Observation of the Tomb of Liu He, Marquis of Haixia under the Archaeological Perspective of the Mausoleum of the Princes of the Western Han Dynasty (Part 2)

The chariot and horse burial pit of the tomb of Marquis Liu He of Haixia

During the Western Han Dynasty, the way of dressing and loading utensils after the death of the prince was directly related to the status and identity of the deceased before his death, especially the difference in the material of the use of jade clothes and the "wisps" of jade clothes, which reflected the identity status and differences of the tomb owner. Jade clothing was commonly used by emperors and nobles in the Han Dynasty, and varied due to the rank of the deceased. According to the Book of Continuing Han and The Chronicle of Etiquette, the emperor used a golden jade robe, the princes, princes, nobles, and princesses used silver jade clothes, and the great nobles and princesses used copper jade clothes (34). At the same time, some dignitaries and dignitaries were also able to enjoy jade clothing through special gifts from the emperor. Archaeological findings show that this jade clothing system was still in the process of being formed in the Western Han Dynasty, and some princes and princes also used golden jade clothes, such as the tombs of Liu Sheng and his wife, the king of Zhongshan Jing in Mancheng, the tomb of Liu Xiu, the king of Zhongshan in Dingxian County, the tomb of King Chu of Xuzhou Lion Mountain, the tomb of Lady Liu Xu of Guangling In Gaoyou Tianshan, and the tomb of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu in Xuyi Dayun Mountain, and the tomb of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, Xuyi Dayun Mountain, and other tombs of princes and wives, all of which were found; the tomb of Liu Qian, the Marquis of Qujiao, Xingtai, also found golden jade clothes. Among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, tombs No. 4 and No. 5 in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, and no. 2 tombs in Shuangbaoshan in Mianyang have unearthed silver jade robes; fragments of jade clothes have been found in the tomb of Zhang Anshi in Fengqi, Xi'an. The loading methods and utensils of the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, have not been disclosed in detail, but according to field observations, the bones are covered with 6 large jade bi in a "ten" shape, and the lower part of the bones is covered with a glass mat composed of square glass pieces with gold silk threads, and the gold cakes are laid under the mats in a manner of 5 rows per row and 20 rows up and down; the head has a lacquer mask inlaid with jade bi. This is a way of pretending that has never been seen in the tombs of princes and princes excavated before. The use of mats and jade bi to decorate may be one of the ways of loading the tombs of the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty. Funerary items are essential for ancient tombs. In the Western Han Dynasty, under the concept of "death is like life", the burial items of the princely tombs were not only diverse and numerous, but also rare and exquisite objects, which became an important symbol of the identity and status of the tomb owner before he died. According to reports, as of the end of February 2016, the tomb of Marquis Liu He of Haidian has been cleaned up and excavated more than 10,000 pieces (sets) of various cultural relics, including bronze, iron, gold, jade, pottery, lacquered wood, JianMu, etc. The variety, quantity and quality are the only ones seen in the Archaeological Institute of the Tombs of the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty so far, especially the complete sets of gilded chimes, the lacquered wood furniture of Confucius and his disciples' portraits, a large number of gold cakes, and the gold of the toes and horseshoes, which are even more eye-catching (35). Since the indoor excavations of coffins and other coffins have not yet been completed, and the cleaning of archaeological data is still in progress, only a few issues worth paying attention to are discussed here.

