In the long history of China for 5,000 years, the industrious and intelligent Chinese have left countless artistic masterpieces that record the history of the nation.
But it is precisely because of the brilliance of China's history and the dazzling chinese civilization that it has finally attracted the covetousness of countless countries of bandits in the world.
In the Qing Dynasty, because the emperor was faint, the nobility was immoral, the imperial court was corrupt, and the land of China under foreign rule was eventually eliminated in the development of world history, it could only be bullied by others.
During the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Alliance, many thieves plundered and plundered, and countless precious treasures handed down by Chinese civilization were scattered overseas.
However, compared with the robbery of robbers, the harm done by family thieves to Chinese civilization is not heinous.
Domestic thieves and robbers sold national treasures overseas
Two art treasures from the mainland are on display at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in the United States.
In the Six Juns of Zhaoling, "Salu Purple" and "Fist Hair".
It is also funny to think that in a university museum that prides itself on being a world famous university, two stolen cultural relics are openly exhibited. I really don't know whether to say that the Americans are cheeky or the Chinese thieves are hateful.
The "Salu Purple" and "Fist hair" exhibited in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania are the "second horse" of the six horses in Zhaoling.
There are six original works, all of which are bluestone reliefs about 204 cm wide, 172 cm high and 40 cm thick.
The Six Juns stone carvings of Zhaoling originally stood in the eastern and western corridors of Xuanwu Gate at the northernmost end of the Tomb of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, and were arranged in a stepped order from north to south.
Zhaoling Liujun has a very high status in the history of Chinese art,
In addition to the artistic achievements of the relief itself, it is also because the record behind the Zhaoling Liujun is the most brilliant period of history in Chinese history.
People all know that China during the Tang Dynasty was majestic in the forest of the world, and all countries came to the dynasty, and civilization was unprecedented.
And the creation of this grand event is inseparable from the wise and courageous monarch - Li Shimin.
The six horses in the six horses of Zhaoling were the mounts that accompanied Li Shimin on the battlefield. Therefore, the metaphor and refraction behind the Zhaoling Liujun is the most brilliant founding history of the Tang Dynasty.
But why are two of these precious reliefs, which can metaphorically and reflect a great history, be lost overseas?
This has to mention one person, that is, the national thief - Lu Qinzhai .
How did the sinner Lu Qinzhai get rich?
Speaking of Lu Qinzhai as a person, he is also famous in modern Chinese history, but what belongs to him is not a good name but a curse.
Although there are countless traitor scholars in modern times to excuse them, they hope to sort out such a lowly person who dug graves for his ancestors to become a "messenger" who promotes oriental art on the international stage.
It also listed some things that Lu Qinzhai funded Chinese students to reverse black and white, but Lu Qinzhai's reputation is still infamous, and those so-called "scholars" are at most masters of using footshirts as masks.
Let's talk about the history and life course of Lu Qinzhai, a thief who stole the country.
Lu Qinzhai was born in 1880 in Lujiadu, Huzhou, Zhejiang, originally named "Lu Huanwen", and later changed his name to "Lu Qinzhai" because he wanted to make a living as an apprentice in an antique shop.
When Lu Qinzhai was young, her parents were lost, and she could only be fostered in the distant cousin's house.
Later, on the recommendation of his cousin, he came to the Nanxun Zhang family as a servant. And this big young master of the Nanxun Zhang family who started in the silk salt business was Zhang Jingjiang, one of the four elders of the Kuomintang.
In the history of Lu Qinzhai's fortune, the one person who absolutely cannot be bypassed is Zhang Jingjiang.
No matter how developed Lu Qinzhai was after that, there were inextricable links with Zhang Jingjiang.
Among the four elders of the Kuomintang, except for Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng, who had a good reputation, Wu Zhihui and Zhang Jingjiang were all the same.
Not only did he support Chiang Kai-shek in stealing the fruits of the revolution, but he also used his power in his hands to amass huge amounts of ill-gotten gains during the Republic of China period.
And Lu Qinzhai is essentially Zhang Jingjiang's spokesman and puppet.
In 1902, Zhang Jingjiang became the Commercial Counsellor of the Qing Court in France, and brought Lu Qinzhai to France.
Lu Qinzhai, who was originally only an apprentice in the Zhang family's antique business, suddenly stepped onto the international stage.
Zhang Jingjiang opened the "Yuntong" company in France, which was openly a legitimate business of selling Chinese porcelain, but in fact Zhang Jingjiang was a cultural relics dealer.
A large number of national treasures flowed into the international market through the hands of Zhang Jingjiang.
By reselling cultural relics, Zhang Jingjiang earned a lot of wealth, a large part of which belonged to ill-gotten gains.
Zhang Jingjiang's cleverness lies in knowing how to judge the hour and size up the situation, and when he saw that the Qing court was about to run out of gas and the state was imminent, Zhang Jingjiang used the money in his hand to support Mr. Sun Yat-sen, who was raising funds for the revolution.
