Rong Xuan Reading Seal - Qing Dynasty Genre Seal (II)

III. The "Zhejiang School" Pioneered by Ding Jing

The Zhejiang school, founded by Ding Jing, arose in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and its influence was not only far-reaching, but also swept the Chinese printing circle for more than a century, and the Hui school was called the two major schools of seal engraving in the Qing Dynasty. The founder of the Zhejiang school, Ding Jing (1695-1765), the character jingsheng, the number longhongshan people, yanlin, in his later years the number blunt Ding, also signed no non-respectful Zhai, Zhejiang Hangzhou people. Yahao gold stone stele version, fine identification, rich collection, often travel to Yangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, once accompanied by the crowd to search for stone carvings, into the "Wulin Golden Stone Record". Ding Jing's knowledge is very high, and he has the "On printing the Absolute Sentence" cloud: "The ancients carved the seal and thought out of the crowd, and shu rolled and rolled with the clouds on the same mountain." Seeing the Tang and Song Miao of the Six Dynasties, He Zeng kept the Han family text. "Although the Han seal is good, it cannot be kept, and the seals of the Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties are not undesirable, which shows that Ding Jing is not the same in the concept of taking the law." Because of this, Ding Jing's works are relatively rich, and the styles of ancient seals, Han seals, Six Dynasties Tang and Song seals, and Yuan ming yin people can all be transformed into printing. Wang Qishu said: "The two Zhejiang dynasties have long been along the Lin Hetian sect, and blunt Ding lied to save the decadent wind... In addition to the lord and the people, there is another difference."

Ding Jing recently inherited Cheng Jie, Yuan Shao He Zhen, some people commented: "Since entering the Qing Dynasty, Wen He's old body, skin and bones have been exhausted, the Anhui Sect's sons, the force of the retro law, and the ancient law is only restored, Ding Jing and the masters of the crowd, not the Lord is one, so the house is great." "Ding Jing seal carving is quite the essence of He Zhen, after dabbling in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, directly chasing the Qin and Han Dynasties, integrating the characteristics of the seals of various periods, and having a deep skill in middle age." Ding Jing often refers to the intention on the basis of the Han Seal, and the knife is moving forward, simple and rigid, the edges are sharp, the lines are ancient and steep, rich in a strong taste of gold and stone, and a delicate and feminine state. At this time, the printing altar has gradually declined, Ding Jing strives to make a breakthrough in his own creation, using a cutting knife to express the penmanship, integrating into the taste of Li Kai, the layout changes into a new, and gradually formed a personal style of printing style that is vigorous and simple.

The Zhejiang school was two hundred years late, but the Zhejiang school had a strong lineup of Indians and very distinct stylistic characteristics. From the founding of Ding Jing to Qian Song, Zhejiang school art dominated the Qing Dynasty printing altar for nearly two centuries. Regarding the names of the Zhejiang school, Sha Menghai said in the "History of Printing Studies": "The names of the Xiling School of Printing were proposed around the late Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty when Ding Jing died, and Huang Yi, Xi Gang, and others were enjoying great fame, in order to distinguish themselves from He Zhen's old and new bodies. "In the middle of Jiaqing (about 1808), the "Seal Genealogy of the Four Families of Xiling" compiled by the father and son of He Yuanxi in Hangzhou is the earliest historical material that can be verified, and the earliest historical materials that refer to Ding, Jiang, Huang and Xi as the "Four Families of Xiling". At this time, it had been more than forty years since Ding Jing's death, and it was also four to five years since the death of Xi Gang, who finally died. For the first time, shiren formally summarized them as the "Xiling Indian School" through the form of the seal spectrum. Later generations classified Ding Jing, Jiang Ren, Huang Yi, and Xi Gang as the "Top Four Of Xiling". In the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), Mao Xitang in Hangzhou compiled the "Six Families of Xiling" into a genealogy, that is, the first four families plus Huang Yi's disciples Chen Yuzhong and Chen Hongshou, and the title of "Six Families of Xiling" began here. At this time, it had been fifty-five years since Chen Yuzhong's death and thirty-nine years since Chen Hongshou's death. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), Hu Shu made the names of "Zhejiang Zong" and "Zhejiang Sect" for the first time in the preface to the "Seal of Zhao Shushu Uncle", and Zhao Zhiqian made the names of "Zhejiang Zong" and "Zhejiang Sect" for the first time in the "Seal of Wu Rang of Shu yangzhou", and the names of Zhejiang Sect and Zhejiang Sect were used by everyone. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), The Hangren Ding Bing compiled the "Eight Seals of the Xiling School", with Ding Jing, Jiang Ren, Huang Yi, and Xi Gang as the first four, Chen Yuzhong, Chen Hongshou, Zhao Zhichen, and Qian Song as the last four, and the designation of the Zhejiang School 'Xiling Eight Families' was officially established (Tang Yinfang, "Analysis of the Classic Printing Techniques of the Zhejiang School", pp. 6-7, Chongqing Publishing House, 2006). In addition, the Descendants of the Zhejiang Sect also include Jin Nong, Zheng Banqiao, Hu Zhen, Zhang Yanchang, Yang Lan, Weng Danian, Yang Dashou, Chen Zuwang, Yi Jing, Jiang Zun, Yang You, Wu Hao, Hua Fu, Lu Tai and so on.

