▲Three-colored open light lotus stone Mandarin duck pattern Crouching Tiger shaped porcelain pillow
The golden tomb of Haojiazhuang in Changzhi County was excavated
Collection of Changzhi City Museum
tiger
King of the Hundred Beasts,
It was worshipped as a "god" by the ancient people of the mainland.
People have long used the "tiger" as a pillow tradition,
To avoid evil and look forward to auspiciousness.
Tao Hongjing, a Southern Dynasty Liang, is mentioned in the Commentary on the Materia Medica, vol. VI
Under the "tiger bone" strip of the insect beast sanpin,
Let's say, "The tiger's head is a pillow, and it is disgusting."
Recently
Changzhi Municipal Public Security Bureau Shangdang Branch
Successfully solved a series of tomb robbery cases,
A total of 6 "gold lieutenants" were arrested,
A large number of stolen cultural relics, including a "tiger pillow", were seized
and modus operandi.
▲ Shangdang police seized stolen cultural relics "tiger pillow".
Courtesy of the Shangdang police
At the end of September 2021, the Shangdang Branch of the Changzhi Municipal Public Security Bureau received reports that someone had excavated ancient tombs in the Shangdang District of Changzhi City and other places. After receiving the report, the Shangdang sub-bureau immediately launched an investigation, and at the same time reported the situation to the Changzhi Municipal Public Security Bureau, and the public security organs at the two levels in the urban area coordinated to carry out the investigation of the case.
After the police investigated and visited, they quickly identified the six suspects in the tomb robbery gang. After further investigation, the police found that the suspect Cheng Moubing and 6 other people frequently went out late at night, and everywhere they went was in the wilderness.
On the evening of October 21, 2021, after the criminal investigation brigade learned that the gang might commit another crime, it quickly dispatched troops to arrest and collect the criminal suspects in multiple ways. The arrest team arrested Cheng Moubing, Li Moubing, and Qin Moujun, who had been stolen and ready to return, near the county seat of Huguan County in Changzhi, and seized on the spot a large number of tools for committing crimes, such as Shovels, Shovels, Pickaxes, Probe Poles, Flashlights, and Gloves.
After that, the arrest team acted at the same time and successively arrested Song Moudong, Miao Mouxia, Song Moubing and other criminal suspects at home. After searching, the police seized a large number of suspected stolen cultural relics and crime tools in Cheng Moubing's home.
▲ The police seized a large number of stolen cultural relics and crime tools.
After interrogation, the criminal suspect Cheng Moubing and 6 other people truthfully confessed the criminal facts of the tomb robbery gang in Luzhou District, Shangdang District, Huguan County and other places in Changzhi City to excavate ancient tombs. The gang has multiple people participating in each tomb robbery, and the members are not fixed. They will take advantage of the night to step on the point many times, using Tools such as Luoyang shovels and probe rods to explore the tomb, find the location, immediately carry out excavation, and then backfill the robbery hole and cover it with weeds after winning the hand to prevent it from being discovered.
At present, the criminal suspects Cheng Moubing, Li Moubing, Qin Moujun, Song Moudong, Miao Mouxia, and Song Moubing have been criminally detained in accordance with law.
▲The picture shows the scene of the criminal suspect's identification.
According to expert research,
Tiger-shaped porcelain pillow production areas are mainly concentrated in the Yellow River Basin,
Such as Hebei Cizhou kiln,
Henan Yuzhou pickpocket village kiln and Juntai kiln,
Shanxi Changzhi kiln, etc.,
Among them, the tiger pillow produced by the Changzhi kiln in Shanxi,
It is the highest level of art and the largest amount of inheritance in the Song and Jin dynasties.
Why Jin Dynasty Shanxi Changzhi kiln
Can you produce such a beautiful tiger pillow?
What are the functions of these tiger pillows?
And what are the cultural connotations?
