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Vehicle-road synergy is expected to land on a large scale in China in 2030, and it is roughly estimated that the domestic market will reach trillions. Intelligent network V2X is the core, and 5G deployment further accelerates commercial landing. On the demand side, the automobile is the largest number of terminal equipment after the mobile phone, and the vehicle-road collaboration is expected to completely change the underlying logic of life, usher in the opportunity of the whole industry chain, and further enhance the profound changes in the whole society. On the supply side, the mainland leads the industry standard, the core patents and intellectual property rights are independently controllable, and it is recommended to continue to pay attention to the vehicle-road synergy track for a long time.
1 "Smart Cars" and "Smart Roads" work together
Promote the full implementation of intelligent driving
Autonomous driving means that vehicles mainly rely on artificial intelligence, visual computing, radar and global positioning and vehicle-road coordination and other technologies, so that the car has the ability of environment perception, path planning and autonomous control, which can allow the computer to autonomously control the vehicle and automatically and safely drive without any human intervention. Autonomous driving is the mainstream trend of the future development of the automobile industry, and countries are continuing to increase investment in technical research and industrialization. Autonomous driving has two major technical routes: bicycle intelligent autonomous driving (AD) and vehicle-road collaborative automatic driving (VICAD).
1.1 "Smart cars" have limited intelligence
1.1.1 Classification of intelligent driving bicycles
Bicycle intelligent automatic driving refers to the vehicle through the installation of sensors to detect and locate the environment of the vehicle, the vehicle on the sensor data analysis and processing after the behavior prediction and global path planning, local path planning and real-time action planning, determine the current and future running trajectory of the vehicle, and finally through human-computer interaction or vehicle automatic control and execution of the motor, throttle, brake and other machinery.
Bicycle autonomous driving is divided into six levels, and L2 is in the stage of large-scale commercial landing development. According to the national standard "Automobile Driving Automation Classification (Draft for Approval)" issued by the Chinese government, automatic driving is divided into L0-L5 with a total of 6 levels, of which L0 is emergency assistance, L1 is partial driving assistance, L2 is combined driving assistance, L3 is conditional automatic driving, L4 is highly automatic driving, and L5 is fully automatic driving. At present, the AD Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) is still the main force; L2 is in the stage of commercialization and development, and the market penetration rate of L2 intelligent networked passenger cars has reached 15% in 2020; L3, L4 and above level of automatic driving is still in the main test and regional demonstration, large-scale commercial landing takes longer.
1.1.2 High-level automatic driving
Mainly used in the TO B side
At this stage, high-level automatic driving is mainly used in the TO B-side. High-level autonomous driving R&D investment and commercialization verification are mainly concentrated in the application scenarios of limited areas such as smart parks/demonstration parks, ports, terminals, and parking lots, as well as subdivisions such as commercial vehicle logistics and automatic parking, and the needs of low-cost autonomous driving solutions and automatic driving simulation tests that can make up for real road test verification are highlighted. In May this year, the Beijing High-level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Zone issued the Implementation Rules for the Management of Unmanned Delivery Vehicles to explore innovations in the application of policies for specific scenarios. At the same time, it also issued road qualifications for the first batch of unmanned delivery vehicle companies, JD.com, Meituan and Neolithic.
At present, the primary problem faced by the landing of high-level automatic driving is safety. The Operational Design Domain (ODD) is an important means to ensure vehicle safety, but it is not conducive to the commercialization of autonomous driving on a large scale. ODD refers to the operating conditions set by the functions of the automatic driving system, including environmental, geographical and time limits, traffic flow and road characteristics. For example, arizona, Florida and other local governments in the United States also require self-driving cars to carry out autonomous driving tests and trial operations in a limited area. Other special scenarios in the normal operating environment may also lead to the occurrence of safety accidents, including the handling of extreme weather and special natural scenes such as rainy days and foggy days, the handling of road scenes such as opposite-sex traffic lights and road depressions, the handling problems of sudden scenes such as vehicle obstruction and visual blind spots in front of them, and other risks such as system errors.
High-grade autonomous vehicles are expensive to pay. At present, the hardware equipment of L4 autonomous vehicles generally includes: 6 to 12 cameras, 3 to 12 millimeter wave radars, less than 5 sets of lidar, and 1 to 2 sets of GNSS/IMU and 1 to 2 computing platforms, the hardware cost is too high, it is difficult to ensure the economy of the vehicle; In addition, the deployment of redundant sensor systems, high-precision maps, and corresponding software systems on the vehicle side also greatly increases the cost of autonomous vehicles.
Landing on high-level autonomous driving requires a trade-off between safety and economy. Bicycle intelligent automatic driving to achieve large-scale commercial landing, but also face safety, ODD restrictions and economics and other challenges and problems, in the current technical conditions, it is difficult to make a trade-off between economy and safety, high-level automatic driving full landing there are still certain difficulties.
