promote sustained and healthy economic and social development.
23. Intellectual property rights, also known as "intellectual property rights", refer to "the exclusive rights enjoyed by the right holder in accordance with the law for the results created by its intellectual labor and the marks and reputations in its business activities", which are generally only valid for a limited period of time. Intellectual creations such as inventions, designs, literary and artistic works, as well as signs, names, and images used in commerce, can be considered intellectual property owned by an individual or organization.
24. The right to equal employment has three meanings:
First, all citizens have equal rights and qualifications for employment;
Second, when applying for a certain position, all citizens must participate in the competition on an equal footing, and no one shall enjoy privileges or discriminate against anyone;
Third, equality is not the same as equality.
25. Global value chain refers to the global cross-enterprise network organization that connects the production, sales, recycling and other processes to realize the value of goods or services, from the procurement and transportation of raw materials, the production and distribution of semi-finished and finished products, to final consumption and recycling. Including all participants, the organization of production and sales activities, and the distribution of value and profits, companies currently scattered around the world are engaged in various value-added activities such as design, product development, manufacturing, marketing, delivery, consumption, after-sales service, and final recycling.
26. The business environment refers to the sum of relevant external factors and conditions such as the government affairs environment, market environment, rule of law environment, and human environment involved in the process of market entities' access, production and operation, and exit.
27. The consumer price index is referred to as CPI, which is a relative number that measures the price level of a group of representative consumer goods and services over time in a specific period of time, and is used to reflect the changes in the price level of consumer goods and services purchased by households, and is a coefficient of change in the retail price of goods and services in a month.
28. Consumption upgrading generally refers to the upgrading of the consumption structure, which is the structural upgrading and level improvement of various types of consumption expenditure in the total consumption expenditure, which directly reflects the level and development trend of consumption.
29. Green economy is a new economic form that is market-oriented, based on the traditional industrial economy, and developed for the purpose of harmony between the economy and the environment, and is a state of development that the industrial economy produces and manifests itself in order to meet the needs of human environmental protection and health.
30. Cost performance is the ratio of the performance value of the commodity to the price value, which is a quantitative measurement method that reflects the degree of buyability of the item. The full name of cost performance is the performance-price ratio, which is a proportional relationship between performance and price, and the specific formula is: cost performance = performance/price.
31. The price mechanism is the basic mechanism in the market mechanism. The so-called price mechanism refers to the formation and operation mechanism of market prices that are interrelated with supply and demand and mutually restricted in the process of competition.
32. The RMB exchange rate represents the external value of the RMB, which is formulated and adjusted by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the basis of the principle of independence and uniformity, with reference to the comparative level of domestic and foreign prices and the fluctuation of the exchange rate in the international financial market, and is announced to the domestic and foreign countries on a daily basis.
33. The balance of payments surplus is also known as the "balance of payments surplus". The difference between a country's total foreign economic transactions and total expenditures over a given period of time (usually one year).
34. Trade in services refers to the trade of legal persons or natural persons of a country providing services to legal persons or natural persons of foreign countries within its territory or entering the territory of other countries.
35. Customs duties are the taxes levied by the customs set up by the government on the exporters when the imported export goods pass through the customs territory of a country.
36. Anti-dumping refers to the measures taken to resist the dumping of foreign goods in the domestic market. Generally speaking, in addition to the general import duty, a surcharge is imposed on the dumped foreign goods so that they cannot be sold cheaply, and such additional duties are called "anti-dumping duties".
37. Financial inclusion refers to the provision of appropriate and effective financial services at affordable costs to all segments of society and groups in need of financial services, based on the requirements of equal opportunity and the principle of business sustainability.
38.The STAR Market was announced at the opening ceremony of the first China International Import Expo on November 5, 2018, and is a new board independent of the existing Main Board market, and a registration-based pilot will be carried out in this board. The establishment of the Science and Technology Innovation Board and the pilot registration system is a major reform measure of the capital market to enhance the ability to serve scientific and technological innovation enterprises, enhance market inclusiveness, and strengthen market functions.
39.A free trade agreement is a legally binding contract between two or more countries aimed at promoting economic integration, one of the objectives of which is to remove barriers to trade and allow the free movement of goods and services between countries. The trade barriers referred to here may be tariffs, or they may be complicated rules, and so on.
40. The international trading system is a dual structure system composed of developed and developing countries, with developed countries controlling technology-intensive industries and liberalizing labor-intensive industries to obtain trade gains of more than 15 per cent of their GDP through price scissors differentials.
41. Pilot Free Trade Zones (FTZs) refer to trade arrangements that are more favourable than the relevant provisions of the WTO in terms of trade and investment.
42. The Center for China and Globalization (CCG) is a leading international think tank in China, adhering to the professional positioning of "internationalization, influence and constructiveness", adhering to the principle of "making suggestions for China with a global vision, and providing advice for China with a global vision", and is committed to the research of China's globalization strategy, talent internationalization and enterprise internationalization.
44. Specialized, refined, special and new small and medium-sized enterprises refer to small and medium-sized enterprises that have the four advantages of "specialization, refinement, specialization, and novelty". It is an important force to promote innovation, promote employment and improve people's livelihood, and focus on key technologies. Promoting specialized, special and new small and medium-sized enterprises lies in creating a good business environment.
45. The upstream and downstream industrial chain, also known as the extended industrial chain, expands and extends an existing industrial chain to the upstream and downstream as much as possible. The extension of the industrial chain to the upstream generally makes the industrial chain enter the basic industry link and technology research and development link, and the downstream expansion enters the market expansion link. The essence of the industrial chain is the relationship between enterprises in different industries, and the relationship between supply and demand between enterprises in various industries.
