A brief discussion on the impact of the rights of the Peruvian aristocracy on the people in the 18th century
The 18th century was an important stage in the transformation of Peruvian society. The aristocracy played an important role in the political system of the late 18th century. They were able to control to a certain extent the socio-economic, and even political power of the time. At the same time, they were able to change the social structure of Peru at the time by various means.
In the late 18th century, Peruvian life changed dramatically. With economic prosperity, the middle class, the increase in the urban population, and the advancement of urbanization and industrialization, Peruvians engaged in more diverse activities during this period. A large influx of new immigrants has brought with them a different lifestyle than previous generations of immigrants.
Peruvian society also faced a crucial question during this period: whether the growing middle class would create a society without aristocratic rule but more dependent on government and the market.
The division of "indigenous" and "indigenous"
"Indigenous people" refers to those indigenous people living in eastern Peru. "Indigenous" refers to the people living in the area south of Lima, who are descendants of indigenous people who live in the mountains of the west and north.
In the 18th century, Peru adopted a very liberal attitude towards immigration, which can be seen in many ways. However, the Peruvian aristocracy was hostile to the "indigenous", especially towards those living and living north of Lima.
Since the 18th century, the Peruvian aristocracy has been opposed to immigrants entering the area north of Lima. Many aristocrats believed that immigration was one of the most dangerous factors in Peruvian society, since these people did not have the customs, traditions and language skills of the Indians.
The contradiction between the rights of the nobility and the people
The contradictions between the nobility and the people are multifaceted, including economic and political contradictions.
The Peruvian aristocracy enjoyed political supremacy, controlling the politative, legislature and judiciary of Peru and establishing a military police system. They use the power in their hands to carry out various privileged activities for their own benefit.
The biggest contradiction between the aristocracy and the people during this period was the land issue, which was also the focus of the contradiction between the two social classes. Peruvian land consists of two parts, state land and private land.
Since Peru was in the Spanish colonial period, Peruvian state-owned land is mainly divided into three types:
1. State-owned wasteland: refers to the "wilderness" area in Peru, which is mostly owned by the nobility;
2. State-owned woodland: refers to woodland owned by nobles who are located in the western region of Peru and have a special status in the region;
3. State-owned forests: refers to forests owned by nobles with special status distributed in eastern Peru.
Only part of this state-owned land is publicly owned and the rest is privately owned. In addition, there are public lands (such as airports) that have been sealed as private property because they are uninhabited.
Of these three types of land, only state-owned wasteland and state-owned forest land belong to the state monopoly; The remaining two types of state-owned land are privately owned.
But after the mid-18th century, as the population grew and urban agricultural economic development and commercial economic activity increased, it became increasingly difficult for these lands to meet their needs.
Because the nobility had social characteristics such as hereditary system, status hierarchy, and personal dependence, they all ruled these lands through hereditary and status hierarchy.
This led to an increasing number of contradictions and antagonisms between the nobility and the people. During this period, the oppression and exploitation of the people by the aristocracy was very serious. The Peruvian aristocracy controlled Peruvian society politically, economically, and culturally, and they had to feed not only themselves but also a large army and police.
conclusion
The aristocracy was the backbone of Peruvian politics, holding state power and occupying important positions in the country. The rights of the nobility have two sides, on the one hand, they play an active role in the political life of the country, and on the other hand, they bring many problems.
The excessive power of the aristocracy led to the concentration of political power in a small number of people, and the people were in a position of suppression. The attitude of the Peruvian population towards the rights of the nobility is ambivalent, on the one hand, they hope that the aristocratic power will restrain themselves, but on the other hand, they hope that the aristocratic power can bring them well-being. This contradiction has persisted throughout Peruvian history.
From the 18th century onwards, Peruvian politics entered a new phase – the era of "popular election". From the perspective of the people, the rights of the nobility under the elected system affect their own life and production; From the perspective of the nobility, the rights of the nobility provide guarantees and opportunities for their own interests. As people become more dependent on political power, they gradually realize the importance of having political power.
On the basis of the contradictions between the people and the aristocracy, they formed a reflection on this relationship of power and interest - how to limit and regulate their rights in the era of popular elections became an important topic. From the perspective of the people, they gradually realized that the development of the country should be people-oriented; From the perspective of the aristocracy, they recognized that although they had state power, they were also limited accordingly.
But neither the populace nor the aristocracy could really solve their own problems – because there was a natural contradiction between the two. At this time, the Peruvian government realized the problems behind this contradiction - too much power, unsupervised power, etc., so it began to seek a reform path. In this process, there are both "top-down" and "bottom-up" reform paths.
In the end, the Peruvian government proposed measures to limit the power of the nobility, protect the rights and interests of the people, and strengthen the supervision of the government, which alleviated the contradictions between the people and the nobility to a certain extent.
