Intangible Cultural Heritage
The Spring Festival is one of the four traditional festivals in the mainland, also known as the lunar calendar year, commonly known as "New Year" and "New Year". According to records, Chinese people have a history of more than 4,000 years for celebrating the Spring Festival. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and on May 20, 2006, the "Spring Festival" folk custom was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Behind each Annual custom, there is a traditional "New Year's flavor", and the Memory of the Times launches a special New Year's chapter to sort out the folk skills that run through the New Year's customs for you, feel the charm of intangible cultural heritage, and taste the strong Taste of the New Year.
Chinese lanterns, also known as lanterns, are an ancient traditional Chinese handicraft. Originating in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, every year around the 15th Lantern Festival of the first lunar month, people hung red lanterns symbolizing the meaning of reunion to create a festive atmosphere.
Chinese lanterns are a combination of painting art, paper cutting, paper tying, stitching and other crafts, and among the lanterns made in ancient China, palace lamps and yarn lamps are the most famous. Lanterns are closely connected to Chinese life, and there are lanterns everywhere in temples and living rooms. Careful calculations show that there are lamps in China after the Qin and Han Dynasties, and there are paper lanterns after the invention of the Eastern Han Dynasty paper. Chinese lanterns are not only used for illumination, they are often also a symbol, Wu Dunhou said, he used to make a bride lamp (that is, a palace lamp) to represent a wedding celebration; bamboo lamps indicate that this is a funeral occasion; umbrella lamp (surname lamp), because "lamp" and "Ding" pronunciation is the same, meaning that people Ding prosperous. Therefore, in the past, every house had a character name lamp, hanging under the eaves and in the living room.
Hanging lanterns in the New Year is a Chinese custom, red represents festivity, circular lanterns symbolize reunion, and red lanterns symbolize peace and tranquility. Today we will take a look at the lanterns in various places.
Quanzhou lantern
Quanzhou Flower Lantern is famous for its unique paper engraving, needle punching process and silk inlay technology. When making the traditional Quanzhou flower lantern "Cai Tie Lantern", the artists first used paper twisting to tie the bamboo grate into the skeleton of the lamp, and then the cut paper or silk cloth spray water bandage was glued to the skeleton, and then pasted with lace, painted with patterns, hung with silk spikes, and became a color za lamp.
The process of "engraving paper lamp" appeared late, the first creator was Quanzhou paper engraving master Li Yaobao (1892-1983), all the patterns of the flower lamp were designed by the makers themselves, and then carved out on the cardboard with a carving knife. The engraved paper lamp does not use a skeleton, but is made of cardboard with a carved pattern. Later, Li Yaobao inlaid glass filaments in these hollow patterns to create exquisite carved paper filament lamps. In 1978, the artist Cai Binghan created the "Needle Piercing Boneless Lamp". The pattern of this lamp is all densely pierced by steel needles on the drawings, and the light source is revealed from the pinhole, which is crystal clear and dazzling.
The tradition continues for thousands of years, and Quanzhou Flower Lantern was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list in May 2006. The exquisite craftsmanship of colored lanterns, engraved paper lamps, and needle piercing lamps have become the "pillars" of Quanzhou flower lamps and are also typical representatives of southern flower lamps. The heritage of the lantern appreciation nourishes the flower lantern cause, and generations of ingenious lantern craftsmen keep the inheritance and push the new ideas, bring the flower lanterns in Quanzhou to the world, and pass on the original intention of inheriting the intangible cultural heritage to the campus.
Coupled with the attention of government departments, this valuable national intangible cultural heritage has been accumulated and renewed for a long time. The tradition continues for thousands of years, and Quanzhou Flower Lantern was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list in May 2006.
