On the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month (September 12, 1269) of the fifth lunar calendar of the Southern Song Dynasty, Huang Gongwang was born in a poor family surnamed Lu in Ziyou Lane, Changshu County, Pingjiang Province (present-day Changshu City, Jiangsu Province). Ziyou famous Yan Yan, Confucius opened an altar in the country of Lu to give lectures, learners from all over the world came to visit, Wu Ren Yan Yan was not far north, became one of the ten best disciples under Confucius (Confucius Ten Philosophers), known as "Yanzi". After returning from school, Ziyou opened an altar lecture in his hometown of Changshu, and in order to commemorate him, posterity named the alley where he lived "Ziyou Lane".
That is to say, Huang Gongwang was born in the land of saints.
The Lu family named the child Lu Jian. Jian's original meaning is "hard land", "Lü's Spring and Autumn" has a saying, "the strong cultivate", extended to "tenacity", Wang Bo's "Autumn Denghong Province Tengwang Pavilion Farewell Order" wrote, "The old should be stronger, rather than know the heart of the white head; poor and strong, do not fall into the ambition of qingyun". Parents hope that Xiao Lu will become a strong person, like a pine in the snow, and not easily knocked down by setbacks and difficulties in life.
In 1279 (16th year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Southern Song Dynasty fell, his parents died one after another, and the 10-year-old Xiao Lujian was passed on by relatives to the Yongjia (present-day Wenzhou) Huang clan who lived in Yushan, Changshu. At that time, Old Master Huang was more than ninety years old, and he had been childless under his knees, and when he saw Lu Jian, he said, "Huang Gongwangzi has been long overdue." I've been waiting for your son for a long time. So he changed his name to Huang Gongwang, and the word was long.
The name Huang Gongwang comes from Jiang Ziya Taigongwang. When Jiang Ziya was fishing in Weishui, King Wen of Zhou went out on a tour to meet, the two of them talked very happily, King Wen of Zhou said happily, I have been expecting talents like you for a long time, and I did not expect to meet me. So Jiang Ziya was also called Taigong Wang.
Huang Gongwang lived a good and happy life for several years, reading and writing every day, playing the piano and painting, and at the age of 12, he took the county's "prodigy" exam and won the name of "prodigy". Unfortunately, Huang Taigong only looked at him for three years and then died. After The death of Huang Taigong, Huang Gongwang sold the inheritance left by his father, traveled in all directions, met many strangers in the rivers and lakes and hermits living in the mountains and forests, and increased a lot of insight, but also spent all the money.
In 1294, the 25-year-old Huang Gongwang was visited by Zhejiang Xilian to make Xu Yan a scribe, and was blamed by Xu Yan for wearing a Taoist costume, so he resigned, and Ji Ji ran to the home of the rich and powerful, got to know the great painter Zhao Mengfu, and left a poem that read, "When I saw the public waving, Song Xuezhai primary and secondary school students".
Huang Gongwang's painting level, which was instructed by a famous master, improved by leaps and bounds, and after three years of painstaking grinding, his paintings gradually entered a better state. In the year of his establishment, he began to paint. At the age of 33, he composed "Color landscape", at the age of 34, he composed "Deep Mountain Quwu Scroll", and at the age of 36, he composed "Ranger Map". 41 years old, Lin Li Sixun "Yuanyue QiuYunTu".
At the age of 43, Huang Gongwang met Zhang Lu of Pingzhang in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and was once again appointed as a scrivener. At the age of 46, Zhang Lu practiced the "experience of field grain" method in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and Huang Gongwang was responsible for managing the field grain affairs. The following year, Zhang Lu was sent by Emperor Yuanrenzong to be interrogated and punished for causing civil unrest because of his "greedy use of things" and "forced the death of nine people in Ku tian", and Huang Gongwang was imprisoned. Inspired by his friend Yang Zai's "endless disturbance in the world, life is like a dream and faint", and after his release from prison, he changed his name to "Big Fool". He lived in seclusion in Changshu Yushan, where he made a living selling fortunes and had frequent contacts with Daoist friends such as Zhang Sanfeng and Leng Qian.
