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1.7 Zi Xia Yue: "Wise and wise, good and easy to color, to do things to parents, to do their best, to do things to the king, to bring to their bodies; to make friends, to believe in words." Although I have not learned, I will say that I have learned. ”
● Zixia: Surname Bu, famous businessman, character Zixia, one of the "Ten Philosophers of Confucius", is the best among the students of the late Confucius period, known for literature. The Chronicle of The Disciples of Zhongni says that he was forty-four years younger than Confucius, and after Confucius's death, he left the country of Lu to spread Confucianism and went to Xihe to teach: "Confucius did not, Zixia lived in Xihe, and was a teacher of Wei Wenhou. His son died, and he cried blind. ”
Zi Xia received many disciples and taught them, and the influence on future generations was also great. In the Analects of Zi Zhang, there is a dialogue between the "Zi Xia Gate Man" and Zi Zhang. The Chronicle of Rulin: "Since the death of Confucius... Zilu Juwei, Zi Zhang Ju Chen, Zi Tai Zi Yu Ju Chu, Zi Xia Ju Xi He, Zi Gong finally Qi. For example, Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu, Wu Qi, and The genus of Bird Slippery, all of which are employed by Zixia Zhilun and are the masters of the king. At that time, Du Wei Wenhou was eager to learn. The Later Han Shu Xu Fang Biography quotes the "Records of History": "Confucius did not, Zixia lived in Xihe, taught three hundred disciples, and was the master of Wei Wenhou. ”
Since the Han Dynasty, many scholars believe that Confucian classics were originally mainly taught from the Zixia lineage, such as Xu Fang of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who said: "The poems, books, rites, and music are set by Confucius; the invention of chapters and sentences began with Zixia." Hong Mai of the Southern Song Dynasty also said in the Rong Zhai Essays: "Disciple of Confucius, only Zi Xia yu has a unique book in the classics. Although the biographical miscellaneous words are not fully believed, they must be different from others. ”
● "Virtuous and transsexual", the "Emperor Shu" has two interpretations, one is to say: "The love of mortals is not good and not good, and if someone can change the lustful heart to be better than the sage, then this person is a sage, so the cloud 'sage is easy to color' also." This means that if a person changes his lustful heart to be virtuous, he is more virtuous than a sage. It is difficult to be convincing in interpreting "virtuous" in this way.
Another saying is: "On the word 'sage', you respect it." Under the word 'sage', it means sage also. If you want to respect this sage, you should change his ordinary color and be more dignified. This kind of explanation of "sage" is reasonable, but it is a bit far-fetched to understand "color" as a face, and to say "change color" is to change the usual face in front of the sage, more solemn and respectful.
The "Collection" quotes Kong Anguo as saying: "Words are good and virtuous with lustful hearts." The Commentary says: "The wise man is wise and easy to have a lustful heart, and he is good and sincere." It is said that man should replace the lustful heart with the heart of the beloved sage. This is basically similar to our general understanding of "loving the sages less than women".
As mentioned above, the word "easy" is generally interpreted as changing or replacing, and some are interpreted as contemptuous and simple, such as the "Book of Han And Li Xun Biography" quoting this one, Yan Shigu's ancient note: "Easy color, light than color, not expensive." Li Zero believes in "Lost Dogs" that interpretation is the best substitute and contempt for the worst.
Yang Fengbin, however, believes that it is wrong to interpret "easy" as "exchange", "because in the Analects era, the expression 'with ... Exchange...', mostly 'to... Easy...' sentence form, occasionally 'easy to...' or 'with... In short, it must coexist with the structure of prepositions and their object composition. For example: 'Chaos is easy to rectify, not martial.' I also. ("Thirty Years of Zuo Chuan" ("Thirty Years of the Left Transmission") "How can it be abolished? Sheep for sheep... With small to big, he knows evil... I do not love its wealth but also the sheep. (Mencius Liang Hui Wang Shang) "Every ugly father and public translocation. (Zuo Chuan Cheng Gong 2nd Year)" ("New Notes and New Translation") So he interpreted "easy" as "contempt", that is, not valued.
The Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Niansun said in the Guangya Shuzhi: "The Analects are 'wise and easy to color', and 'easy' people, such as also. As the saying goes, 'good virtue is like lustful' also. ”
"Good virtue is like lust" was originally said by Confucius (mentioned twice in "Zihan" and "Wei Linggong"), which is used to confirm that "virtuous and easy to color" is also good, but many scholars in ancient and modern times still think that if it is explained in this way, it is a bit empty and has not been implemented.