One of the problems is about the funeral of carriages and horses. Archaeological findings show that the tombs of the princes of the Western Han Dynasty are popular for burial with cars and horses (36), and generally 3 cars and horses, such as Tomb No. 1 and Tomb No. 2 of Dabaotai in Beijing, and Burial Pit No. 11 of Luozhuang Han Tomb in Jinan, all of which are 3 practical real cars and horses. However, there are exceptions, such as 4 burials in the tomb of King Qi of Linzi, 6 with the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Mancheng, and 4 with the tomb of Lady Dou Xuan; 5 with the burial of practical real cars and horses in the no. 2 funerary pit on the southwest side of Tomb No. 1 of Dayun Mountain (in addition, there are more than 50 burial pits with burial tools and horses in the southeast corner of the cemetery, of which 4 have been cleaned and excavated) (37); 2 practical real cars and horses buried in the tomb of Yongcheng Persimmon Garden Han Tomb (and 2 mingqi carriages and horses) (38); there is a carriage and horse funerary pit in the southwest of the tomb of King Lu'an in Anhui Province. Remnants of 4 vehicles and 8 horses (39), etc. However, the tombs of the princes of the Han Xuan Emperor and the Yuan Emperor were buried with 3 vehicles, indicating that there are differences in the times (40). In the past, it was generally believed that "only large practical real cars and horses at the level of princes and kings, and not seen below the marquis", but there are also special cases. Among the more than 20 tombs of the Western Han Dynasty that have been excavated before, 2 tombs are buried with real cars and horses, that is, Yangjiawan Tomb No. 4 has practical real cars and horses (41) with burial, and Xi'an Fengqi Tomb Zhang Anshi Tomb has 2 practical carriages buried in the front chamber. The tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, buried 5 practical real carriages and 20 horses in the funerary pit, is the third example of the burial of real carriages and horses in the tombs of Liehou, and is the most frequently buried carriage and horse. It is worth noting that Tomb No. 4 of Yangjiawan was found with silver jade robes, and the owner of the tomb was presumed to be Marquis Zhou Bo or Marquis Zhou Yafu of Tiao; the tomb of Zhang Anshi in Xi'an Fengqiyuan was also dressed in jade clothes, and Zhang Anshi, as a heavy courtier in the Zhaoxuan period, had first supported Liu He, the king of Changyi, as emperor, and then conspired to depose the king, honoring Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Yuankang of Hanxuan in the fourth year (62 BC) Qiu Xue, "The Son of Heaven gave the seal silk, sent to the light car jieshi, and honored the marquis." Bestowing Du Dong, he will be used to penetrate the earth and raise the ancestral hall" (42), which shows that he has a high position of authority and a prominent reputation. However, Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, was completely different, first for the king of Changyi for thirteen years, and then for 27 days as the emperor was finally deposed, when he died, he was only a Marquis of Haixia whose whereabouts were monitored, and it was impossible to accompany the burial with real cars and horses according to common sense, but it was a fact that 5 practical real cars and horses were buried (in addition, there were many puppet cars buried in the rafters). Moreover, the cleaned out carriage and horse harnesses such as bow hats, bar hoops, dragon and tiger head yoke ornaments, yoke jewelry, heng ornaments, pins, danglu and other gilded gold and silver, the production is extremely elaborate, and the "Crown Prince, Crown Prince, Prince Are Anche, Zhu Liner, Qinggai, Jinhua Flea, Black Lotus, Painting Wenxuan, Gold Tu Wujie" contained in the "Book of Continuing Han Andu". The prince is the king, and the gift is multiplied, so the "Wang Qinggai car" in the "Wang Qinggai car" is similar. It seems that Liu He used his chariot and horse when he was the king of Changyi to accompany the funeral.

The second question is about the chimes and chimes to accompany the funeral. Using practical chimes to accompany burial was also a common practice in the tombs of princes in the Western Han Dynasty. For example, pit 14 of the Luozhuang Han Tomb in Jinan is a musical instrument burial pit, with a set of chimes with 19 pieces, including 14 button bells and 5 Yong bells; 107 pieces of six sets of woven chimes, of which 4 sets of 20 pieces, 1 set of 14 pieces of 14 pieces, and 1 set of 13 pieces of 1 set (43). The West Corridor of Tomb No. 1 of Xuyi Dayunshan is buried with a complete set of practical chimes and chimes, including 14 button bells and 5 Yong bells; the chimes are glass, counting 20 pieces (in addition, 19 sets of three sets of Copper Chimes excavated, and 22 pieces of Mingware pottery chimes). However, in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty that have been found before, although some of them are also buried with chimes and chimes, they are all Ming instruments, such as a set of 9 pieces of woven chimes excavated from the tomb of Liu Xihou of Wanquhou in Xuzhou, but all of them are less than 10 cm long pottery Mingware (44); The Tomb of Huxi Mountain in Yuanling unearthed a set of 12 pieces of Ming pottery. In the tombs of the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty, no example of practical chimes and chimes has been seen with burials. However, the musical instrument library in the chamber of Liu He's tomb of Marquis Liu He unearthed 2 sets of practical chimes and 1 set of chimes. Obviously, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, was buried with chimes and chimes, which obviously exceeded the regulations of the marquises and was similar to the tombs of some princes, which was undoubtedly directly related to his long-term work as the king of Changyi.