1.2 The "Way of Wisdom" has a mediocre degree of wisdom
Intelligent Road (IR) is a multi-functional integrated road infrastructure system that can provide a large amount of global, real-time and a priori information, assist intelligent and Connected Vehicle (ICV) environmental awareness and instant communication, eliminate traffic safety and traffic congestion hazards, and make future road traffic systems safer, more efficient, environmentally friendly and comfortable.
Intelligent road grading planning. Tsinghua University's "Vehicle-Road Collaborative Autonomous Driving Requires High-Level Intelligent Roads" white paper evaluates the roads from six aspects: road auxiliary facilities, maps, collaborative perception and positioning, network communication capabilities, collaborative decision-making control capabilities, and safety and SOTIF system, and divides the roads into six levels, C0 to C5. At the end of 2020, China's total highway mileage of 5.1981 million kilometers, highway mileage of 161,000 kilometers, the number of highway mileage in the world first, to build such a huge highway system into an intelligent highway, the need for a reasonable construction planning and technical path, according to local planning road construction, to meet the road needs of different scenarios, different regions.
There are differences in the hardware facilities of different levels of intelligent highway systems. The hardware facilities of the intelligent highway system mainly include: road engineering and supporting facilities; Intelligent perception facilities (cameras, millimeter-wave radar, lidar, etc.); Roadside communication facilities (direct connection to wireless communication facilities, cellular mobile communication facilities); Compute control facilities (edge computing nodes, MECs, or cloud platforms at all levels); High-precision maps and auxiliary positioning facilities; Supporting auxiliary equipment such as power functions.
The architecture of the future intelligent highway will be a high-tech road complex integrating environmental awareness, planning decision-making, information interaction, automatic repair and other functions. Intelligent highway will perceive and collect the driving status and road conditions of vehicles in real time through roadside devices, and then realize the interconnection between various entities of intelligent highways through ubiquitous networks, and then use big data and cloud platform technology to dynamically communicate data, information mining and intelligent decision-making, etc., so as to provide comprehensive and efficient information services for vehicles, drivers, managers and other participants.
At present, domestic and foreign intelligent highways are in the initial stage of development. At this stage, the development of intelligent highways at home and abroad is in the process of building a prototype system for closed parks and developing key technological breakthroughs and core components, and some cities have started pilot work; As of 2019, the market size of the mainland intelligent highway industry is 56.6 billion yuan, and there is still a certain gap compared with the overall development of domestic highways, and the growth rate has remained at 10%-25% in recent years, mainly for closed parks and some pilot units.
1.3 Vehicle-to-road coordination
Vehicle-road collaboration is the use of advanced wireless communication and a new generation of Internet and other technologies, the comprehensive implementation of vehicle-to-car, vehicle-to-road, vehicle-to-person dynamic real-time information interaction, and on the basis of the collection and integration of dynamic traffic information in the whole time and space to carry out vehicle active safety control and road coordination management, fully realize the effective coordination of people and vehicles, ensure traffic safety, improve traffic efficiency, so as to form a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly road traffic system.
1) At this stage, vehicle-road coordination accelerates the commercial landing of autonomous driving. At present, the development of bicycle intelligent driving is backward, and the speed of smart highway construction is slow. Bicycle intelligent driving faces the constraints of the aforementioned economic and safety factors, especially the safety problems are difficult to completely solve; The laying of smart roads is relatively slow, and it takes a long time to achieve higher-grade roads. At this stage, the development of vehicle-road collaborative intelligent driving is both safe and economical, which can accelerate the commercial landing of automatic intelligent driving. L4 and L5 vehicles only need lower capacity roads to achieve, while L2 and L3 vehicles need smart roads with higher capabilities to support autonomous vehicles if they want to achieve large-scale commercialization.
2) Vehicle-road collaboration can essentially solve the technical bottleneck encountered by bicycle intelligent driving. Through information interaction and collaboration, collaborative perception and collaborative decision-making control, vehicle-road collaborative autonomous driving can greatly expand the perceptual range of bicycles, enhance the ability of perception, introduce new intelligent elements represented by high-dimensional data, and realize group intelligence. It can essentially solve the technical bottleneck encountered by the intelligent automatic driving of bicycles, improve the automatic driving ability, thereby ensuring the safety of automatic driving and expanding the automatic driving ODD.
