Read the Analects once a year (2022.9)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The second lecture is the liturgical music

"Do not know the etiquette, can not stand up", to be a person, first of all, you must be self-reliant, and then you can be self-reliant.

And to stand on one's own feet is to be prophetic.

"Standing in the ceremony, becoming happy", etiquette and happiness do not separate the family.

At the same time, etiquette and music have developed with the development of history, and most of the rituals of the ancient times are not suitable for the present, and the pleasures of the ancient times are basically scattered today.

But the spirit, principles, and roles of ritual and pleasure are consistent in ancient and modern times.

【Etiquette】【Clothing】

10.5 Gentlemen are not decorated with cyanosis, and red and purple are not dressed in blasphemy. When it is summer, it will be out of the blue. Silk coat, lamb coat; plain clothes, quail coat; yellow coat, fox fur. The profanity is long and short. There will be a nightgown, and a half of it will be long. The thickness of the fox raccoon is to live. Go to the funeral, admire everything. If it is not a veil, it will be killed. The crown of the Lamb is not hanging. The auspicious month will be served and the direction will be. Qi, there will be open cloth, cloth.

Cyanosis, gan, 4 sounds, black with red; 緅, zou, 1 sound, black with red. Trim, collar and rim of sleeves. Gentlemen do not use cyanosis and cyanosis for collars and cuffs (because both are the colors of dresses).

Profane clothes, civilian clothes that are usually worn at home. Do not use red and purple as household clothes (the ancients believed that both were the colors to be used for expensive formal clothes).

袗, zhen, 3 sounds, single clothes called 袗. 絺, chi, 1 sound, is a fine kudzu. 绤, xi, 4 sounds, is coarse kudzu. In the summer, a single coat made of gebu cannot be seen directly, and it must be covered with a coat when going out.

Zi, 1 sound, black. Plain, white. Fur, fur coat. Lamb fur, a fur coat of black lambskin. Quail, ni, 2 sounds, fawn.

(Wear a leather jacket in winter, and there should be a burqa on the outside) The color of the blouse should be commensurate with the color of the leather jacket: the tunic (black) with the lamb coat, the plain coat (white) with the grebe coat, and the yellow coat (yellow) with the fox fur.

袂,mei,4 sounds,sleeve. The leather jacket worn at home is longer, but the sleeve on the right is shorter than the left, which is convenient for doing things.

The nightgown, the small quilt that was draped over the body during naps, resembled the blankets of today. The length should reach one and a half times the height of a person below the neck.

The mattress is made of the skin of a thick fox. Raccoon, hao, 2 vocals, similar to canines. Dwelling, meaning dwelling. To live, used as a cushion.

After the mourning dress is full, there is no taboo, and any ornament can be re-worn.

Draperies, dresses worn during pilgrimage and sacrifice, are made of a whole cloth, the excess cloth is not cut off, folded and sewn. Kill, sha, 1 sound, the meaning of subtraction, here refers to cropping.

Mourning should be dressed in white, not black. "Lamb Qiu XuanGuan" is a black leather jacket and a black hat, which was worn by Hexi in ancient times.

"Auspicious month", the first day of each month in the lunar calendar. When you meet the monarch, you must wear a court dress.

Qi, with "fasting", refers to fasting. Plain clothes, same as yukata. In ancient fasting, you must bathe, and you must wear a bathrobe after bathing. The bathrobe is made of cloth.

Ancient cotton cloth, the so-called cloth, is sackcloth or gebu.

10.17 Disease, Junshizhi, Dongshou, Jia Chaofu, Drag Gentleman.

Illness refers to a very serious illness. When the monarch visits the seriously ill, the sick should rush to the west with their feet and the head to the east, put the imperial clothes on their bodies, and put on the gentleman's belt. Gentleman, is a belt tied around the waist. It means that although you can't wear clothes, you must also put them on the table to show solemnity.

The patient lies on the east side and on the right, so that the king can sit north and face south.

【Etiquette】【Food】

10.6 Qi will change his food, and he will move to sit. Food is not boring, the neck is not tired of fine. Eat and eat, fish and meat defeat, do not eat. Evil color, do not eat. Stinky, not eaten. Lost, not eaten. From time to time, do not eat. Cut improperly, do not eat. Do not eat its sauce, do not eat. Although there is a lot of meat, it does not make it better to eat gas. Only the wine is immeasurable, not chaotic. The market for selling wine is not eaten. Do not withdraw ginger food, do not eat much.

Qi, with "fasting", refers to fasting. Change food, change food. Dwelling, meaning dwelling. The meaning of migration, transformation. During fasting, be sure to replace some of the foods and drinks you usually eat, such as green onions, garlic, leeks, and wine. The bedroom must also be moved from the inner room to the outer room, and it is not possible to do shameful things with wives and concubines.

