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In 271 BC, Fan Ju, who had been in the Qin kingdom for more than a year, presented a second letter to King Qin Zhao, winning the opportunity to meet King Qin Zhao.
Fan Ju was willing to gamble his life to fight for this opportunity to meet with King Qin Zhao, because he had a keen eye for the great crisis hidden in Qin's internal affairs at this time, and had already planned a countermeasure for King Qin Zhao. So, could Fan Ju convince King Qin Zhaowang through this meeting?
King Qin Zhao summoned Fan Ju, and in Sima Qian's pen it was a historical fact that had been written out of style.
The Chronicle of History reads:
When it was, King Zhao had been established for thirty-six years. Southern Chu ZhiYan Yin, Chu Huai Wang You died in Qin. Qin Dong broke through. The king tasted the title of emperor and then went to it. Count the trapped three jin. Disgusted with the world's apologists, unbelieving.
Marquis Yong, Huayang Jun, the younger brother of Empress Xuan, the mother of The King of Zhao, and the King of Jingyang and the King of Gaoling were both the same mother and brother of the King of Zhao. Marquis Xiang of Yong, the three of them, have a fief, and because of the empress, the private wealth is heavier than the royal family. He was a Qin general, and wanted to cross Han and Wei and fa Qi Gang and Shou, and wanted to spread his pottery seal. Fan Sui is on the book.
- "The Biography of Fan Julie"
According to Sima Qian's chronicle, King Zhao of Qin officially summoned Fan Ju in 271 BC. At this time, it had been more than a year since Fan Ju arrived in the Qin Kingdom. During this year or so, despite the strong recommendation of the Gurudwara Wang Ji, Fan Ju was always left out in the cold by King Qin Zhao. As for the reason, Sima Qian explained that King Zhao was "disgusted with the world's debaters and had no faith."
This word "disgust", in terms of external behavior, is the strong rejection attitude shown by King Qin Zhao's attitude towards the Kwantung tourists. However, if analyzed from the internal psychology, it seems that the word "disgust" may as well be understood as "tired"
。
That is to say, because Marquis Wei Ran was in power, the Qin state destroyed The Southern Chu, the Eastern Wei Three Jins, and the Strong Qi, the King of Qin Zhao was satisfied.
In that era, recruiting tourists and jointly planning the country was often the strategy adopted by the monarch to save the country in the face of danger. For example, King Jin of Yan Zhao, and Corporal Li Xian, were unavoidable measures taken in order to quickly calm the turmoil of the Rebellion of the Sons, stabilize the political situation of the Yan state, and wait for the opportunity to take revenge on the State of Qi.
Compared with King Yan Zhao, who was appointed in times of crisis,
Before 271 BC, King Zhao of Qin was in a much superior environment, and recruiting Kwantung tourists was neither necessary nor urgent for King Zhao.
Therefore, in 272 BC, Fan Ju, who had just arrived in the Qin Kingdom, spoke to King Qin Zhao for the first time without knowing the times, shouting that "the Qin State is in danger", and King Zhao's response was to coldly leave him aside and ignore him.
However, only a year had passed, and the second time Fan Ju wrote to King Qin Zhao, he seemed to receive a completely different treatment from the last time
：
So King Zhao of Qin said that he was the king of Xie and summoned Fan Ju with a car. So Fan Ju Nai had to be seen in the palace.
Sima Qian said that when King Qin Zhao, seeing Fan Ju's second petition, not only did He not only enjoy himself, but even apologized to Fan Ju's recommender Wang Ji for his delay in summoning Fan Ju.
The "Records of History" records that King Qin Zhao's meeting with Fan Ju, I personally think that it is likely to have been negatively affected by the history of the Warring States strategists, and cannot withstand careful scrutiny in some details. Therefore, to clarify the truth of this history, the difficulties we face have also increased.
Suppose, as Sima Qian said, That King Zhao of Qin apologized to Wang Ji before meeting Fan Ju, it would mean that King Zhao probably had extremely high psychological expectations for this summons.
He was looking forward to unearthing an important value from Fan Ju, a Kanto traveler, so what should this value be?
When the meeting between King Qin Zhaowang and Fan Ju was just on the right topic, Sima Qian wrote:
Fan Sui said: "The kingdom of the great kings, the four sai are solid, the north has Ganquan and Gukou, the south belt is Jing, Wei, right Long, Shu, zuo guan, Han, fight millions, chariots are multiplied, the advantages are attacked, and the unfavorable ones are defended, and this land of kings is also." The people are cowardly and courageous in public war, and so are the people of this king. The king has both.
The husband is the courage of the Qin pawn, the multitude of the riders, and the princes are ruled, for example, if shi Hanlu and the rabbit are also beaten, the cause of the overlord can be caused, and the group of subjects should not be in his place.
So far, he has been closed for fifteen years, and those who dare not spy on the soldiers in Shandong are the Marquis of Yong for Qin's plot of disloyalty, and the king's plan has been lost
。 ”
The King of Qin said, "The widow is willing to hear the miscalculation."
”
The core meaning of "Fan Ju" is that the State of Qin has geopolitical advantages, institutional advantages and military advantages that the Six Kingdoms of Shandong do not have. However, these strategic advantages failed to translate into tactical victories for the Qin army on the Eastern Front.
