Poster of "Lin Jia Puzi"
Shanghai Literature, February 2022
The Lin Family Shop and Balzac (optional reading)
Xu Haofeng
1. Sketching and white drawing
In the sixteenth century, Michelangelo's name was preceded by the word "holy", which had previously been patented by the priests and nobles and would not be given to artists, and his sketches and drafts also became commodities, which were bought.
In the nineteenth century, Van Gogh, who could not sell his paintings, decided that he would be juxtaposed with Michelangelo in the history of art, and in his diary, he instructed himself to draw more sketches, like Michelangelo.
Sketches are creative drafts that no one bought before Michelangelo, because they are not commodities, and they will be more artistic than finished products. For example, the younger Holbein, who was Michelangelo's contemporary and a little late, had a status in art history by sketching, simple lines, and elegant taste. His paintings are unseen, extremely vulgar, surrounded by glasses, boxes, metal chains, quill pens—
Because the painter did not know how to appreciate the lines, the little Holbein came to a "welcome gift" and painted more than thirty small objects, which were very realistic and showed their craftsmanship. The buyer felt it was worth it.
In order to sell, the artist has to do a lot of extra things. Sometimes it's to take care of customers with poor taste, sometimes it's the artist who is ahead of the times, the other categories have no talent, and the artists do the other categories first.
Hugo's novels were plagued by dirt in the twentieth century, thinking that inserting a lot of social science knowledge, interspersed with the plot of the characters, reading and reading, suddenly like opening a social science magazine or an old newspaper, not like a novel.
"Notre Dame de Paris" is called the "low-level social questionnaire", and it is the writer who does the work of a journalist. Because of the freshness of knowledge, it became the selling point of the novel in the nineteenth century. By the twentieth century, when newspapers were booming and schools were widespread, readers no longer needed to acquire knowledge from novels.
The knowledge in the novel cannot be news or papers, but must be melted into character plots, such as milk refined into cheese. Hugo's practice of "fresh milk" has led to a decline in its literary status.
Balzac, a contemporary of Hugo and a little late, was also a journalistic writer who "sold news", criticizing capitalism, providing factories, securities firms, usury, courts, etc., and the integration of knowledge and plot was slightly higher than that of Hugo.
After his novels were introduced to China in the early twentieth century, they were considered to be the right vein of literature. First, it is related to the academic turn of the Chinese people, who hate the "mental method" and advocate social practice; second, his novel theory can be connected with the Qing Dynasty's influential Jin Shengsi literary and artistic theory - "white painting technique".
Hugo's "romance" is to write about the sublimation of human nature, reality devours people, and devours the money and status of material indicators, but reality cannot trap human nature, and after having nothing, there is also the soul. Balzac's "reality" writes life as a dead end, man is completely shaped by society, there is no independent humanity, and after the social system destroys personal belongings, the soul is destroyed.
The chinese people feel that Balzac is sober and thorough, and Hugo is still talking about the mind, false and empty.
The Mental Method is a secret tradition of Confucius, an incomprehensible worldview that, after establishing this worldview, individuals can influence the world. Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty believed that Confucius's mental method was extinct by Mencius, and then Confucianism's understanding was too poor to comprehend, and what was inherited was the practice of articles, debates, and politics.
Han Yu is a generation of masters of the writing method, he believes that he is the inheritor of Confucius's heart method, and believes that for more than a thousand years after Mencius, he has understood the Confucius heart method. He wrote articles for the Transmission of the Heart.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Zen Buddhism flourished. Zen Buddhism for Confucianism, such as the football team to invite foreign aid, the technique of playing football are the same, there is a gap in the level, look at the high level, only to know what the original technology can play - a foreign aid can bring up the level of the whole team, referring to Zen Buddhism, Confucius's mental method was clearly understood by the Song Dynasty, lost and regained, "ercheng", Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi, Lu Xiangshan and other great Confucians are all on the heart method, no longer talk about practice.
The Ming Dynasty also talked about the heart method, and even believed that zen talents withered away and lost the true transmission. There is a saying that "aid Confucianism into interpretation", Confucianism has become a foreign aid to Zen Buddhism, and Zen disciples must read the great Confucian quotations to understand what Zen Buddhism is.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the military crisis, the Chongzhen Emperor wanted to increase the artillery of the troops, the great Confucian Liu Zongzhou advised him, artillery can not solve the problem, you just need to change your heart - the heart method is universal, there are too many people who know, it will certainly not be lost again, but it is useless in the world, and the Ming Dynasty is destroyed.
