Qin army
In today's public impression, the Qin state is an advanced model for getting rid of the division of feudalism and establishing a county system, and Liu Zongyuan's "Theory of Feudalism" and the modern Sun Haohui's "Great Qin Empire" have deepened the concept that the county system is equal to advanced and the system of sub-feudalism is equal to backwardness. But real history is far from being as simple as binary opposition. In fact, whether it is a county or a sub-feudal, it is a means in the process of the unification of the Qin State, and the use of it is exquisite. The real historical movement is very complex, and people's narratives of history are one or more aspects of history, and it is impossible to completely restore the true face of history. For once the scroll of history is closed, then it is irretrievable.
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The abolition of the Shiqing Shilu system has become an important impression of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law
1. Princes, royalty and scholars: the type of monarch of the Qin kingdom
Judging from the history of the rise of the Qin state in the east, the feudal lords of the Qin state are mainly composed of three categories: conquered princes, members of the royal family, and meritorious Gentiles.
Shang Martin himself was the feudal lord of the Qin state
The first feudal lord in the history of the Qin state was Shang Martin. After ascending to the rank of Da Liang Zhao, he had been promoted to the highest rank of The Duke of Qin; then the historical record is: Twenty-two years later, Wei Martin attacked Wei and the Duke of Wei. If you need to continue to reward, you will definitely need a higher position and title, so Qin Xiaogong sealed Shang martingale as a marquis, known as Shang Jun.
It was Shang Martin who became a fief. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Jun has become a title of noble lord, rather than a generic title for noble lords, for example, there are some lord titles called "Huang Jun" and "Want Jun" on the bronze ware of the Chu Kingdom.
Geographically, the shang martingale's fief merchants were located on the front line of the Qin-Chu confrontation, so from a geographical point of view, Qin Xiaogong sealed the Shang martingale here, using a foreign-born feudal monarch to balance foreign intentions, which was also the main logic of the future Warring States period.
If shang martingale had military merit, then later there were some feudal lords who did not have a clear record of merit. Qin Huiwenjun, who used the method of Shang martingale but was jealous and hated Shang martingale, also had his own system of sub-sealing: for example, Zhang Yi was made Wu Xinjun, and Feng li was made Yan Jun. Dong of the Ming Dynasty believed that there were two kinds of warring states feudal lords: one was the name of the fief, and the Fili Disease was the feudal lord with a strict status. And Wu Xinjun was a well-known feudal prince. Of course, Zhang Yi may have a fief, such as the historical record "Qin Huiwen Wang Fengyi Wuyi".
Qin annihilated Bashu
Also in the era of King Hui of Qin, after conquering the Shu state of the Bashu region that was wandering in the cultural circle of the Central Plains, King Huiwen of Qin demoted the King of Shu to the rank of Marquis of Shu and also sent him a chancellor. After that, King Hui of Qin also made his son Yin Tong the Marquis of Shu: the "Records of History" records that Gongzi Tong was sealed in Shu; the "Huayang Guozhi" records that "King Hui of Qin was sealed as the Marquis of Shu". It can be seen that the sons and sons of the princes of the Qin State are also within the scope of being canonized as princes, but in history, it is not seen that this Yintong has any military merits or obvious achievements, which is contradictory to the previous record that "the clan room is not a military merit theory, and must not be a subordinate".
In the era of King Wu of Qin, the Marquis of Shu was killed by Chen Zhuang, the Prince of Qin, and after king Wu of Qin killed him, he made Gongzi Xuan the new Marquis of Shu; and in terms of feudal kings, there was a rebellious Prince of Qin, Ji Jun--- Yingzhuang. The "Chronicle of History" records: "Shu Changzhuang and the ministers, princes, and princes are rebellious, and they are all condemned." "This Ji Jun should also have named himself after the Fief Ji.
In addition, in the era of King Wu of Qin and King Zhaoxiang of Qin, it was the era of the Qin state's large-scale eastward expansion and whale swallowing of land, and a large number of aristocratic fiefs and fiefs also appeared during this period, such as:
Qin Feng Fan Ju took the title of Ying Hou (應侯). When it was, King Qin Zhao forty-one years also;
In the sixteenth year of King Zhao, he was enfeoffed as a prince, a prince of Deng, and a prince of Wei Rantao.
If Fan Ju and Wei Ran had diplomatic merits and military merits, then in addition, in this era, there were also a group of feudal lords of the clan: Wu Xinjun, Jingyang Jun, Gao Lingjun, Huayang Jun, Yangquan Jun, An Guojun, Gang Chengjun, Chang'an Jun, etc. This group of people had almost no military merits worth a book, so they did not belong to the "military merit knighthood".
Later, on the eve of the unification of the Qin state, Yan Yi should be physically strong and had special functions to gain the favor of the empress, so he was given the title of Marquis of Changxin, and obtained the Taiyuan region as a fiefdom, becoming the state of Yan; and the later Marquis Lü Buwei of Wenxin also had a fiefdom of Hejian dedicated by the State of Yan. Finally, in the Qin Unification War, the Anling State that split from the State of Wei and the Wei State Sect Were not destroyed, and the Wei monarchs were only relocated, and finally in the era of Qin II, Wei Junjiao was deposed as a Shuren.