Food, a grain of the rice sorghum type, specifically refers to millet. Fine, adjective, chong (1 sound) is very fine. 脍, kuai, 4 sounds, sashimi or sashimi. Fine, cut very finely.

Food is not boring, not tired of fine, is to emphasize food processing to be very exquisite, the more fine the better. Bored, satisfied means.

Then there is the "seven non-food": 饐, yi, 4 sounds, rice dampness; 餲, ai, 4 sounds, bad smell; 馁, nei, 3 sounds, fish rot; defeat, cattle, sheep or pork rot. The color is evil, the color is ugly. Stinky, xiu, 4 sounds, through "sniffing", smell bad. Rao, ren, 4 sounds, cooked is called dumplings, unfamiliar is called "lost".

From time to time, not a normal meal? Didn't the ancients eat snacks? Or does it mean food that is not in season? Either it's out of season, or it's not yet mature.

Cut is not correct, the ancients ate meat mainly in large pieces, decomposition of livestock meat has a certain degree of law, illegal degree is called "not right", can not eat. Sauce, there are meat sauce, mustard sauce, etc. Eating fish and eating meat with different sauces is very exquisite, and improper collocation can not be eaten. The role of sauce is not only to enhance the taste, but also to maintain health and cure diseases, especially to prevent parasites in raw fish and raw meat.

The last four are also taboos. One is that although there is no amount of delicious meat, it should not exceed the amount of staple food; the second is that there is no limit to drinking, but you cannot get drunk, talk gibberish, and go crazy. The third is that the wine and meat bought from the outside cannot be used directly; the fourth is that the ginger food is left behind and not withdrawn (ginger is a god, which can go to the fishy taste in the mouth), but it cannot be eaten more.

Qi, through the "food", that is, grain. Most texts write "do not win the food qi", I mean that "food gas" should be a word, that is, "rao".

Gu, with "pickle", buys things called Jia, buys wine called drinks; the city, is also bought.

Breasted, pu, 2 vocals, dried meat.

The exquisite people make their own wine, which is now in full bloom; they have pigs, cattle and sheep at home, and they are slaughtered now.

10.16 If the king gives food, he will taste it first. If the king gives it fishy, he will be ripe and recommended. The king will give birth, and he will be an animal. Serve the king, sacrifice the king, and eat first.

Food, is cooked food, can be eaten directly. When the monarch gives food, he must put the mat straight, taste it first, and then reply "delicious."

Fishy, is raw meat, to be cooked before eating. Before eating, make offerings (recommendations) to the ancestors.

Life is a living thing, and it must be raised.

To accompany the monarch to dinner, it is necessary to taste the meal for the monarch after the "king's sacrifice".

The family has a family sacrifice, and the king has a king sacrifice, that is, people must sacrifice before eating.

【Etiquette】

10.19 Enter the Temple, ask everything.

〖3.15 Zi enters the Temple, asking everything. Or, "Who is the son of the man who knows the etiquette?" Enter the Temple, ask everything. The son smelled it and said, "It is Reiya." ”〗

Confucius did not fail to understand etiquette, he asked others not what should be done, but asked whether it was proper to do so. This humble attitude is exactly what "etiquette" requires.

Taimiao Temple: The temple of Taizu, the founding father of ancient times. The Taimiao Temple here refers to the ancestral temple of the State of Lu, the Zhou Gong Temple in Qufu.

鄹, zou, 1 sound, place name. Confucius's father, Liang Qi, was once the Yi Doctor of Yiyi.

At that time, Confucius already had a reputation for knowing etiquette, but the Jin Gurudwara Temple still consulted others on everything, so that some people wondered whether he knew etiquette as well as the legend? Confucius heard about it and said that this was the spiritual essence of the rites. That is to say, I know what I should do in accordance with the etiquette system and principles, but I must also consult with others, listen to the opinions of others, and analyze specific problems in detail, rather than acting arbitrarily and arbitrarily, and not being rigid and stubborn, which is exactly the requirement of etiquette.

10.21 The gift of a friend, though a chariot or a horse, is not sacrificed to meat, nor worship.

Carriages and horses, in terms of value, are more expensive than sacrificial meat.

Sacrificial meat is the meat used by people's sacrifices, stained with immortal qi, representing the blessings, not the real people do not give, this is incomparable to the car and horse.

If a friend's gift is sacrificed meat, it should be worshipped; if it is not sacrificed meat, even if it is a heavy gift of carriage and horse, there is no need to worship.

14.40 Zi Zhang Yue: "Book Yun, 'Emperor Gaozong forgives Yin, and does not speak for three years.' 'What is also?' Zi Yue: "Why Emperor Gaozong, all the ancients are like this." Junxue, the chief of the hundred officials, has been listening to Tsukasa for three years. ”

薨: hōng, the death of the ancient princes.