46. The digital economy is an economic form in which human beings guide and realize the rapid optimal allocation and regeneration of resources and achieve high-quality economic development through the identification, selection, filtering, storage, and use of big data (digital knowledge and information).
47. Trade barriers are also known as trade barriers. The artificial restrictions set on foreign goods and services exchanges mainly refer to the various restrictive measures imposed by a country on the import of foreign goods and services.
48. Royalties are payments for the use of patents, trademarks, copyrights or similar proprietary rights owned by other economic units. It is a payment as a kind of property income, not a payment for the operation of goods.
49. A systemic financial crisis can be called a "full-scale financial crisis", which refers to the occurrence of serious chaos in major financial sectors, such as currency crises, banking crises, and external debt crises, at the same time or in succession. It tends to occur in market-oriented countries and regions where the financial economy, financial system, and financial assets are relatively prosperous, as well as in countries with serious deficits and foreign debts, and has a tremendous destructive effect on the development of the world economy.
50. A trade war refers to a series of retaliatory and counter-retaliatory measures arising from the fact that some countries restrict the entry of other countries' goods into their own markets by erecting high tariff and non-tariff barriers, while at the same time competing for foreign markets through dumping and foreign exchange devaluation.
51. Economic globalization refers to the trend of the global flow and allocation of goods, services, technology and capital, making the economies of various countries increasingly interdependent and interconnected
52.The Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China is a law enacted in accordance with the Constitution in order to further expand opening up, actively promote foreign investment, protect the lawful rights and interests of foreign investment, regulate the management of foreign investment, promote the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive opening up, and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.
53. Macroeconomics refers to the national economy at the macro level, including a country's total national economy, the composition of the national economy (mainly divided into GDP sectors and non-GDP sectors), the stage of industrial development and industrial structure, and the degree of economic development (human development index, social development index, social welfare index, and happiness index).
54. Microeconomics refers to individual economic activities, i.e., the economic activities of a single economic unit. It refers to individual enterprises, business units and their economic activities, such as the production, supply and marketing, and individual exchange prices of individual enterprises.
55. Downward pressure refers to the pressure brought about by the fall, which is the same as "upward pressure" in the news.
56. Fiscal policy is the basic norm formulated by the state to guide fiscal allocation activities and handle various fiscal distribution relations. It is a reflection of the will of the state in the objective financial distribution relationship. Under the conditions of a modern market economy, fiscal policy is also a tool for the state to intervene in the economy and achieve macroeconomic goals. Including fiscal expenditure and fiscal revenue, taxes, national debt, etc.
57. The "three new" economy is a collection of economic activities with new industries, new business forms, and new business models as the core content.
58. Economic weakness: refers to a slowdown in the rate of economic growth and a narrowing in the rate of growth.
59. The "new business model" is embodied in the integration of the Internet and industrial innovation, the integration of hardware into services, and the provision of one-stop services for consumption, entertainment, leisure, and services, which is an efficient and uniquely competitive business operation model.
60. The core of the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a whole, and it is necessary to take the core functions of the non-capital and solve the "big city disease" of Beijing as the basic starting point, adjust and optimize the urban layout and spatial structure, build a modern transportation network system, expand the ecological space of environmental capacity, promote industrial upgrading and transfer, promote the joint construction and sharing of public services, accelerate the process of market integration, build a modern new capital area, and strive to form the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with the same goal, integrated measures, and complementary advantages. A new pattern of mutually beneficial and win-win coordinated development.
61. "Releasing water for fish farming" refers to the fact that while the state implements the existing tax and fee reduction policies, it also strives to improve the tax system, study new tax and fee reduction measures, and further reduce the burden on enterprises.
62. The single economy refers to the business opportunities brought about by the single people who pay great attention to the quality of life and advocate a high-consumption life. In addition to the continued boom of single apartments and single packages, other industries have launched a "one-person economy" for single people.
63. The virtual economy includes not only the financial and real estate industries, but also the sports economy, the gambling industry, and the collection industry. The excessive development of the virtual economy will bring about a bubble economy.
64. Total factor productivity refers to the efficiency of production activities over a certain period of time. The growth rate of total factor productivity is often seen as an indicator of scientific and technological progress. Total factor productivity not only reflects the level of production technology, but also reflects the level of production efficiency, which means that not only can total factor productivity be improved through technological progress, but also through the reallocation of production factors, the allocation of production factors from low productivity to high productivity can be achieved to achieve total factor productivity.
65. The new quality of productive forces plays a leading role in innovation, breaking away from the traditional mode of economic growth and the path of development of productive forces, and has the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, and conforms to the quality of advanced productive forces in line with the new development concept.
(1) Scientific and technological innovation can give birth to new industries, new models and new kinetic energy, which is the core element of the development of new quality productivity.
(2) Strengthen scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, do a good job in tackling key core technologies, and cultivate new momentum for the development of new quality productivity.
(3) To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to continuously improve the development plan of strategic emerging industries and future industries, and cultivate a large number of strategic entrepreneurs who understand science and technology, capital, market and finance.
66. The low-altitude economy is a comprehensive economic form that relies on low-altitude airspace, takes all kinds of low-altitude flight activities of various manned and unmanned aircraft as the traction, and radiates and drives the integrated development of related fields.
Low-altitude airspace usually refers to the airspace within 1,000 meters from the vertical height of the ground, and expands to within 3,000 meters depending on regional characteristics and actual needs. Flying activities through various types of aircraft, such as consumer drones, industrial drones, eVTOLs, utility helicopters, etc., form the core of the low-altitude economy.
In 2024, the "low-altitude economy" will be written into the government work report for the first time. Scenarios such as tourism, emergency rescue, urban security, power inspection, land surveying and mapping, agriculture and forestry plant protection, and fire protection show a wide range of application prospects.
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