Next is,
Mr. Yang Tao of Linfen College of Shanxi Normal University article:
Jin Dynasty Shanxi Changzhi kiln Crouching Tiger porcelain pillow
Background, function and connotation
Crouching Tiger porcelain pillow, as the name suggests, is a ceramic pillow shaped by Crouching Tiger, also known as ceramic tiger pillow, tiger shaped porcelain pillow, tiger shaped pillow, etc., is a common kind of sleeping bedding, but also an occasional kind of meditation sacrifice, with beautiful and practical, exorcism and blessing function. Its production area is mainly concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, scholar Wang Weibo pointed out, "this kind of tiger-shaped porcelain pillow, the main production areas are Hebei Cizhou kiln, Henan Yuzhou pickpocket village kiln and Juntai kiln and Shanxi Changzhi kiln." Scholar Meng Yaohu pointed out that "henan hebi kiln has also been excavated" and "the tiger pillow produced by the Changzhi kiln is the highest artistic level and the largest amount of inheritance in this period".
Due to the lack of documentary records, the production age of Crouching Tiger porcelain pillows cannot be clearly judged, but the time written by the ancients in ink on the bottom of the tiger pillow provides a basis for us to determine the age.
The three-colored lotus stone Mandarin duck pattern tiger pillow excavated from the golden tomb of Haojiazhuang in Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, the ink book on the bottom of the pillow "Zhenyuan 3rd Year June 5th King Zao" 10 characters, Zhenyuan is the era name of King Jin Hailing, the third year of Zhenyuan is 1155 AD.
▲ Pillow bottom ink book "Zhenyuan 3rd year June 5th Wang Zao" 10 words
Three-colored open light lotus stone Mandarin duck pattern Crouching Tiger shape porcelain pillow diagram see the beginning of the article
The Shanghai Museum holds a white black pattern tiger pillow, the ink book at the bottom of the pillow "Dading 26 june 2000 × family" 11 characters, in addition to the Shanxi Museum collection of yellow glaze black pattern tiger pillow, the pillow ink book "Dading 2nd year", Dading is the era number of Jin Shizong's complete Yan Yong, the second year of Dading, that is, 1162 AD.
The Brooklyn Museum in New York City, USA, holds a tan glazed black flower bamboo sparrow pattern tiger pillow, the pillow bottom ink book "壬寅正月月十月十3日置至 pillow price ×zhou a literary foot", 壬寅年 is the Tiangandi Branch Chronology, sixty years a round, the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) a total of 119 years, spanning two Nongyin years. The first year of Nongyin was the sixth year of Tianfu, the era name of Jin Taizu's complete Yan Min, and the sixth year of Tianfu was 1122 AD. The second year of Nongyin is the twenty-second year of Dading, the era name of Emperor Jin Shizong's completion of Yan Yong, and the twenty-second year of Dading, that is, 1182 AD. Exactly which year of Nong Yin needs to be further studied.
Hebei Provincial Museum collection of yellow-brown glaze painted black flower reed goose pattern tiger pillow, pillow bottom ink book "Taihe Wu Nian Wu Yue ...", Taihe is Jin Zhangzong completed Yan Jing year number, Taihe five years that is, 1205 AD.
According to the above, the age of tiger pillow production spans the early, middle and late Jin Dynasty. Regarding the Crouching Tiger porcelain pillow, scholars Chen Jie and Meng Yaohu conducted in-depth and meticulous research, and the scholar Chen Jie made a very systematic combing of the production age, decorative characteristics and excavation site of the tiger pillow, he pointed out, "At present, the tiger-shaped pillow of this type can be clearly determined to be very few products of the Song Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty has not been seen, and the vast majority should be Jin Dynasty products." Scholar Meng Yaohu published the book "Magnetic Pillow Xuanzhu", which collected a large number of porcelain pillow pictures, laying the foundation for our further research. He pointed out that "judging from the current discoveries, the firing area of the tiger pillow is in the southeast of Jindong, where the most mature tiger pillow in the Jin Dynasty and the first-class artistic level are burned." The southeast of Jin in the text refers to the changzhi and Jincheng areas in Shanxi.