Ding Jing was the originator of the Zhejiang school, followed by Jiang Ren, Huang Yi, and Xi Gang, and the three of them, together with Ding Jing, were called the "Four Families of Xiling". Jiang Ren (1743-1795), whose real name was Tai (泰) and whose real name was Ping(平), was later renamed Ren (仁) because of the "Seal of Jiang Ren" in Yangzhou, a native of Renhe (present-day Hangzhou), Zhejiang. Jiang Ren was poor all his life, lonely and cold, and did not connect with the world. Its seal engraver, Fading Jing, is calm and mushy, and has a unique interest. In the Eight Houses of Xiling, Jiang Ren's seal is the most respectable spirit, and its seal carving is full of simple and elegant atmosphere, and the side is good at making long paragraphs, and most of them are carved in Yan body line, which is unique. Jiang Ren has a temperament, does not play knives easily for people, and has no children behind him, so his works are not circulated much. There is the "Seal of the Giro HouseholdEr" published.

Huang Yi (1744-1802), character Dayi, yizi Xiaosong, QiuYi, Qiuying An lord, Scattered Flower Beach people, etc., Zhejiang Renhe (now Hangzhou) people. Huang Yi has a family origin, because he likes the study of gold and stone, Ruan Yuan, Weng Fanggang, Wang Chang and other famous epigraphers Duo Le associate with it. In order to gain a lot of art, he is good at identifying and examining the stele, and has authored "Little Penglai Pavilion Golden Stone Text", "Little Penglai Pavilion Golden Stone Record", "Song Luo's Diary of Visiting The Monument" and so on. The seal was engraved by Ding Jing himself, and the "Draft of the Chronicle of The Hangzhou Prefecture of Guangxu" reads: "Blunt Ding tasted his few works, and he was happy to know that he passed on the dragon and rose up every day, Xiao Songya." It can be seen that Ding Jing has great importance and expectations for Huang Yi. Huang Yi seal carving with steady work and strong victory, at that time had a high reputation, there is a "Ding Huang", it has "careful to fall ink, boldly play the knife" "Han seal has a subordinate intention, so the atmosphere is vivid" and so on, deep seal carving three ambiguities. The Zhejiang school developed to Jiang Ren and Huang Yi, and the style tended to be fixed. Huang Yi's seal carving, xiuyi and skilled, has a Jiangnan charm, but it lacks the irrepressible momentum in Ding Jing and Jiang Ren's seal carving.