Question 3 is about coins and gold cakes. During the Western Han Dynasty, the use of coins to accompany burial was a common burial custom from the emperor to the officials, but the number of coins buried was somewhat different; but the burial with gold cakes was limited to the emperor and the royal family. This, of course, is directly related to the status of the deceased.

As far as the tombs of the princes of the Western Han Dynasty have been excavated and cleaned up so far, in addition to most of them being stolen and excavated without the actual situation being unknown, there are also many tombs where coins have been excavated. For example, there are more than 300 coins left in Tomb No. 1 of Dabaotai in Beijing, and about 60 kilograms of coins in Tomb No. 2 in Beijing; 2,317 coins buried with the tomb of Liu Sheng in Mancheng, 1,890 coins buried with the tomb of Lady Dou Xuan; 52,640 coins excavated from the tomb of King Chu of Beidongshan in Xuzhou (the tomb of a certain generation of Chu kings in the early Western Han Dynasty), weighing 207 kilograms (45); 176,000 coins (46) unearthed from the tomb of King Chu of Lion Mountain in Xuzhou; and more than 100,000 coins of half two coins unearthed from the tomb of King Jiangdu of Xuyi Dayun Mountain (47) There is a coin cellar in the tomb of Yongcheng Persimmon Garden Han Tomb (the tomb of a certain generation of Liang kings or queens in the early Western Han Dynasty), the cellar is full of half two coins and other coins, and the coins are placed in strings, each string is about 1000 pieces, and about 2.25 million coins are unearthed, weighing 5500 kilograms (48); 163 five-baht coins were excavated from tomb No. 1 in Changsha Fengpengling. Among the tombs of the Marquis of Liehou, the tomb of the Marquis of Ruyin in Fuyang unearthed 33 pieces of half two coins; the tomb of Lady Liu Qing of the Marquis of Quanling in Yongzhou unearthed half two coins and various types of five baht coins, but the number is unknown; and the tomb of Mianyang ShuangbaoShan No. 2 unearthed 40 pieces of half two coins.

Burial with gold cakes is mainly found in the tombs of the princes, while the tombs of the princes are rare. With the tomb of the princes with gold cakes buried, the tomb of Liu Sheng in Mancheng buried 40 gold cakes, weighing 719.4 grams; Lady Dou Xuan's tomb unearthed 29 gold cakes, weighing 438.15 grams; Dingxian Zhongshan HuaiWang Liu Xiu's tomb unearthed 40 small gold cakes, 2 large gold cakes, 2 large horseshoe gold, 2 small horseshoe gold, 1 lin toe gold; Xianxian Hejian Queen Tomb unearthed 1 gold cake, weighing 250 grams (49); Changqing Shuangniushan Jibei King Tomb unearthed 20 gold cakes, weighing 4262.5 grams (50) 1 gold cake, weighing 83 grams, was excavated outside the side chamber doorway of the No. 2 Han Tomb in Yongcheng, Henan, which was missed when the tomb was robbed; 1 gold cake was excavated from Tomb No. 401 in Changsha, weighing 254.125 grams (51); 19 gold cakes were excavated from Tomb No. 1 of Changsha Fengpengling (the tomb of a certain queen of the Late Liu Dynasty in the Late Western Han Dynasty), each weighing 250.5 grams (52). Among the tombs of Liehou, only one example of Zhang Anshi's tomb in Xi'an has been seen in the tomb of Zhang Anshi in Xi'an; other tombs of Liehou are mostly buried with mud cakes from Ming utensils, such as more than 230 mud cakes excavated from tomb No. 2 of Shuangbao Mountain in Mianyang (53).