A typical feature or connotation of VICAD compared to AD is that high-dimensional data brings new intelligence. Among them, the characteristics of intelligent elements represented by high-dimensional data are reflected in the high dimension of data, high dimension of computing power and high dimension of algorithms, and new intelligence is reflected in the transition from single intelligence to group intelligence. In addition, VICAD is different from bicycle intelligence in a new form of intelligence. BY introducing new intelligent elements, bringing high-dimensional data, and combining flexible computing power and algorithm mechanisms, VICAD realizes the development from individual intelligence to collaborative intelligence or swarm intelligence. ViCAD's new intelligence has essentially improved the ability of automatic driving, broken through the ceiling limitation of bicycle intelligence, and will greatly promote the development of automatic driving technology and the commercialization of scale.
In the future, the L5 car and the C5 road are the ultimate goal. It is expected that by 2025, VICAD will achieve large-scale commercialization in some pilot cities and highways. In cities, regions or highways with high-level smart roads, L2+ and above autonomous vehicles can continuously achieve unmanned autonomous driving on high-level smart roads, and in urban roads and highways at this stage, C4 and above high-grade intelligent road mileage accounts for 1%, and L2+ and above new cars account for 50% of the annual sales.
The state carries out top-level design from a policy perspective,
Demonstration areas and pilot areas are first
At the policy level, there is strong support, and the test demonstration area and pilot area are the first. Give full play to the superiority of socialism, the state competent departments make overall plans, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other departments jointly formulate industrial policies, accelerate the landing of coordinated intelligent driving on vehicles and roads, and promote the orderly development of the industry. Lead large companies to cooperate and other ways to accelerate technology research and development, and gradually complete the nationwide road infrastructure re-planning and upgrading.
2 Vehicle-to-road collaboration:
V2X is the core, 5G is the key
The overall architecture of vehicle-road collaboration is divided into "vehicle", "road", "network", "cloud" and "use". Front-end equipment such as bicycle side, road test equipment and vehicle road coordination equipment perceive the surrounding environment through sensor integration technology and upload it to the edge layer at the same time, after the V2X platform at the network end completes the interaction of various types of information, the cloud makes corresponding decisions through the analysis of the traffic brain and transmits them to the vehicle, and the intelligent car combines its own perception ability, decision-making ability, control ability and data information interaction ability to make reasonable decision-making decisions. "Use" refers to the specific terminal applications of intelligent automobile terminals, as well as support activities such as system operation and maintenance, network information security, etc.
2.1 V2X is the core of the vehicle-road collaborative network architecture
2.1.1V2X is the key to information perception, interaction, and decision-making
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is an integrated network that enables vehicles and the surrounding environment to coordinate and cooperate to achieve intelligent traffic management control, vehicle intelligent control and intelligent dynamic information services. V2X mainly includes vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V, car-car), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I, car-road), vehicle-to-network (V2N, car-cloud), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P, car-person). It mainly includes V2X services, vehicle-road collaboration strategy, traffic and network data acquisition push and edge computing (MEC) functions. Communicate with external traffic data platforms such as traffic big data platforms, traffic equipment management systems, vehicle enterprise networking platforms, traffic monitoring platforms, etc.
V2X includes the application layer, the network layer, and the perception layer. The perception layer is provided by automobile manufacturers, carries various information collection tasks, collects data through the software and hardware services provided by the middleware of the Internet of Vehicles for transmission, transmits to the network layer provided by major communication operators, and after the network layer processes the data, it is finally provided to the application layer to meet the various business needs of users. Among them, the V2X platform is a platform for information interaction.
2.1.2 Continental-led C-V2X technology
It is the direction of the development of V2X in the world
The mainstream technologies for V2X communication are Dedicated Short ange Communication (DSRC) technology and cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) technology. C-V2X technologies are being promoted by the mainland, including LTE-V2X (a wireless communication technology based on the 4G design) and 5G-V2X (NR) (a wireless communication technology based on the 5G design). Overall, DSRC technology is currently better commercially available; C-V2X has better technical advantages, but it is not yet commercially available on a large scale.
The European and American-led DSRC developed earlier and transitioned to C-V2X. At the end of the 20th century, Europe and the United States and other countries have successively formulated the standard of DSRC, and have developed in 20 years. As C-V2X has more commercial value, European and American countries began to shift to C-V2X. In November 2020, the Federal Communications Commission allocated the 5.9GHz band to C-V2X, marking another big step forward for C-V2X to become a global standard.
China-led C-V2X is the trend of future development of the Internet of Vehicles. In the future, the mainland is expected to lead the development of the global internet of vehicle industry by virtue of its leading edge in the industrial chain and seize the global V2X market share. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has explicitly chosen the C-V2X technology route as a direct-connected communication technology for the Internet of Vehicles (Intelligent Connected Cars). Combined with the development of national policies and industrial chain ecology, C-V2X technology is more suitable for the development of China's vehicle network. The advantages of the C-V2X technical level also make it the best choice for advanced intelligent driving. LTE-V2X and 5G-V2X (NR) can achieve mutual compatibility, LTE-V2XLTE-V2X was first proposed by Datang Telecom in 2013, and standardized in 3GPP in 2017, which has been industrial application foundation; The 5G-V2X(NR)R16 standard was frozen in July 2020. Standards go first, the industry follows suit, and then making products is the basic "routine."