Mr. Zhongshan did not check and brought Zhang Jingjiang to the ranks of the revolution.
The Success of the Xinhai Revolution, Zhang Jingjiang also became the founding hero of the Republic of China, although Zhang Jingjiang did not do anything during mr. Zhongshan's lifetime, but Zhang Jingjiang exchanged the ill-gotten gains from the sale of cultural relics in that year into power within the Republic of China government.
Thus completing the transition from businessman to politician.
After Zhang Jingjiang participated in the revolution, Lu Qinzhai also set up another portal to start his own antique business and established the Lu Wu Antiques Company.
After the two set up a company, they moved the original underground cultural relics resale business to the open side.
On the occasion of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of literary logistics fell to the people.
Lu Qinzhai and Wu Qi, who seized the business opportunity, spent a huge amount of money to collect a large number of national treasures from the hands of many widows of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and took them to auction in Paris and other places one by one.
Gradually, the duo's antique company became a red man in the eyes of the European nobility, and every piece of cultural relics sold to Europe by the hands of the two made the European aristocrats and capitalists who were vassals and elegant flock to them.
Business is getting bigger and bigger, but the supply of antiques is extremely unstable.
In order to get more supplies, Lu Qinzhai began to set his sights on the domestic artifacts.
You should know that unlike those cultural relics that are openly circulated, the circulation of the underworld has always been a more taboo thing.
People often taboo the origin of these cultural relics. Whether ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign, tomb robbers are despised by people,
Therefore, if you want the artifact to sell well, you must have good publicity and marketing.
Lu Qinzhai is a genius in business, with superb antique appreciation ability and cultural relics knowledge, Lu Qinzhai soon became the guest of honor of European aristocrats and capitalists.
Under the encouragement of Lu Qinzhai, the haunted artifact became the new favorite of the European collection industry.
In particular, some ancient tomb carved artworks, bronzes, funerary ancient jade, pottery figurines, Buddha statues and other items, at that time in the European market can be described as a difficult to find.
After the underworld was hyped up in the European collection market, Lu Qinzhai often went back and forth between France and Beijing and Shanghai to receive goods, and sometimes went to Xi'an, Henan and other places where tomb robbery was rampant to pick up leaks.
That period can be said to be the golden period of Lu Qinzhai's career development,
A large number of rare cultural relics excavated by the stolen tomb thieves were sold by Lu Qinzhai at a very low price and then sold at a high price in the international community.
Thieves sell zhaoling liujun
In 1914, Lu Qinzhai, who was originally going back to Beijing to receive goods, could only bypass the United States because of World War I.
When Lu Qinzhai came to the United States, he was attracted by the prosperous economy of the United States at that time.
Lu Qinzhai realized that in the near future, the United States will become the center of the world, and it will also become the center of the circulation of art and cultural relics.
So during his stay in the United States, Lu Qinzhai chose a store on Fifth Avenue in New York as his future development base in the United States.
There are new stores in the United States, but there is not a single decent work of art on hand.
Lu Qinzhai knew that if he wanted to be a hit in the US market, he had to have a hard product that could surprise the world.
In the same year, the Frenchman Goranz brought out two truckloads of stones from Yanxia Town, Liquan County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province.
On the way out of Shaanxi, Goranz was stopped by the local villagers, who opened the carriage obscured by canvas.
It was found that the stones above were actually two of the reliefs in the ZhaoLing.
The French smashed these two reliefs for transportation, one to facilitate transportation, and another reason was to lie that the rubble was confused.
Although the local villagers did not know how much the value of the Zhaoling Liujun was, they also knew with keen self-consciousness that this Frenchman was not a good person, so they immediately reported it to the local military and political commander.
As a result, the "Saroko" and "Fist Hair" of the Six Horses of Zhaoling, which were transported by the Frenchman Goranz, were confiscated by the local warlords.
Surprisingly, the local warlords are not good at stubble.
After the Frenchman Golanz was arrested for questioning, the local warlord learned that the rubble turned out to be a priceless work of art.
Therefore, these warlords immediately sent people to Beiping to find a buyer after seizing the two reliefs of "Salu Zi" and "Fist Hair".
Lu Qinzhai, who was in Beiping at the time, accidentally connected with the representative of the warlord at that time, and plotted a suspicious case of the disappearance of a national treasure.
The theft of "Salu Zi" and "Fist Hair" in the Six Juns of Zhaoling caused great repercussions in China at that time.
Therefore, the local warlords claimed to send the "Salu Zi" and "Fist Hair" to Beijing for Yuan Shikai to deal with.
However, it was accidentally lost on the way to Beijing, and the officers and soldiers who escorted the national treasure also died and disappeared. At this point, "Salu Purple" and "Fist Hair" do not know the end.