▲Three-colored open light magpie climbing branch pattern tiger shaped porcelain pillow
1
Historical geography
1.1 Li Houhu, the treasure of the town and country, evolved into a totem to ward off evil spirits
The Shangshu Shangshu XiBo Shu Li records a dialogue of less than 200 words between King Shangyi and his sage Zuyi after King Wen of Zhou's victory over the state of Li, in which Zuyi exhorted King Shangyi to abstain from female sex, be light and extravagant, be considerate of the people, accept the virtuous subjects, inherit the heavens, and conform to the people's hearts. Xi Bo (西伯) refers to Ji Chang (姬昌), king of Zhou Wen (周文王姬昌); 戡 , which refers to the use of force to suppress rebellion and submit; And Li ( Li ) , which refers to the ancient state of Li , which here refers specifically to the State of Li of the Shang Dynasty , which is now Licheng County , Changzhi City , which is located 55 kilometers northeast of the city of Changzhi. Scholar Guo Anting pointed out that "the founding time of the Lebanese state was more than 600 years. Its scope should include the counties and districts of present-day Lucheng, Changzhi, Huguan, Licheng, and Xiangyuan."
In the Changzhi area, there is a legend and story of "stealing jade and destroying the country of Li": When Xi Bojiao was in Li, it could not be attacked for a long time, suffered heavy casualties, was in a dilemma, and the soldiers were scattered, and a strategist of the Zhou Army said that the state of Li guo had jade and amber was the treasure of the town, which could ensure the peace of one side, and if it was stolen, it would be able to win. King Wen of Zhou followed suit, and the kingdom of Li collapsed.
Jade amber refers to a tiger carved from jade, and Li Cheng does have this object. In early 2006, Lihou Yuhu was excavated from the ancient tomb of Lihou of Western Zhou in Licheng County, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, and is now in the collection of Shanxi Museum.
With the passage of time, the image of Yuhu gradually evolved into the image of a tiger and became a totem worshipped by the people of Licheng County. To this day, Licheng County is still making tiger crafts of various materials, the most famous of which is the national intangible cultural heritage - the fabric material "Lihou Tiger", today, it no longer has the social function of dispatching soldiers, and the people give it more of a beautiful meaning of the town house to ward off evil spirits.
▲ Li Houhu Shanxi fabric
1.2 Tiger pillow use class changes, gradually used by the people
"Song Shi Hong ZhiKuo": "The situation is neighboring with the great enemy, hugging the tiger and pillowing the jiao, and the incident is unpredictable." Hong Zhikuo describes "being neighbor to the Golden Man" as "holding the tiger pillow Jiao", and we can have two understandings: First, being neighbor to the Jin people is like a dragon with a head pillow and a tiger in his hand, and their temperament is unpredictable and full of danger. Second, the Jin people Jurchen clan is a tribe that holds tiger pillows, and its ancestors made a living by hunting and fishing, and often used the hunting proceeds such as tiger skins, wolf skins, and deer skins to decorate their homes, showing solemn majesty and praying for robustness and bravery, thus also devaluing the Jin people as a powerful, barbaric, and uncivilized tiger and wolf clan.
In addition, in the Changzhi area there is also a legend of the "dragon bed tiger pillow", the Jin Dynasty general Jin Wushu ordered the upper echelons of the magnates to burn the dragon bed tiger pillow, in order to show wealth and might, the tiger pillow is small and easy to burn, but the dragon bed is too large, repeatedly failed, the deadline will not be completed will be severely punished, so the backbone kiln workers of Changzhi fled to the south to avoid disasters, the legend is that they brought white glaze red and green color technology to the south of the Yangtze River.
The Jin ruled the area north of the Yangtze River for nearly 120 years, and then the class of use of the tiger pillow also changed, from the upper elite to the common people, and gradually became a kind of bedding needed by the people to sleep. The author believes that the legend of the "Dragon Bed and Tiger Pillow" contains certain historical factors, and it is not completely consistent with history, and in the circulation, the people process, refine and summarize historical figures and historical events, and make the legend more artistic, which precisely reflects the people's spiritual demands and beliefs.