The next generation of literati believes that the literati of the previous generation talked about the law of the heart and misled the country and the people, so they did not talk about the law of the heart again. Wang Yangming, a representative figure of the mental method who became a trend at the end of the Ming Dynasty, was coldly received in the Qing Dynasty and thought that it was he who was bad. The Qing Dynasty's great Confucians Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, and Fu Shan all talked about practice, and the Japanese still looked at Wang Yangming, so the Qing Dynasty people thought that Japanese culture was deviating and would repeat our mistakes.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Japan had risen, and the chancellor Li Hongzhang was suspicious, was it because they looked at Wang Yangming? Shouldn't it be --
After more than two hundred years of painful thinking, the Chinese people must feel that Balzac is better than Hugo. During the Republic of China, Balzac translated it, and the sales volume was large, and a generation of writers was affected.
Most of Balzac's works also have Hugo's inertia, which requires a pre-explanation of the motives of the characters and a lot of psychological analysis. The next generation of writers must be influenced by the success factors of the previous generation of writers, so that they can stand on the market.
In the twentieth century, the interests of the civic class became the target of attacks in various artistic disciplines. Fine art is in and out of abstract painting, and the novel is also purified.
If you look at the novels of the nineteenth century, you will feel like the oil paintings of the little Holbein, and there are many miscellaneous pieces. The great writers are still greeting the public's fun and self-defiling masterpieces.
Looking at The Little Holbein's paintings, I always wanted to restore them to sketches. Balzac in the Chinese drama class is a "sketch version" of Balzac, which is different from balzac in the College of Literature.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the screenwriting short training class flourished. The way out was easy, at that time, drama performances were frequent, there was a trend of overshadowing Beijing opera, and the second was to learn screenwriting, you can become a journalist, so as to solve your livelihood.
At that time, there were many newspapers, and the common practice of newspaper news was to make up. For example, when there is a news, two hundred newspapers have interviews, and even a vivid record of conversations, the truth is that the news personality has only seen one or two reporters.
Candidate journalists, such as "having studied screenwriting", can stand out and be hired first.
Director Cui Wei came from this kind of screenwriting short training class, and later ran his own class. The old generation of screenwriters short training class, due to the lack of translation materials, need to take the old Chinese to supplement, for example, the essence of the Steiney system is "organizational behavior", said to be performance, in fact, is the screenwriting skills. But Steiner's original book was not translated, and all that could be seen was a few short papers that others commented on. But the Chinese people are smart, know the autumn, know a concept, and can teach lessons.
Jin Sheng sighed and commented on "Water Margin", did a lot of behavioral analysis, and taught it as a Steiner, and the students listened very correctly. Teach as Balzac, and that's right.
In our drama writing class, we would think that not psychoanalysis and explanation of the character's motives in advance were Balzac characteristics. In fact, Balzac rarely did this, and in his time, if he did not do these two things, the reader would not understand.
Do not explain the motives of the characters in advance, let the reader guess the motivations of the characters in the course of the event; do not make psychological descriptions, react to psychology with behavior - white painting technique, Jin Shengsi concluded, in the Republic of China, the honor belongs to Balzac.
White drawing, is a painting term, a small plate of frescoes, which are later scaled up to the walls. The frescoes are colorful, and the manuscript uses only lines, not colors, and is called "white". Implemented in dramas and movies, the depiction of psychological activities is "color", and only the appearance of behavior is written as "white".
Novels and operas (except Kunqu opera) were originally the play of the peasants, industrialists and merchants, and readers read articles and were ashamed to read novels. Jin Sheng sighed with the grammar of the article to comment on "Water Margin", the reader admired it, and "Water Margin" was on the reader's desk, placed on the surface, and made an exception.
The original intention of Jin Shengsi's comments is to teach readers how to look at the behavior of the characters, and the behavior is as good as the articles of Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, "echoing and transforming". He opened the eyes of a generation of literati, and the propaganda of booksellers was also "to understand Li Kui and Song Jiang, and to understand Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, to easily master the Eight Strands of Literature and to obtain meritorious names."
The Ming and Qing eight strands of text, simulating the Tang and Song dynasties, pays attention to the twist - to change the concept, the eight strands of the text is the meaning of "eight turns". Turning eight times is the ultimate approach. Not so much, Han Yu article changed the concept four or five times, it is enough.