About 2 million five-baht coins were unearthed from the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, weighing about 10 tons (54); 285 gold cakes, 48 horseshoe gold, and 25 lin toe gold, totaling 358 pieces; 20 gold plates; in addition, it is said that there are about 100 gold cakes under the bones of the coffin. The tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, regardless of the number of coins or the number of gold cakes and horseshoe gold and lin toe gold, is not only the largest number of coins unearthed from the tombs of the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty so far, but also compared with the tombs of the princes and kings. Although most of the tombs of the princes and princes of the Western Han Dynasty excavated before have been stolen and excavated, and the true situation of the coins and gold cakes buried with them can no longer be known, in any case, the number of coins and gold cakes excavated from the tomb of Liu He of the Marquis of Haixia is far beyond the tombs of the princes and even the princes that have been known so far, and the motives behind them are thought-provoking.

III. The General View of the Tomb of Liu He, Marquis Liu He of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang

According to the above analysis and comparison, it can be seen that the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haidian, has a complex connotation, and from the perspective of the funeral system of the tomb of the Prince of the Western Han Dynasty, there are many contradictions and multiple personalities. To sum up, there are roughly the following three points.

First, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, belongs to the tomb of the Marquis of Liehou. As mentioned above, the structure, shape and size of the cemetery of Liu He's tomb in Haixia, the sacrificial facilities such as the sleeping buildings and ancestral halls in front of the tomb, the burial tomb, the setting of the burial pit outside the tomb, the sealing soil and its size, the shape, structure and scale of the tomb, the structure and size of the coffin, the use of double wooden coffins, etc., all show the characteristics of the tombs belonging to the marquis. Therefore, from the main body, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, is a tomb of the Marquis of Liehou, and it is a tomb of the Marquis with complete elements.

Second, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haidian, has "royal qi" (55). There is no doubt that the tomb of Liu He of Haixia belongs to the tomb of the Marquis of Liehou as a whole, but in some respects it exceeds the specifications of the general tomb of the Marquis of Liehou and has the momentum of the princes, mainly manifested in: 5 practical real cars and horses in the burial pit; the tomb is built with a square wooden rafter as a whole, the main rafter room is constructed in the center of the wooden rafter, the outer periphery of the main rafter room is divided into 12 utensils with wooden planks, the main rafter room is separated by wooden planks, and the rafter structure of the coffin chamber is separated by wooden planks; a set of practical chimes and the burial of the woven chamber. As far as burial items are concerned, previous archaeological discoveries have shown that "the burial items of the Western Han Dynasty Liehou Tombs are also very rich, but compared with the tombs of kings, there are fewer large bronzes, gilded bronzes and large jades, and gold and silverware are mainly some small ornaments" (56). However, the scene of the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haidian, is completely different, and the number of burial items is not only large, but also many large and exquisite utensils, which have distinct characteristics and style of the tombs of the princes and kings.

Third, the tomb of Marquis Liu He of Haidian saw all the abandoned imperial knots buried in the tomb. One of the striking aspects of the tomb of Marquis Liu He of Haidian is the richness and exquisiteness of the burial items, especially the burial of more than 2 million coins, 458 gold cakes, horseshoe gold, lin toe gold and 20 gold plates, which is beyond any Western Han Dynasty princely mausoleum seen so far. Although there was a system of gifts at that time, some of which may be gifts, most of them should have been owned by Liu He during his lifetime, especially the treasures, utensils and items inherited from the first king of Changyi, Liu Qi. As far as Liu He's life deeds are concerned, he first became the king of Changyi, and then inherited the throne, but he was deposed after only 27 days of being convicted of various crimes; after his abolition, he returned to Changyi Country, and his activities were still under surveillance; he was later named the Marquis of Haixia, but "it was not appropriate to receive the courtesy of the Emperor's Temple" (57), and he secretly gave birth to the yuzhang county in the south of the country, but even so, because of the Yangzhou assassination history, the original four thousand households were cut off by three thousand households. Such an experience and situation made Liu He undoubtedly full of resentment, melancholy, helplessness, and hopelessness before his death. It was also this kind of knot, coupled with the fact that after Liu He's death, the ministers of the DPRK "all thought that it was not appropriate to be an heir and the state was removed" (58), so that when Liu He was buried after his death, he buried almost all of his life and went with him. This is true of the bells and drums of the carriages and horses, the treasures of gold and silver, the copies of the chapters, and so on.