▲Yellow and black glaze open light folded branch peony pattern Crouching Tiger shaped porcelain pillow
1.3 Clay coal resources are abundant, so that the Changzhi kiln fire is endless
Changzhi kiln is a famous ancient kiln mouth in Changzhi district, Shanxi, in 1965 by the Shanxi Provincial Government listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Shanxi Province, its kiln sites are distributed in today's Changzhi County Bayi Village, Dongshan Village, Nanquanzhuang area, also known as Bayi kiln. The product shape of Changzhi kiln porcelain mainly includes bowls and plates, figurines, sleeping pillows, animals, etc., and the decorative glaze colors mainly include white glaze, white glaze red and green color, white glaze black flower, brown glaze, black glaze, etc., of which white glaze red and green color is the most famous, and sleeping pillow is the most distinctive.
Changzhi City is one of the national key coal producing cities, its coal resources are rich, has proven reserves of about 29.4 billion tons, in addition to refractory clay, high alumina clay, brick clay, purple sand clay is also very rich, which provides great convenience for ceramic firing, but also makes the Changzhi kiln fire endless, continuous. Comparatively speaking, ceramic tiger pillows are easier to preserve and circulate than fabric tiger pillows, straw tiger pillows, embroidered tiger pillows, and paper-cut tiger pillows, and are also lower than bronze tiger pillows and cast iron tiger pillows, so ceramic tiger pillows are widely popular.
▲Three-color folded branch floral pattern tiger-shaped porcelain pillow
2
Practical features
2.1 For cooling off
"Xie Huangshi is Huibi porcelain pillow": "Gongren made the pillow firm and green, the old man gave me anti-inflammatory steaming, holding it into the room cool breeze, cold brain cold mud pills shock."
In the Song Dynasty, there was a Cizhou kiln poetry porcelain pillow, with "Xia Jing" as the name of the poem, and the whole poem was: "The summer shadow is long, the distant sky turns to light, if people will disappear, where is not cool."
There is a poem inscribed on a porcelain pillow in the "Pottery Pillow": "It is difficult to twilight in the summer for a long time, and at noon in the yarn cabinet, forget the opportunity to cut the day bed, and a pillow is the most appropriate."
It can be seen that when the summer heat is unbearable, the porcelain pillow is like a bamboo pillow and a jade pillow, which plays a role in cooling off the heat.
2.2 Pleasant use
"White Porcelain Pillow": "Trance immortals, spirit full of accumulation".
"Yong Song Porcelain Pillow": "The whole body is full of fire and fire, and the spirit is completely contained.".
"Ding kiln porcelain pillow": "A psychic cave can sleep in the clouds, and faith can forget worries and be pleasant to the gods.".
"Yong Ru kiln porcelain pillow": "The psychic side hole is transparent, and the pleasant god is flat-bottomed".
"Yonggu Porcelain Pillow": "The fire is completely gone, and the sleep is quiet and quiet".
It can be seen that in addition to cooling down, the porcelain pillow also has a more advanced effect, which can extinguish the fire and sleep, gather the spirit of the gods, and play a pleasant role.
▲Yellow glaze brown color open light bamboo finch pattern Crouching Tiger shaped porcelain pillow
2.3 Use of dowry
"Book of Tang and Five Elements": "Wei Hou's seventh sister married the general Feng Taihe, and gave the leopard head pillow to ward off evil spirits, Bai Ze pillow to ward off charm, and the bear pillow to Yi male, and also serve the demon."
This poem is to the effect that Empress Wei of the Tang Dynasty acted as a matchmaker for her sister's seventh aunt, and when marrying the general Feng Taihe, she chose the leopard head pillow, the Bai Ze pillow, and the Fu bear pillow as the dowry, which shows that the animal-shaped pillow is used as a dowry.
2.4 For funeral purposes
"Ju Yilu Talks": "Dezhou Zhao Shilang House also dug an ancient tomb, there is a female skeleton, a pillow a porcelain pillow, and four sentences on the pillow with Du ShiBaibao's belt."
The poem is to the effect of digging an ancient tomb in the residence of Zhao Shilang in Texas, where there is a woman's skeleton with a porcelain pillow on her head, and the pillow is written with the poem "Instant Matter" by Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty, "Hundred treasures are worn with belts, pearls fall on the arm, flowers are close to the eyes when laughing, and the dance is wrapped around the head." It can be seen that the porcelain pillow is also used for funeral.