Mr. Mao Dun, the original author of "Lin Jia Puzi", wrote about the latest changes in society, known as China's Balzac. The film form directed by Shui Hua is Balzac, who is grafted with Jin Shengsi.
Boss Lin in the novel is a poor man, sad and aggrieved at every turn. The male protagonist in the film, Boss Lin, is different from the novel, is a person with a unclear face, and the audience does not know his background, personality, thoughts, feelings, and the poor words he says to others, nor does he know whether it is true or pretended.
Even makeup deliberately dimmed his eyebrows. The so-called "eyebrow flirtation", can not see the eyebrow dynamics, the expression will be reduced by half, and most of the time, his eyes are not exposed.
Viewers read less information from his face and turn to his behavior. The other characters in the film, the mood and purpose are obvious, he needs to speculate, get a high degree of attention, and his every move has become extremely "good-looking". In the second half of the film, through the comparison of behaviors, the audience guessed his mentality and resonated strongly.
This resonance is greater than the resonance that is clearly explained in advance. Because it is the audience who thinks and recognizes, it is not fed to the audience like a cramming duck.
Ken Takakura also performed the same way after middle age. Xie Tian, the actor of Boss Lin in "Lin Family Shop", is 90% similar to Takakura Ken's eyes and nose, and his ears are 100% - Takakura Ken is famous for his big ears, so he has a short flat hairstyle, no pair of big ears, and the flat head is ugly.
The 1976 Japanese film "The Hunt" was released in China in 1978, and the masses became a hit. At the beginning of the film, a woman leads the police to block Ken Takakura, who is making a public phone, accusing him of burglary and robbery, and Ken Takakura's performance is "expressionless". Violating our movie-watching habits, at least it must be the anger of being wronged, and the laughter that feels funny, right?
And he didn't react at all, just looked at the lady.
This is considered an advanced performance concept, which has held academic seminars and has had a far-reaching impact. In 1994, movie star Jiang Wen starred in the TV series "Beijingers in New York", and at the beginning of the first episode, Jiang Wen, as a musician in Beijing, had just disembarked from a plane in New York and made a public telephone at the airport.
At the seminar, the performance was praised: "It's amazing, I can't see who he is at all-"
In 1959, Xie Tian in "Lin Jia Shop" had already performed like this, and the emotions of other actors were handed over, and he did not take it. If you don't pick it up, you will appear to be infinitely rich in your heart - of course, only the protagonist can be this way of acting, and the supporting role will be scolded for acting like this.
The supporting role completes the script, and the protagonist completes the heart - according to the words of the "Drama Emperor" Shi Hui, it is a blank space without words in the script, a euphemism of "not acting in the script". Because the lines and supporting roles have completed the plot explanation, there is no need for the protagonist to play the plot, and the protagonist must provide things outside the plot, personal style and character heart.
Ken Takakura's comeback is "The Yellow Handkerchief of Happiness" in 1977, which was originally a "humiliating" work, condensing the heartache of the former star. He had lost the audience at that time, the director obviously had no confidence in him, and found a popular comedian and a girl idol to support the scene, the scene was on them, occupying most of the film's time, Takakura Ken was a foil, following them.
This strange script of vicious commercial calculations, mistakenly hit by mistake, in the viewing effect, let Takakura Ken, who has no drama, have an inner heart.
It turned red.
After "Yellow Handkerchief", Ken Takakura became a star again, and never acted in such a strange movie with such an imbalance.
1961's "Honghu Red Guards" is an opera film, how straightforward and exaggerated the opera performance is, Xie Tian is a supporting role in it, or Boss Lin is a pie, a "faceless" look, robbing the protagonist of the play. Check the cast list and find out that he is the chief director.
Only if you are a director, you will let the supporting roles act like this-
Influenced by Jin Shengsi, the Chinese people's concept of screenwriting, writing people is to write behavior. Writing psychology directly will be considered to be of a low level, and the writing behavior will not make it possible, and only then will psychological description be needed to save the scene.
However, the Western novels of the nineteenth century were a large number of psychological depictions, and European and American films popularly used stacking, dreams, and voiceover monologues to express the heart.
Contrary to our traditions, but this is the fashion of the world, it is inevitable that it will be confused and affected for a while. In 1951, "The Legend of Martial Training" showed the heroine Xiao Tao committing suicide, and director Sun Yu used the camera to move and shoot the hanging rope thrillingly, which was already very good. But suddenly the faces of the bad guys were stacked up, and they said things that forced her—self-deprecating art grades.