At this stage, LTE-V2X has begun to develop, and NR-V2X standards have been researched and developed; In 2025, LTE-V2X achieves area coverage, and NR-V2X is partially used. From 2017 to 2020, it is mainly LTE-V2X to conduct technical experiments, scale experiments, and pilot tests; NR-V2X standard research and development. From 2020 to 2023, LTE-V2X will achieve commercial applications and start to develop; NR-V2X proof of concept and technical trials. The "Intelligent Vehicle Innovation Development Strategy" jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and other 11 ministries and commissions mentions that "by 2025, the vehicle wireless communication network (LTE-V2X) will achieve regional coverage, the new generation of vehicle wireless communication network (5G-V2X) will gradually be applied in some cities and highways, and the high-precision spatio-temporal benchmark service network will achieve full coverage".
Compared with LTE-V2X, NR-V2X is aimed at more advanced connected car services, but the two will coexist for a long time. NR-V2X provides more flexible, reliable, and faster communication services, including more demanding communication requirements such as air interface latency of 3 milliseconds, 99.999% of pick-up reliability, packet size from 600-1200 Bytes, and consumer transmission frequency of up to 100Hz, supporting services such as vehicle formation, advanced driving, sensor expansion, and remote driving.
2.2 5G enables intelligent driving
A channel for 5G information delivery. 5G is a low-latency, highly reliable transmission channel for cloud parallel systems, which transmit vehicle status information to the cloud or MEC through communication technology, and then use the supercomputing power of the virtual world to infer spatio-temporal behavior; The roadside edge system is based on the 5G communication base station, using the information interaction computing nodes of the multi-source perception system such as 5G-V2X, radar and vision to jointly build a roadside parallel driving system, that is, intelligently connected vehicles, pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles all interact with the roadside base station through 5G (vehicle/handheld) terminals to report identity, type data, real-time location, speed and direction data.
The fifth generation of mobile communication technology (5G) is a new generation of broadband mobile communication technology with high speed, low latency and large connection characteristics, and is a network infrastructure that realizes human-computer and material interconnection. 5G has the characteristics of wide-area coverage and high capacity of hotspots, enhancing mobile broadband; The characteristics of low power and large connection make massive machine communication guaranteed; In addition, it also has the characteristics of low latency and high reliability.
3 Vehicle-road synergy to dig the trillion market,
China's creation is at the forefront
Vehicle-road collaborative intelligent driving creates strong demand for upstream, middle and lower reaches. The end of the vehicle-to-road coordination industry chain and the upstream of the road-to-road industry chain include perception, decision-making and execution. Among them, perception refers to the radar, camera and high-precision map and other facilities installed at the end of the car and the end of the road, and the decision-making and execution include chip and computer platform design, line control movement, wire control steering, electronic throttle and domain control. In addition, the upstream also includes infrastructure such as power infrastructure facilities. The midstream is a smart highway and a complete vehicle, and the downstream includes terminal software services, testing and inspection, operator operation and road maintenance services. The most important industrial chain in the whole vehicle-road collaboration is the V2X industrial chain, and at present, all countries in the world have successively promoted the development of the C-V2X industry.
3.1 Vehicle-road coordination directly hits the pain points of demand,
Connected car technology is revolutionizing lives
The car has become the most popular pan-tech product after the mobile phone, and the popularity of 5G has made intelligent driving possible. According to the China Automobile Association, in 2020, China's civilian car ownership will be 156.4 million, and the number of private cars will be 145.74 million; China's car sales reached 25.311 million units, continuing to rank first in the world. The popularity of 4G and the invention of smart phones have completely changed people's lives, and the car, as another scenario with greater flexibility and more powerful functions, will bring more profound changes to society. The popularity of 5G has brought this possibility, 5G is essentially just an increase in transmission rate, "5G +" is the driving force to change life and industry, and the Internet of Vehicles has become the most potential application in the field of 5G.
In the future, intelligent driving is expected to change the logic of people's underlying lives. The following scenarios are expected to be realized: starting from home, the car is already waiting downstairs, the owner walks to the car door position, the car opens the door through face recognition or the owner's door opening command analysis, enters the vehicle and voice control starts the vehicle and informs the car of the destination of the trip, whether it is lane change /overtaking/turning the car can achieve automatic managed driving, in the car can handle work or even leisure and entertainment, after arriving at the destination, the car itself to find a nearby parking space to park.