Looking at the first half of Huang Gongwang's life, we find that his personality is extremely similar to Tao Yuanming. From the heart of the heart, they all don't want to become officials, they all want to be idle people in the mountains, "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the South Mountain", eating and drinking every day, leisurely wandering, chanting the wind and making the moon, composing poems and paintings, happy like gods. However, the reality is very cruel, as long as people live, they have to eat, and they are hungry and panicked if they do not eat. They all have wives and children, not singletons. Singles alone to eat enough for the whole family is not hungry, it is a big deal to cultivate in the valley, like Zhang Sanfeng and Leng Qian, who retreat for several months without going out, can also endure. But the wife and children are not deep, hungry and screaming, not going out of the mountains to earn money.
In the first half of his life, Tao Yuanming ran on his career path and did the work of his staff. In his fifties, he finally reached the county order, but he "did not want to bend his waist to the children in the township for five buckets of rice", put down the official seal and returned to the garden field, and picked up a hoe to become a farmer. Huang Gongwang was imprisoned because he was implicated by his superiors, and after this disaster, all his thoughts were gray, and he said that he was also old, his children were also old, he had no idea of going out of the mountain, and no one invited him out of the mountain, and the rest of the time could only be cultivating and painting.
In fact, this is the same as many retired elderly people who have nothing to do every day, play tai chi, practice calligraphy, learn to draw, lala erhu, fish, play chess, dance, play cards, sing and sing. The so-called "not for boring things, how to send an end to life." Always have to cultivate a hobby is not.
Therefore, we should not think of Tao Yuanming or Huang Gongwang as how tall they are, they are just a normal state of life. The difference is that Tao Yuanming's poems are well written and passed on to future generations; Huang Gongwang's paintings are good and have left their names throughout the ages. If their poetry and painting level is two knives, half a bottle is dissatisfied, even if no matter how fairy wind Dao bone, no matter how hidden, can they have such a big reputation in the future generations? There are many hermits of Tao Yuanming's contemporaries like carp across the river, and many people are much more completely hidden than him, how many have we heard of?
Therefore, the good poetry and good painting are the fundamental reasons why Tao Yuanming and Huang Gongwang became famous in the future generations, not that they "do not seek wealth and wealth", and the hermits do a good job.
At the age of 50, Huang Gongwang re-entered Zhao Mengfu to learn painting. Zhao Mengfu was born in 1254, 15 years older than Huang Gongwang. At that time, Lady Zhao Mengfu died of illness, and Zhao Mengfu's father and son escorted the coffin back to Wuxing. At this time, Zhao Mengfu was 65 years old, plagued by many diseases, and there were not many days to go. In the face of Huang Gongwang, who knew the year of heavenly destiny, Zhao Mengfu issued a sigh of "my way is not alone".
Zhao Mengfu was born in the royal family of the Zhao and Song dynasties, from an early age he was intelligent and studious, he never forgot to read, and after the death of the Song Dynasty, he lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests, with heroic talent and radiance, like a god among the gods. Later, he was called back by Kublai Khan and was deeply used by Kublai Khan. Because he was a clean and honest official, although he lived in a prominent and noble position, his family was poor, so he had to rely on selling calligraphy and paintings to collect polishing fees and talk about making up for himself.
Listening to Huang Gongwang's bumpy life, Zhao Mengfu sighed for a long time. He decided to train a master painter in his lifetime to pass on his paintings. Zhao Mengfu vigorously promotes "ancient meaning", and his landscape paintings not only integrate hook and slash and shade, Danqing and ink painting, heavy ink and heavy brush, shigu and innovation, and even Gao Yi's scholar-doctor atmosphere and scattered literati atmosphere, so that "wandering landscape" is transformed into "lyrical landscape"; but also makes the creation and freehand, poetry and calligraphy highly harmonized and harmonious in painting.