Photographing real objects with subjective effects is art. Xiao Tao's heart has been indirectly expressed through the hanging rope, so don't draw snakes to add feet and directly express Xiao Tao's heart. Faces are stacked, voice-overs are told, and they are blunt and boring.
"Lin Jia Puzi" is a work eight years later than "The Legend of Martial Arts", and this mistake of director Sun Yu should have been summarized by his fellow directors in eight years.
"Lin Jia Puzi" also has a superimposed recitation. Boss Lin was chased for debts and walked alone, overlapping the faces of debt collectors and the sound of debt collection. The form of the whole film is a white painting technique of "expressing the heart with the appearance", which directly shoots out what the heart thinks at this moment and destroys the overall style.
It's a terrible shot here, and in addition to the overprinting, there are snowflakes.
Boss Lin was chased for debts, went to the money bank to borrow money, disappointed out, the moment he walked out of the door, began to drift snowflakes. Third-rate directors will let the wind and rain and thunder match the mood of the characters, the characters are afraid, just thunder, the characters are sad, and it rains immediately - too vulgar, shuihua should not be so.
The film itself can prove that the shooting method here is not the original meaning of Shuihua. There is also a snow scene in the film, the snow does not rise because of people, it has already fallen. Knowing the news that he was pit by Qianzhuang, Boss Lin did not care about this bit of snow, and went to Qianzhuang to evaluate without an umbrella, showing that he was anxious, that is, people were getting smaller and smaller in the snow scene.
Reasoning did not succeed, he returned, the snow had no effect on him, the falling snow did not stain his clothes, the appearance did not change, showing his loss, using color effects, walking back from a white expanse - this is the original measure of the water.
Overprinting and reading white, snow drifting when you go out, big bad measure. Perhaps in order to increase the criticism of the old society, it was suggested that he re-embellish the juice and ink, so he used a conventional hand.
Customary - common technique, extinguishing the personality of the work. The passages of "The Legend of Martial Arts" xiaotao hanging, "The Eternal Electric Wave" Lan Fen night run and "Lin Jia Puzi" show inner collapse, all of which are stacked and read white. The effect is the same, and it is not obvious that there are three directors in three films.
Later, director Shui Hua, in 1961's "Revolutionary Family", expressed the inner hearts of the characters, only using reading white, not overprinting. In 1965's "Eternal Life in the Fire", Sister Jiang saw the announcement of her husband's execution, which was originally raining, and did not engage in "mood flashpoint and thunderstorm flashpoint occurring at the same time".
It is speculated that the overprinted recitation in "Lin Jia Puzi" is like a rice stain on the famous painting, which makes Shui Hua feel awkward all his life, and he has been muttering in his heart: "The movie is not made like this." Even if you shoot your heart directly, it should be like this——"
Director Shui Hua's last independent film was "Wounded Death" in 1981, which was perverse and contrary to the aesthetic orientation of a lifetime, and shot the inner recitation, reminiscence paragraphs, and inner imagination.
Perverse behavior, after all, not used to it, I have not done this in my life, and there is still a problem in terms of proportions. Nianbai adopts the radio drama pronunciation method, with high sound quality, rich tone and full sense of rhythm. Because radio dramas are pure auditory arts, they must make up for the lack of vision with excessive tone and rhythm.
It seems superfluous to copy it into the movie.
The recitation of "Wounded Death" should be pronounced in a toneless manner, canceling the distinct rhythm. The more intense the sentence, the more prosaic it is to be read, as was the case with Spring in a Small Town in 1948. Shui Hua and Fei Mu are a person of the times - in "Lin Family Shop", Boss Lin mostly has a dialogue, which is light and light, and there is no tone.
Light, in order to attract the attention of the audience, figuring out what you mean, the so-called "bun has meat, not on the folds." Radio drama recitation, to express all the meaning, pizza in general, minced meat and vegetables are spread on the noodles.
The use of radio drama reading method should not be an innovative attempt, with a few sentences, you know that it is not appropriate. And this is not worth experimenting with, it was tested decades ago, and the difference between film reading and radio drama recitation is artistic common sense.
Two possibilities, one is that the film studio invited a radio drama celebrity, the superior's good intentions, Shui Hua is not good to refuse - may not be, check the cast list, did not read the white post, if it is not a big name selfless dedication, said good not to play the name, it should be the male protagonist himself matched; the second is that Shui Hua in his later years did not know what he experienced, the taste changed greatly, felt that "plain in the magic" is not energetic, just want to shout. We felt awkward in the broadcast cavities, and he felt right about the temper.