China's demand for intelligent and connected vehicles is strong, and the penetration rate exceeds the world. According to HIS statistics, in 2020, the penetration rate of the Chinese market will reach 38.40%, more than the world, according to the forecast, the penetration rate of the Chinese market will continue to rise in the future, and the gap with the global market will gradually widen. China's automobile sales have been ranked first in the world for a long time, and connected cars have broad market prospects, which reflects the high demand for connected cars in the domestic market at this stage. In the future, with the further landing of intelligent driving, the penetration rate is expected to further increase.
3.2 Supply side: China has become a bellwether,
Leading the way forward for C-V2X.
The vehicle-road collaborative road test system has been landed in some special scenarios. The application scenarios of the vehicle-road collaborative roadside system include: highways, general urban streets (smart intersections, etc.), intelligent transportation scenarios for mines, and airport environmental roads. This system can fully support high-speed highway emergency warning, highway congestion early warning, intersection pedestrian collision warning, intersection vehicle left turn blind spot auxiliary early warning and urban intersection.
The RSU road test device has been deployed in advance with ETC. The deployment of domestic RSU is basically promoted together with ETC, and it is popularized in areas such as toll stations. As an important infrastructure carrier of the "communication network" of the national Internet of Vehicles, RSU is expected to accelerate its popularity in the future. According to IDC's calculations, the market size of RSU in 2019 was 2.2 billion yuan, and the market size of OBU was 7.9 billion yuan.
In the future, ETC and C-V2X will coexist. In an ETC system, OBU uses DSRC technology. If mobile phone calls still retain the 2G analogy, it is expected that in the future, ETC will continue to be retained for payment, C-V2X will be used for security, sensing, and communication, and 5G will still be used for information services, entertainment and other cellular network-based related applications.
In the domestic market, the whole industry chain is coordinated, and manufacturers are deeply involved in C-V2X. The industry ecology in the V2X field has been initially established, and China's operators have built the world's largest 4G network, and on this basis, they have also taken the lead in laying out 5G; Huawei and Datang have completed the development of chips; Quection and Gaohong already have commercial terminal modules; Datang, Guoqi Zhilian, etc. can provide CA verification root platform; FAW, Changan, Geely and many other automakers have actively expressed their support; Wanji Technology, Genvict, etc. can provide RSU roadside units. Huawei and ZTE are leading the ICT field and providing information services for intelligent driving. In addition, many domestic manufacturers and capital have poured into the field of intelligent driving, which has become the driving force for the development of intelligent driving.
In the international market, China-led C-V2X has become the future of autonomous driving. At the end of 2019, the US FCC abandoned DSRC technology, meaning that C-V2X has become a widely accepted industry standard in the world, and China has been leading the proposal and formulation of C-V2X, which has a first-mover advantage in this field and has also received wider support from network operators, equipment manufacturers, car companies, auto parts providers and so on.
Mainland enterprises have the right to speak in the C-V2X field, and patent deployment has the advantage of independent control. In the process of V2X standard discussion, Datang and Huawei successively participated in the formulation of standards as 4GLTE-V2X and 5GNR-V2X presenters. According to Huawei's caliber, C-V2X patented technology China has a comparative advantage. DSRC patents are basically controlled by the United States, Japan and South Korea, of which the proportion of patents by American enterprises exceeds 50%, and only 9% of Chinese enterprises; In terms of C-V2X, China accounts for about 30%, and the United States and Europe are also about 30%.
China started late, with little obstruction from vested interests. The development of DSRC in foreign countries began at the end of the 20th century, and the development of DSRC chips has been mainly controlled by a small number of American and Japanese companies, and China has hardly been involved. DSRC has developed abroad for more than 20 years, forming a relatively mature application and industrial chain, abandoning the development of DSRC C-V2X is facing the inherent development of the prison.
4 C-V2X industry chain detonates the market,
Leading companies are poised to go
The C-V2X industry chain covers four main areas: communication chip modules, terminal equipment, vehicle manufacturing, and operation services, and communication plays a leading role. The upstream is mainly a provider of communication chips and module modules, the middle reaches of the industry are represented by terminal equipment manufacturers and vehicle manufacturers, and telecommunications operators, testing and verification agencies, and high-precision map service providers jointly constitute the downstream of the industry.
The C-V2X industry chain is being deployed in an orderly manner. According to the "C-V2X Industrialization Path and Timetable Study" published by the C-V2X Working Group of the IMT2020 (5G) Promotion Group, it is clearly stated that 2019 to 2021 is the introduction period, 2022 to 2025 is the development period, and after 2025 is the high-speed development period; At the same time, it has also made a clear plan for the development of the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain, and the vehicle terminal and the road test terminal have begun to be built, and the scope will be gradually expanded in the future; Communication equipment and security standards have been formulated, and future applications will be strengthened; The data platform has also been built in the demonstration area, and will continue to promote standardization in the future; Continuous improvement of the C-V2X monitoring and certification platform.