Tsukasa: zhǒng, in the modern context, talks about graves, tombs, tombs, tombs, if not deeply investigated, are the places where the dead are buried. However, in ancient societies that emphasized etiquette and hierarchy, they had specific meanings and even great differences.

Tsukasa: 1. Zhou Guan's name. He is the head of the Six Secretaries, also known as Dazai. 2. Call the official Shoshu Tsukasa tsukasa.

Emperor Gaozong, i.e. Emperor Gaozong of Yin, is Wuding. Emperor Gaozong was said to be the emperor of Xianming.

Forgive the yin, the ancient heavenly son of heaven to keep the mourning.

Zi Zhang asked, that is, three years of mourning. Confucius's explanation was that when the old king died, the new king had to serve for three years, and for three years he would not speak or listen to the government. The hundred officials performed their duties and obeyed Tsukasa's orders.

【Etiquette】【Weigh】

16.14 The wife of the king of the state, the wife of the king, the lady of the king, the wife of the child, the state people called the lady of the king, called the widow of the foreign countries, and the foreigners called her also known as the lady of the king.

This passage speaks of the five titles of the monarch's wife: the monarch calls her "lady", she calls herself "little child", people at home call her "Lady Jun", people in other countries call her "Lady Jun", and she calls herself "Widow Xiaojun" to people abroad.

【Music】【Tasting】

3.25 The son said that "Shao" was beautiful and perfect; it was said that "Wu" was beautiful and not perfect.

Key: Comments.

Beauty: Refers to the tone of the music and the form of the dance.

Goodness: Refers to the content of thought.

The so-called "music" of ancient times included both sound and instrumental music, as well as dance, as well as lyrics, the so-called poems.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were six most famous classical musics, of which "Shao" and "Wu" were the most famous. "Shao" is yu shun's music, and "Wu" is the music of King Wu of Zhou. Confucius was a fan of classical music, and he loved both, but preferred Shao. He listened to "Shao" in the country of Qi, and he did not know the taste of meat in March.

Confucius commented that "Shao" is perfect, "Wu" is good, but it is not perfect, it may be that the King of Wu has won the world by conquest, and it is not as good as "Zen Rang".

Read Mr. Zhang Hexhui's "Talks on Ancient and Modern Times", which has an article "Daya Yun Death", originally published in Chongqing Xinmin Bao on June 14, 1942. The beginning reads: When I was about ten years old, I caught up with the ancestral temple in Nanchang, and I saw the dance in the Confucius Temple and heard Shao Le. When I was twenty-six years old, I caught up with the temple in Beiping, but I only saw the display of the ritual instrument. At the age of thirty, he continued to visit the exhibition of various ceremonial music products in the Confucius Temple and the Taimiao Temple of xiannongtan, and there were already 45 left in 10 years. Even the guqin does not hang strings, the gusse does not support the pillars, and even the form is not complete. It goes without saying that no one can play this instrument.

Although I don't know whether the "Shao" music that Mr. Zhang listened to is really not true, it can still be called "Shao" music in the end. The loss of this "Shao" was not too long ago.

【Music】

7.14 Zi was smelling "Shao" in Qi, and March did not know the taste of meat, saying: "Don't try to be happy as for Si Ye!" ”

"Shao" is Shunle, the most elegant classical art of the time. The nobles of the State of Qi had the Chen clan, who were said to be descendants of Shun. Qi Guo played "Shao" at a very high level. It is the ultimate pleasure to hear the real Shao Zhiyin in the country of Qi!

It was not easy for the ancients to eat meat, and only the nobles and the elderly who enjoyed preferential treatment had to eat it.

It is also common for a person's faculties, one faculty to overshadow another due to excessive excitement. Confucius could not eat meat for several months because he was addicted to the sound of Shao, indicating that he understood and really listened to it. Therefore, there is an emotion: "I didn't expect that music could reach such a realm!" ”

8.15 Zi Yue: "The beginning of the master's sincerity, the chaos of Guan Ju, the ocean is full of ears!" ”

This is how Confucius felt when he listened to his teacher play music.

"The Beginning of the Master" is played by the Master.

Shi Zhi, Shi is his official clan, Zhi is his name. Shi, the head of the ancient music officer.

"The Chaos of Guan Ju" is the end of the performance of "Guan Ju".

In ancient times, there were four festivals of Lefan. The "beginning" is the first verse, the beginning of the music. "Chaos" is a kind of ending of a piece, played by a variety of instruments, so it is called "chaos".

The beauty of music is that it immerses the listener and cannot extricate themselves. Long after that, there seems to be music lingering in the ears.