The people who are best at white painting do not love white painting.
Second, the mental method
The literature and art of the Republic of China admired Balzac's realism, because since the Qing Dynasty, the literati had disliked the "heart method". In the old literature and art, it was necessary to "carry the tao in the text"--talk about the method of the heart, which can be regarded as an article. Affecting Ming and Qing novels, the story can be written in any way, but the first one must talk about the heart method, I don't know what the censorship standard is, it seems that the number of words is enough, most of them are messy, and the talk is instigated and rough.
Suppose that the story of "Lin Jia Puzi" is told in the old literature and art, what will happen?
Before the test, explain the mental method.
Han Yu's article "Original Destruction" talks about the jealousy of the masses. He did experiments, openly saying that one person was good, most people were unhappy, openly saying that one person was not good, most people were very happy - the masses lost their mental methods, it would be this kind of psychology, the source of the country's decline and chaos.
The mental method is "the emperor sage is a person, you are also a person, you are completely equivalent to the emperor sage", Han Yu believes that letting the public regain the heart law is the fastest way to govern the country.
According to Han Yu, "everyone who inherits Mencius can be Yao Shun" - Mencius Confessions, Yao and Shun are emperors and sages. The Son of Heaven was called "King" before he was born and "Emperor" after his death. The emperor, in itself, is the meaning of the sages, and when the king dies, he is perfect, and his mistakes in life are forgiven and worshipped as perfect people.
Qin Shi Huang was called emperor before his death, which was too unlucky and died within a few years. The three characters of emperor, emperor, and queen are all dead titles, and "emperor, empress" is not a good word, but Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty still uses it. I don't know who made it bad, bullying his family without culture... Maybe no one instigated it, but he felt that Qin Shi Huang Niu wanted the same.
Before Confucius, the sages were all emperors; after Confucius, the sages and emperors were separated; Confucius began, without power and no position, and could also be called sages.
In October 1958, when "Lin JiaPuzi" was released, in the same month, the People's Daily published a congratulatory poem "Seven Laws and Two Songs , Sending plague gods", congratulating Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province on its treatment of the schistosomiasis epidemic, of which the sentence "600 million Shenzhou Exhausted Shunyao" was inspiring and became a famous saying of the times, using Mencius and Han Yu allusions, in order to rhyme the verses, the word Yao Shun was reversed.
"He's just a person, you're a person," is also a famous quote in the West, a classic line in the rocky series of boxing films that began in 1976 and is repeated in almost every episode. When Rocky faced a formidable opponent, his coach and assistant advised him not to be afraid, and by the fourth season, it evolved into an assistant who said, "He's just a person." Rocky asked, "So what am I?" Assistant: "You're a tank." Crush him. The battered Lodge laughed at himself: "Well, I'm a tank." ”
By the fourth season, the connotation of the film has changed, the classic lines can't be played, and they have to play hard, and they can only be funny.
"Rocky 1" is simply made by a Chinese director, Shen Fu, Zheng Junli, Shui Hua in general, using realism to show the corruption of the bottom of the United States and expose the hypocrisy of the "American Dream".
The American Dream, preaching that "as long as you work hard, you will achieve your dreams", floods the minds of the masses – exploitation and privilege do not exist, you do not live well because you do not work hard.
Rocky, as a bottom man, is completely a plaything for the upper class. The opponent of the boxer's competition is withdrawn for some reason, and the boxer has to earn money and choose a low-level boxer to save the field. The master beat the low hand, originally no one watched, but the boxing king moved out of the American dream, planned out the slogan "everyone has a chance", the worst people also have the opportunity to fight with the boxing king, becoming a legend of "small people luck", the audience has a sense of substitution, will come to see.
Rocky was chosen, without dignity, because his boxing nickname was "Italian Stallion", which seemed particularly silly, and the boxer considered it a propaganda gimmick.
It is written that Rocky took the opportunity to turn over and win the battle - it is a big Hollywood movie. The reason why he was nominated for the Oscar for Best Screenplay was to write that he did not win and was beaten by the boxer. The only self-esteem of the people at the bottom is to insist on finishing the game, and the last line is "Never do this again." Rocky's face, which was beaten to the head of a pig, is a portrayal of the life of the bottom.