As for the culprit of repeated defeats, Fan Ju's spearhead was directed at the current chancellor, Wei Ran, the Marquis of Yong.
If the Eastern Expedition of the State of Qin really suffered a major setback during this period, and the chancellor Wei Ran was powerless to reverse the decline, then It was normal for King Qin Zhao to be eager for someone to be able to revitalize the country at this juncture.
However, the problem was that Sima Qian's concocted premise of seeking talents for King Qin Zhao was not solid, and the key to distortion was in the sentence "It has been closed for fifteen years now"
。 The Qing Dynasty scholar Qian Daxin commented on this:
Fan Ju said Qin, in the thirty-sixth year of King Qin Zhao. When Qin used Bai Qi, breaking Zhao, Wei and Chu repeatedly, and Hou Fang sent troops to attack Gang and Shou, An had been closed for fifteen years?
- "Notes on the Twenty-second History of the Year"
Qian Daxin questioned the untruthful record of the "fifteen years of retreat" in the Biography of Fan Julie, which is a rigorous and correct judgment. We can add to this a little. The meeting between King Qin Zhao and Fan Ju recorded in the "Records of History" first appeared in the Warring States Policy Qin Ce III. The original text reads like this:
Fan Ju said: "The kingdom of the great kings, there are Ganquan and Gukou in the north, Jingwei in the south, Longshu on the right, and Hanshan on the left." Thousands of chariots, millions of battles. With the courage of Qin pawns, the number of chariots and horses, to be a prince, for example, if you chi Han Lu and chase the rabbits, the cause of the overlord can be caused. Those who are now closed and do not dare to spy on shandong are the marquis of Yong for the sake of the country, and the king's plan has been wrong. ”
- "Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III"
The Warring States Policy says that in 271 BC, King Qin Zhao was forced to close the Hanguan because of the defeat of the Eastern Crusade, which is absolutely untrue. The fact is, "When it was, King Zhao had been established for thirty-six years. Southern Chu ZhiYan Yin, Chu Huai Wang You died in Qin. Qin Dong broke through. The king tasted the title of emperor and then went to it. Counting the Three Jins" ("History of Fan Julie")
However, ming was very suspicious of the great trend of the Qin state's eastern crusade, but Sima Qian inexplicably drew a snake after the "retreat" and continued the three words "fifteen years".
This can only mean that Tai Shi Gong himself did not understand at all what the real motive of King Qin Zhao's summoning Fan Ju at this time was
In my personal judgment, when King Qin Zhaowang summoned Fan Ju this time, he was unlikely to have the positive mentality that Sima Qian had described as seeking talents and asking questions about the military state. If he really attached so much importance to this meeting, then the place to meet Fan Ju should be arranged in the Xianyang Palace. But in fact,
King Qin Zhao only received Fan Ju at the palace.
In other words, it was a low-level informal meeting.
Why, after hanging Fan Ju for more than a year, King Qin Zhao finally relaxed and agreed to receive him? To a certain extent, this is related to Fan Ju's once again writing to the book. In this book, Fan Ju mentions two key issues.
One:
"When a subject hears that the Lord has established a government, those who have meritorious service must be rewarded, and those who have ability have to be official." Those who work hard are thick, those who have done a lot of work are honored, and those who can rule the people are great in their officials. Therefore, the incompetent dare not take office, and the capable must not be hidden. Let the words of his subjects be acceptable, and be willing to do what is beneficial to him. It is impossible to take the words of the subjects, and to stay with the ministers for a long time, and to do nothing. ”
Since the filial piety of the martingale transformation method, the Qin state has followed the rule of law as the standard. In the thinking of the Dharma, the most important means for the monarch to control the country is the so-called "two handles", that is, reward and punishment. Only by clearly punishing and rewarding and establishing a reasonable and strict reward and punishment mechanism can we promote the orderly operation of the state and the government.
Fan Ju said that he had been waiting in the Qin State for more than a year, but after King Qin Zhaowang read his last letter, he did not have a clear attitude of reward and punishment, which actually violated the governing spirit of clear punishment and reward.
This criticism is tantamount to taking the family law of the ancestors of the Qin Dynasty to put King Zhao's army, appointing or dismissing Fan Ju, king Zhao can no longer continue to be silent, it is time to give people an explanation
Second, Fan Ju said:
"The subject wishes to be given less to travel between the eyes and see the colors. A word is invalid, please ambush the axe! ”
Fan Ju stated that he had no requirements for etiquette and treatment for the visit he had voluntarily applied for: King Qin Zhao did not need to give him a long time to receive him, and the place of reception did not have to be in the Xianyang Palace where the monarch was deliberating.
However, under such a humble request, Fan Ju said in a firm tone that in order to win this meeting, he was willing to bet his life - "a word is invalid, please ambush the axe", if I am not right, you do not even have to be dismissed, directly order someone to drag me out and cut it -
A Kanto traveler is willing to gamble his life for a short informal meeting, don't you wonder what stake he has in his hand?
？
bibliography:
Fan Xiangyong's "Warring States Policy Notes";
Takikawa Ziyan "Notes on the History of the Society";
Lin Jianming's Draft History of Qin;
Yang Kuan's Chronicle of the Warring States Historical Materials
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