▲Three-color open light tiger striped tiger shaped porcelain pillow
3
Cultural connotations
3.1 Ward off evil spirits
"Customs and Customs: "The tiger is a yang thing, the head of a hundred beasts, able to fight and defeat sharpness, and eat ghosts and ghosts." It means that the tiger is a yang-qi thing, the king of the hundred beasts, who can control the battle, and it can calm disputes and devour demons and ghosts.
"Book of Tang and Five Elements": "Wei Hou's seventh sister married the general Feng Taihe, and gave the leopard head pillow to ward off evil spirits, Bai Ze pillow to ward off charm, and the bear pillow to Yi male, and also serve the demon." It can be seen in the text that the leopard is a fierce beast, the leopard head pillow can ward off evil spirits, Bai Ze is a Rui beast, the White Ze pillow can be removed, the bear is a beast, and the bear pillow can lower the demon.
"Elbow Reserve Emergency Fang, Cure the Pawn's Sleepy Side": "Another Fang: It is especially good to pillow the tiger's head". Nightmare means screaming in a dream, or feeling that something is holding you down and can't move; sleeping, meaning falling asleep; nightmare is confusing, confused. It can be seen in the text that the tiger head pillow can make people sleep peacefully, not to be pressed by ghosts, and has the effect of driving away ghosts and evil spirits.
Throughout history, leopard head pillows, Baize pillows, and bear pillows were common in the Tang Dynasty; jiaolong pillows, lion pillows, cow pillows, and baby pillows were common in the Song Dynasty; tiger pillows and lion pillows were common in the Jin Dynasty; animal-type pillows in the Yuan Dynasty were uncommon; and cat pillows were common in the Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that the ancients believed that feline pillows had the effect of warding off evil spirits.
▲ Jin Dynasty Yellow Ground Black Color Poetry Tiger Pillow
Collection of the National Museum of China
3.2 Blessings
On the back of the Crouching Tiger porcelain pillow, there are various patterns, and the types of patterns mainly include flowers and grasses, birds, animals, patterns, poems, and comprehensive six categories, which have the meaning of blessing. Such as the "happy plum shoots" pattern, the ancients believe that magpies can announce the good news, see the magpie means that good things are coming; such as the "folded branch peony" pattern, the blooming peony symbolizes noble elegance, wealth and auspiciousness; such as the "bamboo crane" pattern, bamboo for the gentleman in the tree, the crane for the bird among the gentlemen, are first-class elegant things, symbolizing away from the world, elegant and unworldly; such as "a deer (road) downwind" pattern, running deer, symbolizing the journey safe, all the way to the wind; such as the "hydrangea blossom" pattern, hydrangea flowers are clustered, symbolizing love loyalty, happy reunion.
In short, the decorative patterns painted on the pillow back, with both work and writing, and the ingenious conception express people's yearning for a better life and their desire to pray for blessings and birthdays.
3.3 Town houses
In the Song Dynasty, there was a Cizhou kiln porcelain pillow, there was a lion sitting on the back of the pillow, and the left side of the lion was written with the words "town house", and "pillow" was homophonous with "town", so the porcelain pillow also had the meaning of "town" house. These words with the same sound but different words, the magic pen and flowers, the words are pearls, which are the crystallization of wisdom and the embodiment of wisdom.
4
epilogue
In summary, in the XiboJili incident, the legend of the dragon bed tiger pillow, the rich historical and geographical background of soil and coal resources, the Crouching Tiger porcelain pillow of the Changzhi kiln in Shanxi in the Jin Dynasty was endless and continuous, it has the practical functions of cooling down, pleasing the gods, dowry, and funeral, and at the same time, the people have also given it the cultural connotation of warding off evil spirits, praying for blessings, and town houses, which makes it deeply loved by the people and has been passed down for hundreds of years.
▲Three-colored tiger pillow gold
Collection of Shanxi Museum
The main text | Yang Tao
Originally published in Chinese Ceramics, Issue 01, 2021
News | China News Network
Figure | Changzhi City Museum "Chinese Ceramics" network
The copyright of graphics and texts belongs to the original author or institution
Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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