1) The communication chip and module are upstream of C-V2X, which is responsible for realizing the communication function of the vehicle. The chip is the core of the integrated circuit industry and the information industry, and is the "heart" of all the whole machine equipment. As the upstream of the entire industrial chain, communication chips have played a role in "life and death". Only a few companies have launched C-V2X chips, including Huawei's Balong5000; Datang Gaohong's PC5 Mode 4 LTE-V2X self-developed chip; Qualcomm's Snapdragon 9150 LTE-V2X chipset supports C-V2X specifications and is compatible with 5G.
Huawei's Balong5000 is at the leading level. The 5G module using single-chip multimode can realize a variety of network formats of 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G in a single chip, effectively reducing the delay and power consumption generated by data exchange between multiple modes. At the same time, it is also the first in the world to support NSA and SA networking, and supportSA and TDD to achieve full-band use. The industry's benchmark 5G peak download rate is 4.6Gbps in the Sub-6GHz (low frequency band, 5G's main band) band and 6.5 Gbps in the millimeter wave (high frequency band, 5G extended band), which is 10 times the experiential rate of 4G LTE.
Communication modules are the core "connectors" of the Internet of Things, and their role is to convert data into signals that can be transmitted. At present, the international market of modules overseas enterprises overall dominant, including Telit (Italy), Sierra Wireless (Canada), Gemalto (Netherlands), U-Blox (Switzerland) and other companies, the domestic market is mainly controlled by China Mobile Internet of Things, Gao Xinxing and other comprehensive professional layout of The Internet of Things enterprises, there are also Guanghe Tong, Quection Communications and other enterprises specializing in module research and development and production.
Quectel Communications has an early layout in the field of vehicle networking, and has a large number of experience in mass production of vehicle-grade products. The company has produced AG15 series of CV2X modules, AG35 series of LTE modules, AG52X series of LTE-A+C-V2X modules, AG55X series plus AG215SAP modules, as well as vehicle-grade Wi-Fi&BT modules and navigation and positioning modules.
Quection provides the most reliable connection and precise positioning of modules for automotive applications. Accurate satellite positioning with Qualcomm IZat technology; MiMO antennas can significantly reduce errors and increase data speed; Wide operating temperature range, can still operate stably in harsh environments; The network is backwards compatible and can cover remote areas.
Quection's 2020 annual revenue increased significantly. The number of wireless communication modules sold by the company exceeded 100 million pieces, the operating income was 6,105.7794 million yuan, an increase of 47.85% over the same period of the previous year, and the net profit attributable to the shareholders of the listed company was 189.016 million yuan, an increase of 27.71% over the same period of the previous year. The increase in operating income was mainly due to the increase in LTE, LTE-A, LPWA and 5G module business volume in 2020.
The in-vehicle customer project landed, empowering high-safety level intelligent networked in-vehicle applications. Vehicle-grade 5G module AG55xQ series supports more than 30 5G+C-V2X in-vehicle customer projects; Querge-Yuan's C-V2X module AG15 has supported the successful commercial use of Models such as Hongqi E-HS9 and 2021 Buick GL8 Avenir Avenir, becoming the first batch of mass production models in the world to support C-V2X technology, and establishing a good start for C-V2X technology in global mass production.
In October 2020, Guanghetong launched the AX168-GL automotive-grade C-V2X module for the global market. The AX168-GL is an automotive-grade C-V2X module for the global market that integrates a dual-core ARM Cortex A7 application CPU and a safety CAN MCU to meet AEC Q-100 Class 2 standards and is manufactured in high temperature manufacturing. It integrates a mobile-optimized IEEE802.11p DSRC and C-V2X direct communication (PC5) interface with an ultra-low latency V2X hardware-secure encryption chip eHSM. Based on 3GPPRel14 technology, it is compatible with LTE-V2X direct communication and supports vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-person (V2P) communication on a unified 5.9GHz ITS band. Meet vehicle communication requirements with bottom-of-the-line latency, high reliability, and high throughput.
Gao Xinxing comprehensively lays out the large transportation field of the Internet of Things. The company's vehicle networking and intelligent transportation solutions have a complete "end + cloud" technology framework, the overall architecture covers the "vehicle terminal equipment layer, roadside equipment layer, platform layer and application layer", the entire program revolves around the "people - vehicle - road - network - cloud", and at the same time has the ability to provide traffic flow collection, signal control, road video surveillance, situation research and judgment, traffic data, comprehensive release of information, command and dispatch and other comprehensive solution capabilities, support for intelligent transportation vehicle-road collaborative application scenarios, is one of the few in China IoT application enterprises with full-stack product coverage, transportation consulting and planning, and large-scale system project delivery capabilities.