Fuzhou lanterns
Fuzhou Flower Lantern has a long history. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Fuzhou became one of the top ten cities in the country where flower lantern activities were prevalent. Whenever the Lantern Festival, folk lantern making, buying lamps, appreciating lamps, and sending lamps are particularly active. According to Wang Yingshan's "Records of Mindu", Fuzhou "hangs lights along the gate and travels all night to enjoy, which is called the lamp city". In the meantime, every household is illuminated, ten miles long street, brilliant lights, red light reflected. Prefecture and county officials, on the occasion of the Lantern Festival, advocate a big fuss about the Lantern Festival, and they will tie up flower lanterns, "the officials and the people will enjoy together." There is a poetry cloud: "Hua Lantern into the city will be The New Year's Eve, the color seiko fee cut, several kinds of sent for the new year to play, the four walls of the clear light to illuminate the cup." "The timing of lantern festivals has also changed in previous dynasties: the Tang and Song dynasties were mostly the fourteenth to eighteenth days of the first month; the yuan dynasty imperial court did not advocate large-scale lantern festivals; the Ming Dynasty was the thirteenth to twenty-second day of the first month; the Qing Dynasty was the thirteenth to seventeenth day of the first month; and after the Republic of China, there were no rules.
Fuzhou people pay attention to the production and shape of flower lanterns, and pay more attention to the delivery and significance of flower lanterns. In the memory of old Fuzhou, before the Lantern Festival came, one of the most important things for the elders was to send a few flower lanterns to the younger generations. There are many kinds of traditional flower lanterns in Fuzhou, each meaning is different, and the delivery of lanterns is also exquisite. For the daughter who is married, the mother's family will send a lamp as usual, and the "lamp" and "Ding" are harmonized, taking the meaning of Ding. In the first year, send "Guanyin to send children" lamps, in the second year, if there is no childbirth, send "Heavenly Gifts" lamps and "children sitting in the basin" lamps, and in the third and fourth years, if there is no more birth, they will send "orange" lamps, which means "anxious". After childbirth, you can send "Zhuangyuan Riding Horse" lamp, "Heavenly Qilin" lamp, etc., until the nephew (grandson) is 16 years old. In addition, sending a red lotus lamp indicates the hope of giving birth to a girl, and sending a white lotus lamp expresses the hope of giving birth to a boy... There is a folk nursery rhyme: "The Lantern Lantern of the First Month, Grandma loves her nephew (grandson), sends red and red orange lamps, auspicious and add Ding." "It reflects the social trend of grandmothers loving grandchildren." Yang Qingchen, an old friend of Lin Zexu, who lived in the Palace Lane, wrote in the bamboo branch of the "Rongcheng New Year's Eve": "Heaven has given Lin'er a painted color, the bride's house is bright, and the night is deep to unload the gold noodles, and then reports to the mother's family to send lamps." The poem describes the pomp and circumstance of sending lamps at that time. According to the traditional folk customs of Fuzhou, before the citizens send lamps, they also have to buy oysters, dried tofu, garlic, etc., because in Fuzhou dialect, dried tofu with the sound of "official", oyster and "brother" homophony, garlic and "Sun" homophony, these and flower lanterns, sugar cane, etc. all mean auspicious and prosperous.
Lanterns in Gaocheng
Gaocheng Palace Lamp, also known as Gaocheng Gong Lantern, is a famous traditional handicraft product in Gaocheng District, Shijiazhuang City, with strong local cultural characteristics. Represented by the "Tuntou Palace Lamp", the traditional Gaocheng Palace lamps are handmade, and after the improvement and development of modern technology, a mechanized and large-scale production model has been formed. It is well-known at home and abroad for its beautiful shape and easy preservation. The lanterns were also hung in Tiananmen Square and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and on November 25, 2009, they were authorized as "Licensed Commodities for the 2010 Shanghai World Expo" and other honors.
In the past, every New Year's Festival, the rich and powerful families from all over the country came to buy, in order to bring home the lights and colors, adding a festive atmosphere to the festival. The traditional palace lamp is multi-burning wax illumination, for windproof, with water glue brushed gauze as a cover, painted on the top of a variety of patterns, each containing different meanings, each with different functions. Gaocheng Palace lamp is made of the main frame and external red silk cloth to make a certain shape as a form of expression, the traditional Gaocheng Palace lamp is handmade, the shape is divided into large and small numbers, are oval, symbolizing the red fire, the circle is complete, auspicious and festive. With the development of the times, on the basis of maintaining the appearance and characteristics of traditional palace lamps, through the research and development of old artists, Gaocheng Palace lamps have been continuously improved in materials and production, and have formed a series, mechanization, and scale production mode.