"Rocky 1" writes that the self-esteem of the bottom people fights for self-esteem, and the self-esteem obtained is false, and the message conveyed is that if you do not change the social system, you will never get self-esteem. The second season begins, to make money, to promote the American Dream — not a social problem, it's your problem.
The audience is thrilled by Rocky's victories one by one, and at the same time is brainwashed, thinking that their situation is unlucky - no effort. The line "He's human, you're human" became a funny thing.
In the fifth season of the Rocky series, Stallone made enough money to make a conscience to shoot the bottom life and criticize the American dream. The box office fiasco, the audience has been taken to bad taste, watching "Rocky" is to see "dreams come true, huge victories", you suddenly tell me that everything is fake, roll you.
"Rocky", which tried to explain the heart method to the American public, cut off investment and did not continue. Fifteen years later, Hollywood's creativity dried up, fried cold rice, filmed "Rocky 6", did not dare to fight against the "American Dream", and talked about the reconciliation of father and son.
The story is completely inspirational, with only one line and a backbone: "This is a despicable and sinister world, people can't do anything but be beaten, not to be immediately beaten down, is victory." ”
It is equivalent to saying that there is no victory, and the individual is a plaything of society. In order to offset the harshness of this sentence, the climactic scene is made into Rocky's use of beating to consume the physical strength of his opponent, saying that it is a boxing strategy to confuse, and dare not admit that he is talking about the concept of life.
American directors are too bitter, it is so difficult to talk about the heart, secretly add material, extremely cautious. Unlike Ming and Qing novels, the mental method is a hard indicator of publication, and it must be talked about in a big way.
Stallone should be born in the Qing Dynasty, how happy he should be.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of families and respected Confucianism alone", mainly deposing Taoists, and the governing strategy was changed from Daoist to Confucius.
Taoist figures love to talk about Confucius, thinking that he is very right, as a Taoist master, you can also. Confucius, recorded in the "Liezi Zhongni Chapter", was very sober, talked to Yan Hui, and believed that the motherland of Lu was already very bad, and the poems and books I sorted out could not save Lu Guo and the present. So, can it play a role elsewhere and in the future?
Don't think about it. Poetry and liturgy are not contingency measures.
So, can we change the poetry and book to save the world?
Don't think about it, I don't know how to change it.
The ancients were happy to learn poetry and books because they thought it was useful. By my generation, it had been verified that it was useless. For me, it's useless, right, why change it? Useless things, how to change, useless.
It was useless to learn, but I was happy.
Listening to Confucius's remarks, Yan replied that I was so happy.
Listening to Zigong, I went home and thought hard, and after seven days, I lost my bones and still didn't understand. Zigong was a genius in business and diplomacy, and Confucius traveled around the world and relied on him to escort him, but such a shrewd person could not understand it. Knowing that Zigong was frightened, Yan went back to the door to explain, and after Zigong understood, he studied poetry and books for life.
Why did Zigong diligently practice useless learning?
Yan Hui's explanation of the "easy-to-understand version" is said?
This passage of "Liezi" is not written, but it is answered in another place - Shusun said to Dr. Chen Guo: "The state of Lu has a saint." Dr. Chen: "It won't be Confucius, will it?" Shusun said yes. Dr. Chen asked why he was?
Shusun replied, and Yan Hui told me that Confucius could waste his mind and use form--ordinary people live with their minds, and Confucius surpassed the mind, which is another way of living.
In the Tang Dynasty, due to the large number of translations of Buddhist scriptures, a consensus was reached on the use of words, the mind was "knowledge", and the mind beyond the mind was "heart", and the "Liezi" was still confused, and the heart of "waste of heart and form" refers to the mind.
Based on this, Yan Hui went to the door and told Zigong's words, which were probably as follows: Poetry and liturgy cannot be directly used in world affairs, cannot save the atmosphere, and cannot change the system, but it can help individuals transcend the mind. After transcending the mind, people can come up with good ideas, and they can find ways to save the atmosphere and reform the system. And to go beyond the mind is happiness in itself.
For the Confucius Method, Zhuangzi also discusses it. To the Taoist Zhuangzi, Han Yu said that he was originally a disciple of Confucius, and that he had studied from Zixia, and Zixia was the one who said that "learning and excellence are shi". "Zhuangzi" talks about many things about Kongmen, not the people inside the door, and can't say it.
In the Republic of China, Zhang Taiyan inherited Han Yu's "Zhuangzi Ben Confucian" theory, but believed that Zhuangzi was a disciple of Yan Hui. Because "Zhuangzi" did not mention Zixia, he talked about Yan Hui.