Gao Xinxing covers a rich fleet of vehicle-level communication modules. Including 5G+C-V2X, 4G, LTE-V2X vehicle-level communication module, LTE-V2X OBU and the first batch of domestic 5G communication modules independently developed, self-developed roadside units (RSU) and other vehicle networking products. At present, the company has launched the world's first batch of commercial, the industry's smallest LGA package vehicle specification grade 5G +C-V2X vehicle scale module GM860A, flexibly meet the loading needs for automotive front-loading, after-installation and roadside equipment and 5G+V2X communication needs.
2) Traditional car manufacturers and new car manufacturers have made efforts to C-V2X in order to seize market opportunities. In March 2019, Ford announced mass production of the C-V2X model in 2021; In April 2019, 13 car companies, including SAIC Motor, FAW Group, Dongfeng Company, Changan Automobile, BAIC Group, GUANGZHOUC Group, BYD Automobile, Great Wall Motor, Jianghuai Automobile, Southeast Automobile, Zotye Automobile, Jiangling Group New Energy, and Yutong Automobile, jointly issued C-V2X commercial road signs, and from the second half of 2020 to the first half of 2021, the mass production of C-V2X vehicles will be realized. In addition, ideal car, Weilai, Baidu car manufacturers and other manufacturers have also entered the field, or some manufacturers have begun field experiments. Traditional OEMs suggest focusing on Jianghuai Automobile, Great Wall Motors, and new car-making forces suggest paying attention to ideals and Weilai.
3) Safety certification technology in operations and services has received widespread attention. The communication scenario of the Internet of Vehicles system puts forward new requirements and challenges for system security and user privacy protection. The security issues of 5G Internet of Vehicles are the core issues that must be solved to achieve commercialization, including improving the standard formulation in the field of security, the construction of security platforms, and the construction of equipment from security chips to modules to terminal roadside devices.
Security authentication relies on security chips. Some manufacturers specializing in vehicle-scale security chips have emerged in China, such as BGI Electronics, Xinda Jie'an, Shanghai Xinti and other companies to launch vehicle-scale security chips, of which the world's first automotive-grade high-performance security chip that meets the requirements of 5G-V2X application scenarios launched by Xinda Jie'an is currently being mass-produced; Datang took the lead in demonstrating the V2X direct connection communication security mechanism; Sino-Automobile Zhilian released the "V2X Safety Certification And Protection System"; China Mobile actively promotes the "LTE-V2X Security Certificate Release Scheme Based on Mobile Communication GBA Technology".
4) The software and hardware facilities are represented by OBU and RSU. The OBU is the vehicle-mounted unit and the RSU is the on-road unit, and the two communicate with each other for microwave communication. OBU and RSU and other equipment development is relatively early, the technology is relatively mature, with technical conditions of the relevant manufacturers are expected to further release production capacity, open up the V2X market. At present, Huawei, Datang, China Mobile, Genvict, Nebulas Interconnection, Neusoft, Wanji and other manufacturers can already provide LTE-V2X-based OBU, RSU hardware equipment and corresponding software protocol stacks, with commercial basis, it is recommended to pay attention to Neusoft Carrier, Genvict Technology.
5) Three major operators
Provides basic connectivity services
The three major operators provide basic connectivity services. In 2020, global IoT connectivity surpassed non-IoT connectivity for the first time, and domestic operator assistants moved to cellular network mobile IoT connectivity. In 2020, the number of mobile IoT connections of the three major operators exceeded 75% of the world, and China Mobile accounted for half of the world, with the most connections being 2G and 3G.
China Mobile established China Mobile Internet of Things to provide a full range of services in vehicle-road collaboration. From T-BoX, OBU, RSU, and 5G V2X fusion sensing at the end of the car and road, to 4G/5G connection on the network side, to the cloud platform basic services and the internet of vehicle application services in the cloud, providing solutions for the whole industry chain; Consulting services and safety monitoring services are also provided. With the advantages of network channels and technology, it has completed Cummins Power Project, Chery Automobile and other projects, and accumulated high-quality customers.
As a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Mobile, China Mobile Internet of Things has advantages that are difficult to compare with other manufacturers. Have a sound project management process and quality management system, can provide enterprises with quality products; Endorsed by the SASAC, the sustainability and compliance of supplier operations are guaranteed; The Internet of Vehicles is in the early stage of development, with huge investment, and the China Mobile Internet of Things has strong research and development strength, and the core independent property rights are in hand.