Because the Lantern of Gaocheng was designated as a tribute, it was named tribute lantern. Later, because this Gaocheng tribute lamp has become a special item in the palace, people changed the word "tribute" to the word "palace", so it was called the gaocheng palace lamp, and has been used to this day.
In 2006, gaocheng palace lamp was rated as the intangible cultural heritage of Hebei Province.
Gaocheng Palace lanterns carry the traditional culture of intangible cultural heritage, and also pin our beautiful wishes for the festival during the New Year's Festival, and have become one of the well-known craft products in the Gaocheng area. Gaocheng Palace lamps come with history, and they are becoming more and more enduring and blooming in the contemporary era!
Qinhuai lanterns
The Qinhuai Lantern Festival, popular in the folk activities of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, is one of the national intangible cultural heritage.
The history of the Qinhuai Lantern Festival can be traced back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it developed rapidly during the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. Nanjing is the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties and the capital of the Ten Dynasties, and the Qinhuai Lantern Festival, as an important folk activity, has always been a social and cultural space for the people of Nanjing to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, pray for auspiciousness, and celebrate and lively. Qinhuai culture is the representative of the ancient Jinling civilization, and the Qinhuai Lantern Festival is an important carrier for inheriting the excellent traditional culture of Qinhuai.
Qinhuai Lantern Festival is held every year during the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival, with the reputation of "the world's first lantern festival" and "Qinhuai lantern color jia tianxia", is the only large-scale comprehensive lantern festival in China that integrates the lantern exhibition, lantern fair and lamp market, and is also the largest folk lantern festival in China.
The earliest Qinhuai Lantern Festival was mainly distributed in the Qinhuai River Basin of Nanjing, and has now been extended to the five-mile section on the east side of "Ten Mile Qinhuai", including Confucius Temple, ZhanYuan, Bailuzhou Park, Wu Jingzi Former Residence, Jiangnan Gongyuan, Zhonghua Gate, Laomen East, Dabao'en Temple Relics Park and Zhonghua Road, Pingjiangfu Road, Zhanyuan Road, Pipa Road area. This year, the Confucius Temple will be the core, with "one city and one river" as the axis, extending to the east of the gate and outside the gate, and creating a three-dimensional space layout along the Ming City Wall, along the Qinhuai River, and along the historical streets and alleys.
From the perspective of the cultural environment of the Qinhuai Lantern Festival, it fully reflects the artistic essence of the lantern festival and the lantern festival. From the perspective of folklore, it condenses the spiritual temperament, cultural style, social values and life pursuits of the people of Nanjing, and broadens the space for the survival and continuation of local folk art in Nanjing.
The annual Qinhuai Lantern Festival attracts many tourists from home and abroad, who appreciate and visit the Qinhuai Lantern Festival and feel the folk culture of Jinling, while also promoting the economic development of the region. The interaction between culture and economy has not only driven the market of local folk art, expanded the space for continuous development, but also led to the development of tourism, commerce and entertainment in Nanjing, and achieved considerable economic benefits, thus promoting the development of the national economy in Nanjing.
On May 20, 2006, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the qinhuai lantern society declared by Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, heritage number: X-50.
Xiushan flower lanterns
Xiushan Flower Lantern, popular in the folk activities of Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County in Chongqing, is one of the national intangible cultural heritage.
Xiushan lanterns are mainly distributed in the Lanqiao, Rongxi and Erong areas of Xiushan, named after the most representative flower lantern art in Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Chongqing, also known as jumping lanterns, playing flower lanterns, flower lantern plays, is an ancient folk song and dance rap art, widely spread in Sichuan, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei four provinces junction Of Tujia settlement areas.
Xiushan County is known as the "hometown of flower lantern song and dance", and its lantern play originated from the Han "lamp play", and later integrated the song and dance performance skills of the Tujia and Miao people of Xiushan, and developed into an art form with a novel style and moving song and dance.