And just when the theft of the two artistic treasures of "Salu Zi" and "Fist Hair" was gradually cooling down in the public opinion of the Chinese people,
In 1918, two works of art were first exhibited in the American Metropolis.
And tracing its origins, it was bought from Lu Qinzhai for $125,000. In the intervening four years, how these two cultural relics were bought by Lu Qinzhai and shipped to the United States is unknown.
With this huge amount of 125,000 US dollars, Lu Qinzhai began a life of extravagance and lavishness in Paris.
In 1926, Lu Qinzhai built a world-famous building "The Red Chamber of Paris" in the eighth arrondissement of Paris. Here, there is a collection of antiquities and antiques from all over the world, and Lu Qinzhai is a high-class person in Paris.
Lu Qinzhai's chaotic life in Paris
With these properties, Lu Qinzhai naturally no longer has to risk traveling back and forth to and from China to collect cultural relics, but there are still many national treasures circulating through his company.
I don't know whether it was a conscience discovery or a pretense, after the construction of the Red House in Paris, Lu Qinzhai began to sponsor Chinese students studying in France.
As long as chinese students from disadvantaged families can get a lunch subsidy here every day.
In addition to building such a red chamber in Paris, which is not in the style of the west, Lu Qinzhai also married a foreign wife in France.
What surprised people was that Lu Qinzhai's foreign wife turned out to be the daughter of her lover.
It all started in 1908, when Lu Qinzhai met a woman who opened a hat shop in place of the Madeland in Paris, France, named Olga.
Olga was also not Parisian, her father was an Italian immigrant and her mother was Polish.
Olga worked as a servant to the nobles at an early age, but unfortunately at the age of 19, Olga was defiled by the male lord of the noble family he served and gave birth to a daughter named Rose.
Lu Qinzhai and Olga had an ambiguous relationship not long after they met.
French romance is basically equivalent to the chaos of private life, and the relationship between lovers is very common in France.
However, Lu Qinzhai thought differently, he really liked Olga, so he proposed to Olga. Who expected Olga to tell Lu Qinzhai that she already had another lover and could not agree to Lu Qinzhai's request.
But at that time, Lu Qinzhai was already a well-known antique dealer in France, considering Lu Qinzhai's "economic assistance",
Olga came up with a way to do it. That is to introduce his daughter Rose to Lu Qinzhai.
Lu Qinzhai, who has been wandering in a foreign country for many years, is also a hungry ghost, and was originally depressed for a long time when he learned that Olga had another lover.
However, when Olga brought her young and beautiful daughter Rose to Lu Qinzhai, Lu Qinzhai immediately expressed his desire to marry Rose.
So such a ridiculous love triangle began.
At that time, Rose was not financially able, and at the age of 15, she could only be given a gift by her mother Olga as a gift to Lu Qinzhai.
After the two married, Lu Qinzhai still maintained an ambiguous relationship with Olga.
He also gave his financial power to Olga. Therefore, in addition to being Lu Qinzhai's mother-in-law and lover, Olga is also Lu Qinzhai's financial housekeeper. Such a chaotic relationship is comparable to a stall novel.
After marriage, Rose and Lu Qinzhai had a total of 4 daughters.
However, in the eyes of Lu Qinzhai, who preferred sons to daughters, he did not recognize these four daughters, nor did he even want them to recognize the ancestors and return to the ancestors, and he did not even give Chinese names, let alone teach these four daughters to Chinese.
Perhaps Lu Qinzhai knew that what he was doing was a deal that cut off his children and grandchildren, and he never thought that he could have a queen from the beginning!
On July 29, 1948, just a few months before the Battle of Pingjin, Lu Qinzhai was afraid that the war would affect his business, so he prepared to transport the 17 boxes of cultural relics he had previously purchased from Beiping abroad.
But he did not admit it, but was detained by Fu Zuoyi's men. Lu Qinzhai used many methods and failed to redeem the 17 boxes of cultural relics, and finally had to give up.
Later, Fu Zuoyi revolted and Peiping was peacefully liberated, and Lu Qinzhai felt that his antique business had come to an end.
Eternal sinner - Lu Qinzhai
In his later years, Lu Qinzhai knew that his life was only superficially glamorous, but in fact he could only live under the promotion of those European nobles.
In order to beautify his life, Lu Qinzhai brazenly said that although he led to the loss of many cultural relics abroad, he also protected these cultural relics from the destruction of war on the other hand.
I really don't know how Lu Qinzhai's thick skin came out.
Even Lu Qinzhai expressed the idea of returning to the roots of the fallen leaves to his relatives, but presumably at that time, if Lu Qinzhai returned to China, the only thing that awaited him was the judgment of the people.
In 1957, Lu Qinzhai died in Switzerland at the age of 78.
Some people say that Lu Qinzhai's life is full of controversy, which is really nonsense. Lu Qinzhai had committed heinous crimes all his life, and such a family thief could not think of any evaluation he could give him except to be forever fixed on the column of shame of history.
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