Qing Dynasty scholar Chen Zufan's "JingMi": "This lord and wife have a Lunyan speech. ...... In the woman for the marriage of virtue is not married, in the husband for good virtue is not lustful also. ”
Song Xiangfeng's "Notes of Park Xuezhai": "Liu Shen of Yanghu lake is said to be 'virtuous and easy to color, and the Lunye of the Ming couple.' ’”
Liang Zhangju of the Qing Dynasty's "Commentary on the Analects of the Analects": "The "Commentary on the Collection" Yun 'The four are the greatest of humanity', then the following is only the father, the king, and the friend, this sentence should belong to the husband and wife. Marrying a wife is not heavy on morality, but also a matter of kindness. ”
Liu Baonan's "Justice": "The couple in this case is the beginning of human morality, so this article is recounted before the parents and the king. ”
Kang Youwei's Analects: "This is for the Ming Dynasty. Humanity begins with husband and wife, and husband and wife have been together for a long time, and what is precious is virtue. ”
Yang Bojun agrees with this view, he said in the "Translation Notes" that the next three sentences of this sentence, respectively, write "things parents", "things jun" and "make friends", are interpersonal relationships, corresponding to it, "virtuous and colorless" should also refer to a kind of interpersonal relationship, "can not be a general general reference." And this kind of interpersonal relationship is husband and wife, because the ancient society attached great importance to the relationship between husband and wife, believing that this was the "beginning of human morality" and "the basis of kingship", so it was completely okay to put the relationship between husband and wife at the beginning. In this way, "virtuous and discolored" should be interpreted as "treating the wife, valuing morality, not looking." Taken as a whole, this statement has its own plausibility.
Yang Fengbin objected, saying: "But the so-called 'husband and wife are the first of the five luns' Yunyun is the concept of later generations, and there are many people who talk about the relationship between husband and wife in the "On" and "Meng", but there are many people who talk about the relationship between kings and subjects, parents and sons, and friends." (New Notes and New Translations)
His statement is not accurate, and Mencius explicitly proposes that the relationship between husband and wife is one of the "five luns": "Man has the way, is full of food and warm clothes, and lives in the middle of no religion, and is close to the beast." The saints have worries, make the deeds a situ, and teach people morality: fathers and sons have relatives, kings and subjects have righteousness, husbands and wives are different, elders and children are orderly, and friends have faith. Although the Analects do not explicitly mention the content of the relationship between husband and wife, it does not indicate that confucius did not have this concept in the time of Confucius, and Confucius and his disciples did not have this concept. The Book of Rites and The Middle Way also says: "The king is also a subject, a father and son, a husband and wife, a kundi, a friend, and a five-way world." It can be seen that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, husband and wife were generally recognized as an important interpersonal relationship.
● "Parents can do their best", Nan Huaijin said in the "Analects of Other Judgments", "doing their best" means doing their best, and paying attention to filial piety must also be done according to their ability. He cites a couplet of the ancients to prove his point: "Filial piety comes first, the original heart is not the original trace, the original trace is poor and there is no filial piety; all evil and adultery are the first, the traces do not matter the heart, and the heart is less perfect in the world." It does make sense, people's living conditions are different, "the original poor family has no filial piety", must be in fact to have a performance, poor families have no filial piety. "Parents can do their best", and doing their best is filial piety.
● "The king of things, can be his body", "Commentary": "To, Jude." To commit to his body is to say that there is no body. That is to say, serving the monarch does not hesitate to sacrifice himself, so Yang Bojun translates it as "giving up life".
● "Although I have not learned, I must call it learning", from this sentence we can see again that the study of Confucius focuses on the cultivation of quality and the practice of moral behavior. This can be referred to in the previous article Confucius said, "If there is room for action, then learn the text." Li Zehou said in "Reading Now": "Confucius emphasizes 'learning' in a broad sense, that is, virtue is better than knowledge, and behavior precedes language. ”
"Commentary on the Collection": "All four are the greatest of humanity, and they must do their best to be sincere, and they must learn to be like this." Therefore, Xia Yan has the ability to be such a person, and the beauty of the non-biological nature must be learned. Although I may think that I have not yet learned, I will say that I have learned it. ”
If a person with good moral character is born, does he really not have to learn cultural knowledge? Some people agree, for example, the "Commentary on the Collection" quotes You Shi as saying: "The three generations of learning are all so Ming ren ren ye." If it can be four, it is generous to people. Learning is the way, why add this. Zixia is named after literature, and his words are so, so that the so-called scholars of the ancients can know. ”
Of course, there are also people who oppose it, and the "Collected Notes" quotes Wu Shi as saying: "Zi Xia's words are good in meaning. However, between the words, the inhibition is too much, and the disadvantages of its flow will or be abolished. ”
Mao Qiling's "Four Books to Correct Mistakes": "Zixia is a festival of words and is suppressed, which is exactly the same as the "Youzi Filial Piety Chapter". There are sons heavy filial piety, zi xia heavy practice, not to waste learning also. ”
In fact, Zixia said this, just to emphasize the importance of moral behavior, the dispute between abolishing learning, is particularly meaningless. With reference to modern society, it is difficult to have a market for the idea of abolishing learning, but there are many people who abolish morality. With the change of the times, the theory of serving the king can be ignored, but between husband and wife, between parents and children, and between friends, this principle is still of reference significance.
●Translation:
Zixia said: "Treat your wife with great virtue and not on appearance; serve your parents with all your heart; serve the monarch and give your life; associate with friends and speak honestly and trustworthily." Such a person, even if he has not studied, I must say that he has already learned. ”