According to the "Records of Xiushan County", Xiushan Flower Lantern originated in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and developed during the establishment of the Toast System in the Ming Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, it was called jumping tuantuan. The Ming Dynasty gradually spread to the surrounding counties, and from the area of northern Qianbei to southern Sichuan, and finally to Yunnan. After Xiushan was established as a county, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it absorbed foreign music and later changed its name to flower lanterns. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the early Ming Dynasty was officially named Xiushan Flower Lantern.
Xiushan Lantern originally performed a small flower lantern play with a heavy song and dance component, and later influenced by major dramas such as Dian Opera, when the flower lantern opera artists improved the more tortuous and complex repertoire of the plot, they also absorbed the relevant tunes to change, expand and renovate, and created a new tune of the flower lantern play. The newly arranged light tunes adopt the arrangement method of tunes connected, which has some characteristics of plate cavity music, which is suitable for performing traditional dramas. In addition, the tune of Xiushan Flower Lantern Drama also has a variety of folk song minor tunes, which occupy an important position in the entire drama.
In the long-term performance, Xiushan Flower Lantern has formed the characteristics of dance, singing, drama, simulation, nationality, regionality, procedurality, and mass, and is deeply loved by the general public. Rescuing and protecting Xiushan flower lanterns has important practical value and academic value for enriching the cultural life of the people and promoting the study of Tujia folk music and dance art and its history.
On May 20, 2006, the "Xiushan Flower Lantern" declared by Chongqing Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, heritage number X.-51.
Quanfeng flower lanterns
Quanfeng flower lantern, popular in Xiushui County, Jiangxi Province, folk activities, one of the national intangible cultural heritage.
Quanfeng Flower Lantern is an artistic performance activity between lights, drama and dance in Quanfeng Town, Xiushui, Jiangxi, the main feature is the performance of the lantern team, which has a strong folk color. During the Spring Festival, all kinds of flower lanterns in the countryside are gathered, from the first light of the first year to the Lantern Festival, running from the east to the west, singing all night. In addition, folk festivals, birthdays, beams, and weddings are all invited to the lanterns to be lively.
According to legend, the Quanfeng Lantern tune is derived from Taoist music. The main tone of the flower lantern "Lower Nanjing" and the Taoist "Song Jing" are both sign and feather tones, the melodic style is the same, and the sentence structure is two rhymes and five words.
The origin of Quanfeng Flower Lantern is said to be legendary. A long time ago, a yin and yang gentleman Cao Zongzhe (cao Dingzhe in the Yining Zhou Zhi) saw that the Longquan Valley in Quanfeng Township was "majestic, undulating, and shaped like a dragon". Therefore, he brought his brother Cao Zongzhe to start a business here, and built a foundation between the two wells to breed offspring. There is also the Qing Dynasty Jiaqing "Yining Zhou Zhi" recorded: "Xixiang Taishi, military merit six pin Cao Dingzhe, the year eighty-six, the third son, the tenth grandson, the great-grandson twelve, the fourth grandson, the fifth generation of the same church." Cao Dingzhe's grandson Cao Xiping had 12 sons, all of whom sang flower lanterns, known as the nine huqin, and prospered for a while.
Quanfeng Lantern is an artistic performance activity between lights, drama and dance in Quanfeng Town, Xiushui, Jiangxi, with strong folk color.
The performance form is that the lantern actors dress up as three professions of raw horns, Dan horns and clowns, and wear costumes that match local characteristics. The performance routine opens with the clown reading white, and then separately yo out of dan and raw horns. Then the harlequin fanned the fan with one hand, and pushed the cart with the other hand behind or with both hands; Danjiao wore accessories on his head and sang and danced while driving; Shengjiao wore a hat and rode a horse with a long whip, sometimes amusing with Danjiao, sometimes persuading Danjiao. The three characters walk squarely in a circle, singing and acting, dancing while playing with lights.
The main feature is the Lights Team show. During the Spring Festival, all kinds of flower lanterns in the countryside are gathered, from the first day of the lantern to the Lantern, singing all night. In addition, folk festivals, birthdays, beams, and weddings are all invited to the lanterns to be lively.
In 2006, the Quanfeng Lantern declared by Xiushui County, Jiangxi Province was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, item number: X-52.