Xi Gang (1746-1803), formerly known as Gang Gang (steel), also spelled Tiesheng, was a native of Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou), Zhejiang. Xi Gang is open-minded, filial piety is not tolerated, and he will grow old with cloth. His poems, calligraphy and painting, and seal engraving all had a voice in the time, and the painter Fang Fuchi was famous during the Qianlong period, and was known as "Fang Xi". There is the "Mengquan Outer History Seal Spectrum" published. Xigang seal carving inherits the style of Ding Jingpu Mao, which is closer to Huang Yi's works, but he has a high understanding of seal carving, "printed to the Song and Yuan dynasties, increasingly beautiful and skillful, the wind is under the clouds." The Han seal is all simple and charming, and the spirit is harmonious, and people today really can't learn it." Moreover, Xi Gang attributed the characteristics of the beauty of the Zhejiang school seal carving form to the creation of gold stone qi and book scroll qi, "the printing and engraving together, in modern times, only Mr. Ding Zhang's blunt Ding is unique, and its ancient strength and beauty, although the text and why can not reach it, Mr. Gai is good at sealing and benefiting from books, so his works are in harmony with the ancients" ("Pinluo An Lord" printing). He tried to use the inscriptions of "Li Qi" and "Zhang Qian" to engrave the Han seal, seeking the effect of "the pen is round and round, and the gods exist and square", and its seal carving is sparse and elegant, and it is clumsy and elegant, and the writing is also exquisite. Later generations referred to him, together with Ding Jing, Jiang Ren, and Huang Yi, as the "Former Four Houses of Xiling".

Ding Jing "Ding Jing's Seal" and other six-sided seals

This seal is the six-sided seal of Ding Jing's own use, and the seals are: Ding Jingzhi Seal, JingShen, Jingsheng Father's Seal, Longhong Waishi Ding's Jingshen Seal, LonghongGuan Seal, and Yan Linbing's later works. This seal was once stored in Ding Ren's "Seventy-two Ding Nunnery", which was collected by Hua Du'an, who later donated it to the Shanghai Museum. The six sides of this seal are very complete, and the styles include Hanzhu Baiwen, Song and Yuan Zhuwen, Jade Seal Fine White, Cutting Knife Zhejiang School Baiwen, Square Pen ZhuWen and other styles, which are representative works of Ding Jing's printing style.

Ding Jingchuang's short knife astringent method is to serve its ancient and clean printing style, and the smooth and delicate lines cannot achieve the effect of expressing masculine momentum. As far as its seal is concerned, only some works are completed with a shredded knife and short cut, and in the actual printing case, the punching knife and punching are used at the same time. From Ding Jing onwards, in addition to showing the beauty of his knife technique, the cutting knife was also combined with brushwork and calligraphy, and evolved into an integral part of the genre print style.

Ding Jingbaiwen "Two Lakes, Three Zhus, Thousands of Rocks"

This seal was carved by Ding Jing Qianlong Gengwu (1750) for the fortieth birthday of the monk Daheng and is now in the Shanghai Museum. Shi Mingzhong (1711-1768), the character Daheng, presided over the Shengyin Temple, Faxi Temple, and Jingci Temple in Hangzhou, and was good at poetry and painting. Ding Jing has engraved as many as eighteen parties for him, which shows that the relationship between the two is extraordinary. The "Two Lakes" are the Inner and Outer West Lakes, the "Three Zhus" are the upper, middle and lower Three Heavenly Zhus, and the Faxi Temple, which was presided over by the monk Daheng, is in the Upper Heavenly Zhu. The peaks here are beautiful, so it is described as "ten thousand valleys and thousands of rocks".

The layout of this seal is carefully designed, and Ding Jing noted in the side paragraph: "This seal is placed in the Buddha's chest 'swastika' in the middle, and the chairman of the Wuyou chairman is in the eight characters, and the Buddha's life is immeasurable. "Replace the word "wan" with the "swastika" of the Buddhist auspicious symbol, and it is exactly in the middle, full of red nature, seemingly inadvertent, in fact, everywhere business. Ding Jing's knife method is "broken knife short cut", this short cut into the knife method, so that the line appears different degrees of waves, the fine knife marks and stone cracks produced in the knife, will strengthen the mottled and clumsy golden stone charm of the printing surface. Ding Jing created a new style of unity of knife and pen with his short cut and astringent method, which is his contribution to the history of printing.

Ding Jing Zhu Wen "Up and Down Diaoyu Mountain People"

This seal was carved by Ding Jing for his friend Xu Tang. Xu Tang (徐堂), Zi Ji Nan (字紀南), Qiu Zhu (号秋竹), renhe ren (仁和人), is the author of the Poems of The Ancient Temple. This print has a strong sense of image and is also rich in decorative meaning, especially the use of points and lines to create an ancient interest. Ding Jing's printing of this gold text into the printing, the structure of the deletion of complexity and simplicity, while the use of a large number of dots and arcs, suddenly make the entire printing surface lively and vivid.