China Telecom established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Tianyi IoT. Through the exploration and practice of China's Internet of Vehicles Development Environment, China Telecom has formulated response solutions in intelligent pipeline services, online monitoring, and vehicle safety monitoring. The most important business is the intelligent pipeline service, the company provides the car factory with personalized code number and package management traffic warning API ability to call SIM card management automation rules and other service capabilities.
In response to the pain points of demand, China Telecom grasps the opportunities for future development. While doing a good job in intelligent pipeline services, we will exert efforts in the following three markets: Cooperate with aftermarket enterprises to provide platform support on demand; Commercial vehicles strengthen cooperation with government departments to provide platform management solutions; New energy vehicles grasp the policy direction, and can focus on the networking of charging piles in the future.
The development of China Uni-Link's networking business is mainly to solve the connection problem. Based on APN separation billing + PCRF control and API integration solutions, China Unicom Internet of Things focuses on solving industry pain points such as operating charges and security, enriching the business model for customers, enhancing operational capabilities, improving profitability, and enabling automakers to truly transform from automobile manufacturers to travel service providers.
Zhiwang Technology, a subsidiary of China Unicom Holdings, is a service provider of internet of vehicles. The vehicle networking services provided by the company include 5G in-vehicle communication services, car enterprise cloud services and OTA security remote update services, and the cooperation cases include FAW Group's intelligent networking platform, BMW 5G vehicle networking, GAC New Energy 5G vehicle networking, etc.; Service operation includes ecological services such as in-vehicle content ecological services and intelligent UI on-board operation applications, intelligent customer service such as BPO internet of vehicles intelligent customer service, BPO customer service intelligent customer service and BPO outbound intelligent customer service, and big data services such as customer group portraits and industry insights; The main cooperation cases include the official vehicle management of the Aerospace Launch Vehicle Technology Research Institute, the intelligent network connection test site in Chengdu Jianzhou New District, the development of a collaborative environment perception cloud platform based on 5G network, and the 5G/V2X innovation platform of Sichuan Post and Telecommunications Vocational and Technical College.
6) During the process of automatic driving,
Maps can provide the basis for decision-making for vehicles,
It is also the basis for the vehicle to make advance predictions.
High-precision maps Play the role of map sensors in the overall solution of autonomous driving, which is a very critical part like lidar, cameras and other sensors. According to IDC statistics, in 2019, Baidu, NavInfo, and AutoNavi ranked in the top three in China's market share, and the development of the Internet of Vehicles is expected to further expand market capacity, exacerbate the leading effect, and make the strong Hengqiang. It is recommended to pay attention to the further performance of NavInfo's new follow-up.
5 Investment analysis
With the advent of the 5G era, smart cars are another major innovation in life after mobile phones, and cars will become the "friends" of human beings, going deep into all aspects of life.
It is predicted that the front-loading hardware market will have a trillion scale. According to estimates, the current hardware price of domestic production of an L3 is about 450,000 yuan, and the hardware price of L4-L5 is about 500,000 yuan; It is expected that in 2025, thanks to the decline in the price of lidar and computing platforms, the hardware price for producing an L3 will be about 150,000 yuan, and the price of L4-L5 will be about 200,000 yuan. If only the front-loading market is calculated, assuming that intelligent driving has not brought about an increase in the demand for new cars, that is, the number of new cars per year in the future is the same as now and unchanged, according to the cost of L3, it is conservatively estimated that the size of the hardware equipment market in 2025 will be about 3 trillion, and it will reach 4 trillion in 2030.
It is predicted that the roadside hardware market will have a scale of tens of billions. According to the public information on the official website of the Ministry of Transport, the current road mileage is 5.2 million kilometers, which is growing at a rate of 3.5% per year, and it is expected that the number of road miles will reach 7 million in 2030; The estimated 160,000 kilometers of highways are twice as high as the current number of intersections, and the current number of intersections is 25 kilometers, so the number of intersections is conservatively estimated at 500,000. Assuming that there are 450,000 intersections in 2030, the market size is expected to reach about 150 billion in 2030.
The performance of China on the supply side is worth paying attention to. China is leading the direction of intelligent driving in all aspects, and the formulation of standards is at the forefront; From the industrial angle, from the chip to the terminal are deeply involved, master the key intellectual property rights; From a practical point of view, some intelligent driving vehicles are already in the testing stage, and large-scale commercial use is just around the corner.
When intelligent driving lands, society will once again usher in a profound change. The development of infrastructure construction and software market and intelligent driving cannot be ignored under the guidance of the whole society, the whole industry and the whole industry chain. With the popularization of 5G, the industry will usher in a stage of rapid development, and we are optimistic about the vehicle-road synergy track.
(This article is for informational purposes only and does not represent any of our investment advice.) For usage information, see the original report. ）