Huang Gongwang studied under Zhao Mengfu for three years and became a disciple of Zhao Mengfu until Zhao Mengfu died of illness. On the day of Zhao Mengfu's death, he still read books and wrote, talking and laughing as usual.
At the age of 60, Huang Gongwang joined the Quanzhen Sect. Quanzhen Dao was founded by King Chongyang of the Jin Dynasty, advocating the unity of the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, with the purpose of "the harmony of the three religions, the insight of the mind, and the perfection of their truth", and further implemented Lao Zhuang's idea of quiet and inaction into the teachings. In order to enlighten the Tao, Wang Chongyang built a "tomb of the living dead" under the Zhongnan Mountain, facing the wall for two years. Huang Gongwang, as a devout member of the Quanzhen Sect, of course, learned from him, and at the age of 70, he also settled down in ShauJi Spring in Hangzhou.
Shau Kei Spring is bordered by the Fuchun River, and its name comes from Mount Keiji. Because "the ridge resembles a basket (a kind of bamboo rice utensil, shaped like a dustpan." The belly (i.e., the anti-buckled basket), with a babbling mountain spring in between, hence the name".
People often see Huang Gongwang sitting in the thickets of barren mountains and rocks all day long, sitting for a day. It was like he had just come or gone, but he was sitting quietly, and he really didn't know what he was going to do. Sometimes, he would go to the beach to watch the wild waves, even if the wind and rain were heavy and wet, he didn't care. Only a man who really understands art will know what he is going to do, and unfortunately, there is a lack of such people around him.
Huang Gongwang beat a bottle of wine every day, lay on the stone steps by the lake, looked at the green mountains opposite, took a sip of a drink, and threw away the tile bottles after drinking, accumulating over time, piling up into a high pile. Whenever the moon was full, he came to the lake, took a boat alone, tied a clay bottle with a rope behind him, dragged it on the water, and followed the boat. After walking a large circle, when he reached the destination, he wanted to drink, so he took the bottle by the rope, but he did not expect that the rope was broken, and the tile bottle did not know where to go, he clapped his hands and laughed. The surrounding villagers did not know why the foothills of the mountain came from such a loud laughter on this moonlit night, and they all thought that the gods had come.
In ten years, his creation reached its peak. "Listening to the Spring Chart Axis", "Autumn Mountain Silence Map Axis", "Layer Mountain Xiao Color Map", "Tianchi Stone Wall Map", "Xishan Endless Picture Scroll", "Xiashan Map", "Autumn Forest Smoke Mist Map", "Shallow Landscape Map", "Floating Mountain Warm Green Map", "Layered Mountains and Mountains", "Mountain Village Mist Map", "Liushi Taoyuan", "Spring Forest Column", "Liutang Fishing Boat", "Taoxi Xianyin", "Tinglin Xiaoshan", "Pure Creek Guiliang", "Spring River Flower Wu", "Changlin Yisi", "Autumn River Fishing Tree", "Jiangshen Gaoge", "Frost Maple Return", "Autumn River Sail Shadow", "Liulang Fishing Song" , "Songpo Qingzhuang", "Deep in the Autumn Mountains", "Maple Forest Hanxiu", "Xige Songsheng", "Jiangshan Xiao Temple", "Yanlan Yunshu", "Snow Mountain Travel Thoughts", "Cloud Retreat", "Xishan Rain Intention", "Nancun Caotang Map", "Autumn Mountain Endless Map", "Wumen Autumn Color Map", "Wanli Yangtze River Map" and other famous works, just like the fountain water gushing out, and like the water of the Fuchun River gushing endlessly.