Jiang Renbai text "Jiang Renyin"

This seal is Jiang Ren's own seal, and the side of the print has the guan model of Zhao Shuru and Gao Yehou, which is now in the Shanghai Museum.

Jiang Ren ranked second in the "Four Houses of Xiling", not only for Jiang's age second only to Ding Jing, but also for the level of his seal engraving art. Zhao Zhiqian believes that "Jiang Shantang is imprinted outside the homes to open up its own path, and the gods are not as good as Dragon Hong." He also commented that his seal was "nine clumsy and pregnant and one coincidence". This square seal has a special "block face" effect (similar to the "Getaway" of Wang Guan's simulated rotten copper seal at the end of the Ming Dynasty). Jiang Ren boldly used the parallel pen, especially the word "Jiang" was counted out with a parallel pen, forming a large blank space, echoing the red color of the word "Ren", and the whole square seal gave people a feeling of vastness.

Huang Yibaiwen "Komatsu Gets the Golden Stone"

This seal is Huang Yichang's own print on his collection of topography, now in the Shanghai Museum.

Huang Yi was an official in Shandong for many years, and the official to the Capital of Yanzhou in Shandong province knew that his achievements in the golden stone examination were no less than the seal carvings, and he had collected more than 3,000 kinds of golden stone characters, and excavated and protected the portraits of the stone chamber of the Han Wuliang Ancestral Hall, and his reputation was greatly enhanced. This printed edge paragraph records That Huang Yi visited the Han "Monument to the Three Gong Mountains" in Yuanshi County, Hebei Province, and instructed Wang Zhiqi to move the stele to longhua temple for preservation.

The six characters of this seal are arranged in two or two, the word "golden stone" is slightly narrower, and the word "pine" is compressed in the lower right corner, and it is appropriately broken, transforming nature, without revealing traces; the left vertical of the word "stone" is also treated as a broken edge, which is both symmetrical and breathable, and naturally interesting.

Huang Yi Zhuwen "Painting Autumn Pavilion Chief"

This seal was carved by Huang Yi in 1775 when he was thirty-two years old for his friend Hu Runtang.

Huang Yi began to teach Ding Jing at the age of nineteen, and after Ding Jing died three or four years later, Huang Yi deeply regretted that Ding Jing was too late to engrave a seal for him, and there is also an expression in this printed edge: "Mr. Yu Hao Yanlin printed, and the piece of paper was like a ball, and Mr. Xu Yu did not succeed in printing, and every time he thought he hated." Brother Hu Runtang Ya has comrades, Mr. De made a 'painting autumn pavilion long' seal, that is, with his own name, good ancient dud can be known. The return of life to do this, the autumn window is more leisurely, is the intention of Mr. Shi, the desire to work is self-defeating, the closer and farther away, I believe that the predecessors cannot reach it. Ding Jing's "Painting Qiu Tingchang" seal is now impossible to see, and Huang Yi carved a famous mark in front, and the feeling of "wanting to work is self-defeating, the closer and farther away", is both self-humility and true psychological feeling.

The words "painting" and "pavilion" of this seal are full of meaning, placed in the horizontal and vertical Chinese seal structure, making the whole square print lively and elegant, it can be seen that its collection and study of Han stele also had an impact on the creation of seal carving. In addition, the side of the book is quaint and solemn, and it is deeply rooted in the simple and majestic beauty of the Han Monument.

Xigang Baiwen "Descendants of the Phoenix Nest"

This print was made by Xi Gang when he was forty years old, and there is a side paragraph of the book: "The second brother of Chu Su belongs to the genus, and the iron is made." "Chu Su is the word for Liang Lu Rope, Liang Lu Rope Number 夬庵, Qianlong Peng Shen Ju Ren. Fengchao Bookstore is the place where Liang Wenzhuang, the ancestor of Liang Lusheng, studied when he was young, and in Qixiao Lane in the south of Hangzhou, Xi Gang therefore carved "Fengchao Descendants" for Liang Lusheng.

This seal seems careless at first, and the size and shape of the four characters vary. Xi Gang advocated that "the Chinese seal should be rounded and round, and the gods exist and square", and its white imitation Han works are different from Ding Jing and Huang Yi, with a round and muddy atmosphere, and posterity commented on its "ancient yi", and this seal is round and simple with a knife, easy and comfortable.

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