Yan Hui died early, and Confucius sighed: "Heaven is mourning! Heaven forbid! "--It's me who dies!" It's me who dies! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Yan Hui failed to have a work, which is regretted throughout the ages. Zhang Taiyan said that there are no regrets, go to see "Zhuangzi", which is equivalent to Yan Hui's own mouth... It was so heartwarming.
Mr. Zhang's "Records of lectures at the Guoxue Seminar and Zhuzi Briefly Speaking" said that Zhuangzi still had ridicule for Confucius and only spoke good things about Yan Hui. This is the confucian atmosphere, when discussing learning, you can criticize the teachers and masters of the next generation, and you are not afraid of saying the wrong thing, but you are afraid of saying the wrong thing to the teacher who teaches you personally, and you only say good things to the teacher.
Speaking ill of teachers is the business of the next generation. Zhang Taiyan argued on this basis that Yan Hui was Zhuangzi's "benshi" and the person who personally taught him.
In "Zhuangzi Grand Master", Yan recalls that he forgot benevolence and righteousness, liturgy, and then forgot the individual, transcended thinking, and assimilated into one with all things. Confucius commented: The same, is not good or evil. It is lawlessness. Did you really do it? Later, I will learn from you.
Confucius ethos, teachers regard students as gifts of heaven, to this day. If there is a "teaching and learning", through teaching, the teacher constantly sorts out his ideas and improves his learning. Collect a wise disciple and sigh like Confucius: "God sent you to be a student for me to learn from you!" ”
Assimilation, there are also examples in the Zhuangzi Tian Zi Fang. Wen Bo Xuezi, a famous scholar of the Chu Kingdom, came to lu guo, and the famous people of lu guo visited one after another, and after Wen Bo Xuezi met, he sighed and talked about knowledge, not to the level of "heart". Confucius went, and the two of them compared hearts and minds, like two online computers, downloading each other's inventory, no words.
Looking at the fool's road, he asked Confucius: "You have been looking forward to seeing him for a long time, how embarrassing can you not speak in person?" Confucius replied, "We communicate directly, and language is superfluous." ”
Introducing the Confucius mental method taught by the Taoists, in order to illustrate that in culture, the mental method is a common issue, and you will know it by reading it.
Returning to Confucius's own words, the Analects of the Analects, "Zi Yue: 'The second and third sons are hidden from me?' I have nothing to hide. I have no way to do without the second and third sons, it is Qiu Ye. ’”
Teaching children in private schools is interpreted as the teaching of example in "teaching by example". The students thought that Confucius still had secrets not to tell, confucius replied, do you think I have hidden from you? Not at all, my deeds are showing you all the time, and you have to understand me.
If it is for the younger child, it means that I have no ulterior motives, that all my actions can be made public, that I am human— in short, let the child remember this sentence first.
In the academy, adult discussions will be explained as saying that for students, Confucius, in addition to speaking, is like a chicken hatching an egg, warming the disciples with an invisible heart, and the disciples do not know themselves. Just like an egg has no self-consciousness and does not feel warm, only when the life in the egg takes shape and has self-consciousness, it is found that its heart and Confucius's heart have long been networked.
Invisible warmth is also recorded in the Zhuangzi Heavenly Dao. Shi Chengqi admired Lao Tzu, and was very disappointed after meeting, thinking that Lao Tzu looked too earthy, not a saint-like, sorry for his hard work along the way, so he got angry, scolded and left. The next day, he came back to ask for advice, saying that something strange had happened to him, and after scolding you, he returned to the residence, and the peace suddenly came, and it became more and more beautiful. Want to ask you what's going on.
Lao Tzu replied, you are sensitive and feel my heart.
Confucius visited Lao Tzu when he was young, and Lao Tzu was attentive, and he would. The Analects of Wei Linggong, "Zi Yue: 'Give also, Ru Yiyu for those who have learned a lot and know and know?' "Yes, non-and-no?" "Non-also, give it consistently." ’”
Confucius asked Zigong, "Do you think I will learn more?" Zigong: "Isn't it?" If you don't learn, how can you? Confucius: "No, I downloaded it from the Internet." ”
This invisible network is "one." Limited by the mind, most people can't get on the Internet. Beyond the mind, there is the realm of "assimilation", where all things become one, the most beautiful and the most beautiful. The mind isolates all things, and the heart unites all things. Confucius's learning comes from the heart.