At the age of 80, Huang Gongwang was entrusted by a friend to start creating "Fuchun Mountain Jutu", which has been completed for four years and has not yet been completed. During this period, he also painted "Spring Mountain Distant Map", "Nine Peaks Snow Ji Map", "Autumn Water Map", "Chujiang Autumn Xiao Map Scroll", "Floating Lan Nuancui Chart Axis", "Autumn Mountain Hermitage Map", "Layer Rock Curve Stream Map", "Xishan Far-reaching Map Axis" and so on.
At the age of 85, the "Fuchun Mountain Residence Map" was completed.
At the age of 86, Huang Gongwang finished painting the last "Dongting Qifeng Map" in his life and rode a crane to ascend to the throne. According to his friend's recollection: One day, in Wulin (Hangzhou) Tiger Run (next to the spring), Fang Tongshuke stood on the stone, suddenly four mountains and clouds, overflowing with depression, and did not see Zijiu (Huang Gongwang) for a long time, thinking that the immortals had gone.
The master was gone, and the valley could only hear the echoes.
"Fuchun Mountain Jutu" has a lot of fate, and it has been handed over by many people, and I will not repeat it here.
More than 600 years later, Yu Qiuyu, a rare cultural master, wrote in his famous work "Compulsory Courses in Chinese Culture" that in the 1990s, he met a painter surnamed Li and told a legendary past.
One day, Mr. Li's teacher, Mr. Wu, was getting a haircut at the Nanjing Barber Shop on Nanjing Road in Shanghai, when an antique dealer followed the trail and mysteriously showed him a painting. Just a few inches away, Mr. Wu immediately jumped up from the barber chair and dragged the businessman to the house to get money, the haircut was only half cut, and he couldn't wait to finish it. He only looked at the brush and ink of the painting fragments to distinguish the authenticity.
This painting is "Fuchun Mountain Residence Map".
Yu Qiuyu said, why does "Fuchun Mountain Jutu" have such magic? Only because after the fall of the Song Dynasty, the court painting academy did not exist, and the Han painters in the south were relegated to the lowest level of society, far from the official, far away from the wealth, far away from the status, far away from the crowd, far away from attention. Lao Tzu said, "The movement of the anti-Tao", and it is precisely because of this that they have created independent selves, the whispers of life, the purity of ecology, the stretching of spirit, and the freedom of pen and ink.
Yu Qiuyu said that Huang Gongwang is a completely personal artist, he has no gang or faction, it is difficult to classify, he is a person who is "unclear in his place of origin, his surname is unknown, his workplace is mediocre, and he has been imprisoned for many years"; after he was released from prison, he did not find a decent profession, so he had to sell his fortune for a living, tossing the grass and the wilderness, living a commoner's life, and the habitual descriptions of outstanding artists in all traditional Chinese cultural circles, such as "family knowledgeable", "young and ambitious", "style and glory", "jealousy of career", "operation from time to time", etc., have nothing to do with him.
The Ming People commented that he was "a man of hundreds of worries, a family without the joy of bearing stones, a chivalrous Yan Zhao swordsman, a Jin and Song drunkard", angry, chivalrous, erudite, poor, good wine, in the eyes of the people of the time, he was still a little neurotic. But it was in the hands of Huang Gongwang that landscape painting became a representative of literati painting, and led literati painting and led the entire painting world.
He had no intention of becoming a milestone, but it really became a milestone, an isolated milestone, not only unprecedented, but also unprecedented.
Mr. Yu Qiuyu is a guardian and practitioner of Chinese culture. Thirty years ago, he published "Cultural Journey", which is still popular; twenty years ago, he traveled all over the country to find the roots of Chinese culture, wrote "Book of Mountains and Rivers", Luoyang paper is expensive; now, he has spent a year to comprehensively popularize Chinese traditional culture, and the number of listeners has exceeded 60 million.
Reading this book is equivalent to taking six university special cultural courses, reading ten 200,000-word cultural monographs, appreciating 30 aesthetic miracles that shine for a thousand years, and mastering 100 keywords to crack cultural genes.
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