If the level of documentary records is not enough to explain the existence of the feudal system in the Qin State, then the excavated documents can be used as an auxiliary explanation: the "Book of Qin Zongyi" clearly records the fiefdom of the right shu of the Qin State:
The inscription reads: Four years, Zhou Tianzi made Qing Dafu Chen come to WenWu Zhi Shu (胙), Winter Eleven Month Xin You, Da Liang Zhao Shu Chang Swim Out Of Destiny: Go to Du Cai (in) Feng Qiu to ShuiShui, thinking that the right Shu Chang Shu Zongyi. It is a book of watts. The Emperor of The Besiss was not more enfeoffed, and his descendants thought that they were Zongyi. It is sealed in the winter of the fourth year in the month of November. From the east of the seal of Sang □ (Guo) and north to Sang Ji (Wei).
The literature says that the Right Shu Changqi obtained a hereditary fief, and his descendants thought it was Zongyi. This again seems to contradict Sima Qian's account.
So, what's the problem?
2. Sima Qian did not record the abolition of The Qin Dynasty
This passage only illustrates the implementation of the county system in the Qin state, but does not mention the abolition of sub-feudalism. So the real situation is that the system of the Qin state is the same as before, and the county system that began to be partially promoted in the border areas during the Qin Xiangong era appeared on a large scale in the country, but this did not mean the demise of the fiefdom.
From the horizontal comparison, in fact, the social system of the Qin State is not one notch more advanced than the Six Kingdoms of Shandong, and the model of coexistence of fiefdoms and counties already exists in the princely states such as the Three Jins and the Chu State.
Therefore, the martingale transformation method does not mean advanced, but the pursuit and counter-superiority of the late-developing countries to the first-mover countries.
Since the State of Qin did not explicitly abolish the sub-fiefs, the existence of fiefdoms is explained.
Functionally, whether it is Shu land, Shang Yu, Tao land or Wenxin Hou's Hejian land, these fiefs are mainly offensive fiefs, either the fiefdoms of the Qin state among the nations, or in the frontier areas, such as Qi Rong becoming the new city king sealed in the Chu homeland, Yan Yi sealed in the three Jin dynasty, Gongzi city sealed in Wan, Gongzi Feng sealed in Deng, these two places are the former land of the Chu state, it is obvious that the Qin state is either yi to control the Yi, or to occupy the frontier area with members of the royal family or large feudal lords, and the town guards the frontier;
Song fiefdom
There is also a kind of fiefdom that belongs to the distant checkers-style fiefdom: for example, the territory of the powerful minister Wei Ran is located in the song state between the State of Wei and the State of Qi, and the fiefdom of Marquis Lü Buwei of Wenxin is located between Yan zhao, and this kind of checkers-style enclave is actually a way for the Qin state to infiltrate and expand the fiefdom to the east, which is part of the long-distance and close-range attack. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Idea of the Qin State alliing with the Zheng people and garrisoning troops in the Zheng State to defend themselves was the same, and to reserve a military base and enclave for themselves to go east. Because these enclaves were isolated among the nations, far from the Qin state, and public and private, these fiefs would find ways to keep their fiefs and expand their territory, which proved to be true: the historical records record that Wei Ran "wanted to cross the Han and Wei dynasties and cut down Gangshou, and wanted to spread his pottery seals." It shows that these checkers fiefdoms played a positive role in the unification of the Qin state, rather than the so-called reversal of history.
And the "Sons and Grandchildren think that Zongyi" embodied in the "Book of Qin Zongyi" is obviously not a fair military knight, but a fief that can be hereditary. It can be seen that the so-called martingale transformation method is to increase the low-level knighthood of the commoners, rather than to smash the old high-level hereditary titles. Among the high nobility, hereditary fiefdoms still existed.
And what is the so-called military merit system?
Take a look at the Book of Shangjun. In the original text of the "Domestic Chapter", it will be found that there are some people such as Zhang Yi, Fan Ju, and Cai Ze who do not have the process of upgrading in the ranks, basically in one step, from the guest secretary to the upgrade, becoming a higher knighthood;
In this statement about the military merits of the Qin State, there is a gap from the upper creation to the non-existent:
The official of the line, the old lord of the duke, is also the superior; the old lord is also the superior; the old lord is the hairpin; it is not more; the old lord is the doctor. That is to say, Shang Jun did not give a way of promotion from Hairpin to No More;
Then from the five doctors to the guest, there is another fault:
The fifth grand master, who has six hundred families of taxation, receives guests; the general, the imperial, and the counselor are all given the third rank of knighthood; so the guest Qing Xiang, on the ying, is the zhengqing. Just for the great chief.
Therefore, there is no way for the five doctors to arrive.
The military merit system of the Qin state is a fantasy
That is to say, there are invisible promotion barriers to low-level titles to doctors, and doctors to chiefs, and the Qin state uses a large number of low-level titles to mobilize soldiers to kill the enemy, but the high-level titles are still monopolized by noble doctors and foreign guest secretaries. What was really hit was the traditional feudal masters represented by Gan Long and Du Zhi, who could not be promoted only when their status was up, and the monarch of the Qin state needed to protect himself by establishing royal titles and foreign guest secretaries to strengthen the centralization of power. Therefore, the promotion from the guest to the eldest of the big house: "Therefore, the guest Qing Xiang, on the ying, is the right Qing." It is a fast lane for talents from all over Shandong.
The study of history must not only be bookish, but only realistic.