How to access the Internet?
The Analects of LiRen, "Zi Yue: 'Samhu! My way has always been consistent. Zeng Ziyi: "Only." When the son came out, the doorman asked, 'What is also?' Zeng Zi said: "The way of the Master is only faithful and forgiving." ’”
Academies such as the Confucius Temple, the setting of one place and one city, and the public welfare places donated by the squires and the government also donated. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the major colleges were closed and converted into the school buildings of Western-style middle schools. In the Republic of China, some privately funded colleges, such as Ma Yifu's academy, maintained a short time and had little impact.
The "Analects" is written, the discourse is recorded, and the situation and antecedents and consequences of the speech are not explained, and the discussion in the academy will be supplemented. I also heard that the people who taught me were not specialized in learning, and when I was young, I grew up with my teachers in Ma Yifu's house, heard strange talk, and was embarrassed to ask questions, so it was not clear whether it was recorded in other texts or compiled by the old people. This passage is amended to read: Confucius received visitors at school, and Zengzi served as an attendant and listened to calls outside the door. I don't know how long Confucius wanted to talk, ZengZi had no purpose, stood for a long time, forgot about it, and entered the realm of assimilation. Confucius came out, and he didn't notice. When Confucius saw his state, he praised: "Good you! Internet! My secret, you know. ”
Zeng Zi was still in a state, answered, and could not answer. After Confucius left the school, the students asked Zengzi to confess the secret, and Zengzi felt that the classmates did not experience it, could not understand it, and perfunctorily said: "Be loyal to yourself and forgive others." ”
Zhu Xi's Analects of Commentary on The Analects consider it to be perfunctory, "I don't need to be loyal and forgive"—Zeng Zi should not have said that, making things small and taking people astray.
Consistently, it is not unique to Confucius, and Balzac will also download it.
In the accounts of his contemporaries, he was a man of extravagance and vanity, even a little shameless, but he closed his door to write, and he became another person, a study with four walls, a writing desk and chairs as small as if he could not afford to buy, eating cheap food, and the taste of an ascetic.
After writing, he went out, returned to his original state, heard that there was a new way to make money, immediately borrowed money and invested, because of confusion of thinking, greed and greed, quickly failed, and owed debts. He had to go back to his study, download his writing ability, sell his papers to pay off his debts—a cycle of death for the rest of Balzac's life. I don't know who is extravagant, who is an ascetic, who controls whom.
Contemporaries looked at him strangely, and the wisdom and aesthetic displayed in the novel were not at all in him, summed up: "God sometimes borrows a bad man to show miracles." ”
Writing, pre-planned outlines, plot lines, and materials, only serves to get people to start writing. Writing and writing, once the inspiration comes, it becomes another matter. The result of writing must not be something that you want to write at the beginning. When inspiration comes, pre-set is stupid — it's the joy of writing, like going into a haunted house and not knowing what will pop up in the shadows.
Painting is also downloaded from the heart. The representative painters of impressionism, except for Manet and Degas, who were professionally trained, were a group of amateurs, who did not know the coloring steps taught in the art workshop, and squeezed the paint to paint. I have not practiced drawing in art school for four years, and my modeling ability is extremely poor, so it is too difficult for them to draw individuals, so they have to paint landscapes.
But after staying in the wild for a long time, you can also draw good pictures.
Monet's "Sunrise Impression" has excellent brushwork, such as Chinese painting. Where does he know the Chinese brush method? It was the inspiration that came, and he was so overwhelmed that the next hand was a good stroke, and he didn't know how to do it. Other "Cathedral" series, "Haystack" series, "Parliament Building" series, etc. are masterpieces.
Once he wanted to paint seriously, whatever he tried, he drew very poorly, showing that the basic skills were insufficient, clumsy and simple, and even the color configuration method he invented was boring, and Monet became Monet's third-rate imitator. For example, in the late years of the "Water Lilies" series, the idea was good, but it was not painted. He wanted to sum up his life, draw the finale, and the arrogance of the mind hindered the download.
People who are engaged in art have experienced inspiration, some people can be inspired continuously, and some people are once in a lifetime. It is Confucius said "consistent", inspiration comes, originally will not, you will also, originally need more than ten years of professional learning, you also achieved in an instant. But you don't know why.
Picasso left behind many photographs, as if facing the enemy, looking at the draft he had drawn casually. He was wondering what he had downloaded this time.
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