All in all, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, was built in accordance with the regulations of the marquis on the whole, especially the above-ground building and external form, which is undoubtedly a typical tomb of the marquis; but the structure and facilities of the tomb, especially the burial products, in many aspects have the momentum of the tomb of the princes; and the practice of all the funerals in his lifetime is obviously a reflection of his ups and downs in life, especially the situation and knots that have been repeatedly denounced after becoming an emperor. The combination of the tomb of the Marquis of Lie, the momentum of the princes and the heart of the deposed emperor constitutes the multiple personalities and overall characteristics of the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia. In other words, the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of Haidi, is based on Liu He's lineage and the abolition of the emperor's heart knot, and has the style of the tomb of the princes in many aspects.

34 Sima Biao: The Book of Continuing Han and The Chronicle of Etiquette, pp. 3141, 3152, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1962. (The Great Funeral, "Shou Gong Ling and East Gardener General Female Deacon, Huang Xuan, Ti Jie, Golden Wisp Jade As a Story".) "The princes, the princes, the first nobles, and the princesses are all ordered to give seals and jade and silver wisps; great nobles, long princesses, copper wisps." ）

35 "Release of Archaeological Achievements of the Tomb of The Marquis of Haixia in the Han Dynasty, Nanchang, Jiangxi", China Cultural Relics News, March 4, 2016, 2nd edition.

36 Zheng Luanming, "The Burial System of Carriages and Horses Seen in the Tombs of the Princes of the Western Han Dynasty", Archaeology, No. 1, 2002. Press: The practice of burying the princes of the Western Han Dynasty with real carriages and horses originated in the pre-Qin dynasty, formed in the Wenjing period, and then flourished, and in the first year of The Ning Dynasty (33 BC), the Hancheng Emperor issued an edict, and then changed to the use of Ming ware carriages and horses to be buried. The Book of Han and the Chronicle of Emperor Cheng: "In May of the first year of the reign of Emperor Jingning, Emperor Yuan collapsed ------ (June) Yi Wei, and there was a saying: 'Riding on public opinion chariots, cattle and horses, and animals and animals are all indecent, and it is not appropriate to be buried'. Sonata".

37 Nanjing Museum, et al., "Han Tomb of Dayunshan, Xuyi, Jiangsu", Archaeology, No. 7, 2012.

38 48 Cultural Relics Management Committee of Shangqiu City, Henan Province, etc.: The Tomb of King Liang of Hanliang in Shanxi, Mangzhong, pp. 167, p. 121, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2001

39 Wang Jinghui et al., Tomb No. 1 shuangdun in Lu'an, Anhui, 2006 Important Archaeological Discoveries in China, p. 107, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2007.

40 Gao Chongwen, "Discussion on the Burial System of Carriage and Horse in the Tombs of The Princes of the Western Han Dynasty", Cultural Relics, No. 2, 1992. Press: Changqing Shuang rushan No. 1 tomb with buried 3 real cars and horses, 2 ming ware cars (Department of Archaeology, Shandong University, etc.: "Shandong Changqing Shuang Rushan No. 1 Han Tomb Excavation Briefing", Archaeology, No. 3, 1997).

41 Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Management Commission, et al.: Briefing on the Excavation of Yangjiawan Han Tomb in Xianyang Province, Cultural Relics, No. 10, 1977. Press: Yangjiawan No. 4 tomb found a total of 4 car and horse pits (K4 ~ 7, of which K4 and K7 are in the tomb road, K5 and K6 are next to the tomb outside the tomb), with more than 15 burial carriages (of which, K4 is 2, K5 is 5, K6 is 8, but 2 are practical real cars and horses.

43 Jinan Institute of Archaeology, et al., "Cleaning up the burial pit of Luozhuang Han Tomb in Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province", Archaeology, No. 8, 2004.

44 Xuzhou Museum: "The Tomb of Liu Xi, Marquis Wanqu of The Western Han Dynasty of Xuzhou", Cultural Relics, No. 2, 1997.

45 Xuzhou Museum, et al.: Tomb of king Chu of Shanxi, North Cave, Xuzhou, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2003.

46 a. Wei Zheng et al., "Excavation and Harvest of The Western Han Tomb of Shizi mountain in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province", Archaeology, No. 8, 1998. b. Archaeological Excavation Team of Chu Wang Mausoleum of Lion Mountain: Briefing on the Excavation of Chu King Mausoleum of Lion Mountain, Xuzhou, Cultural Relics, No. 8, 1998.

47 Nanjing Museum, et al., "Han Tomb of Dayunshan, Xuyi, Jiangsu", Archaeology, No. 7, 2012. According to another article by the excavators, the excavation of half a two coins "weighs about 1 ton" (Nanjing Museum, etc.: "Tomb No. 1 of the Tomb of the King of Hanjiangdu in Xihan, Xuyi Dayun, Jiangsu", Archaeology, No. 10, 2013). If calculated according to the weight of one piece of about 3 grams, there should be more than 300,000 coins buried with it.

48 Cultural Relics Management Committee of Shangqiu City, Henan Province, et al.: The Tomb of King Liang of Han in Shanxi, Mangzhong, pp. 167, p. 121, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2001.

49 Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, et al.: "Report on the Excavation of Han Tomb No. 36 in Xianxian County", Hebei Archaeological Anthology, pp. 241-260, Oriental Publishing House, 1998.

50 Department of Archaeology, Shandong University, et al., "Briefing on the Excavation of Tomb No. 1 of Shuangrushan Mountain, Changqing County, Shandong", Archaeology, No. 3, 1997.

51 Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Changsha Excavation Report, p. 119, Science Press, 1957. Press: The tomb also unearthed 230 lead gold cakes and mud gold cakes.

52 a. He Xuhong et al., "Tomb of the Queen Of The King of Changsha, Wangcheng, Wangcheng, Hunan Province, Pengling, Western Han Dynasty", 2006 Important Archaeological Discoveries in China, pp. 113-114, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2007. b. Changsha Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "Briefing on the Excavation of The Han Tomb in Fengpengling, Wangcheng, Hunan", Cultural Relics, No. 12, 2007.

53 Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, et al.: Mianyang ShuangbaoShan Han Tomb, p. 122, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2006.

54 The diameter, thickness and weight of the Five Baht Coins of the Western Han Dynasty varied, but the general weight was about 3 grams. If calculated according to this, the five-baht coin is 2 million pieces, weighing about 6,000 kilograms; if calculated according to 10 tons, the number of five baht coins is about 3 million pieces.

55 Korea River: "Hou System and "Wang Qi": On the Characteristics of the Tomb of the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang," Guangming Daily, February 3, 2016, 14th edition.

56 Liu Qingzhu and Bai Yunxiang, eds., Chinese Archaeology, Qin and Han Volumes, pp. 365-371, China Social Science Press, 2010. According to the statistics of 2010, the archaeological excavations of the Western Han Dynasty Liehou Tombs counted 17 of the 12 Liehou Tombs, plus the Shazitang Han Tomb in Changsha and the Lantian Zhijiagou Han Tomb, the Xi'an Fengqi Han Tomb and the Haidian Marquis Liu He Tomb, a total of 16 Liehou Tombs.

57.58 Bangu: The Biography of Wu Wuzi of the Book of Han, pp. 2769-2770, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2006.

Author: Bai Yunxiang

The original article was published in: "Southern Cultural Relics", No. 3, 2016, "Observation of the Tomb of Liu He, Marquis of Haixia under the Archaeological Perspective of the Tomb of the Prince of the Western Han Dynasty". The article has been slightly added or deleted.

Edit: "Jiangxi Archaeology" WeChat public account editorial team

Final: Ke Zhonghua

Reprinted from: Jiangxi Archaeology