What are the characteristics of ancient Chinese palaces?

Erya Shigong: "The palace is called the room, the room is called the palace", and the palace and the room are synonymous. In a differentiated terms, the palace is the general name, referring to the whole house, which is surrounded by a wall on the outside, and the room is only one of the living units. (The Ancient Temple, also known as the Palace Room, is not discussed here.) ）

In ancient times, the palace refers to the general house and residence, and there is no distinction between noble and lowly. Therefore, the Mencius Teng Wen Gongshang says: "And why doesn't Xu Zi use it for cultivation and sacrifice it in his palace?" "After the Qin and Han Dynasties, only the residence of the king was called a palace.

Ancient palaces generally faced south. The interior space of the main building is divided into halls, rooms, and rooms. The front part is the church, which is usually a place where auspicious and fierce gifts are performed, and there are no people living there. At the back of the hall is the room, where people live. The east and west sides of the room are the east and west rooms. The whole house is built on a pedestal that rises above the ground, so there are steps in front of the hall. To enter the hall, you must ascend the stairs, so the ancients often said "ascending the church". "Analects of The Advanced": "Yuya ascended to the hall, and did not enter the room." ”

There is no door in front of the ancient hall, and there are two yíng (yíng) pillars on the east and west sides of the hall. The walls of the east and west walls of the hall are called the order, and the places close to the order in the hall are also called the east order and the west order. Behind the hall, there is a wall separated from the room, and the room and the room are connected to the hall. The household mentioned in the ancient books usually refers to the household of the room. There are steps leading to the atrium at the rear of the east room.

Muroto is easterly. The corresponding location in the west of the household has a window called 牖 (yǒu). The Analects of Yongye says, "If the cattle are sick, the son asks him, and he holds his hand." There is also a north-facing window in the room called Xiang, and the Shuowen says: "Xiang, north out of Muye." The Book of Poetry, Feng Feng, and July says: "Sai Xiang Xiang (jìn) household." ”

The ancients sat on the ground. The seats in the hall are honored in the direction of the south between the households of the room, so ancient books often say "south side". Indoor seats are oriented in an east-facing direction. The "Records of Xiang Yu Benji" says: "King Xiang and Xiang Bodong sat down. The Biography of Marquis Wu'an of Wei also says that Tian (fén) "tasted the summons to drink, sat on his brother Gaihou Nanxiang, and sat in Dongxiang, thinking that Han Xiang respected, and could not be privately crossed by his brother (pronounced náo, qu, so that the dignity of the phase was subjugated)", which shows that the Han Dynasty was still this custom.

Han Dynasty literature often mentions pavilions and chambers, which are houses on the east and west sides of the hall and the hall adjacent to each other, which is not the same as the concept of the pavilion in later generations. As mentioned above, there are walls in the east and west of the hall called the order. There is a small mezzanine room in the east and west of the prelude, called the east clip and the west clip, which is the pavilion (the Han Dynasty pavilion also refers to the small door). The space in front of the east and west clips is called the east hall and the west hall, which is the box. The pavilion and the box have a household connection, and there are also steps in front of the box. Lefu poem "Chicken Chirping": "The sound of the song is chirping, smell the east chamber of my temple." "The East Wing is the East Hall, and the Hall is the hall house mentioned earlier." The Shuowen says, "Tang, Dianye." "The Qin and Han Dynasties used to call it a hall not a hall, and in the Han Dynasty, although it was called a hall, it was not limited to the place where the emperor was under the council, and later the hall was dedicated to the main buildings in the court and temple.

The above can roughly represent the basic French style of the main building of the ancient palace. Of course, from the imperial palace to the well-off family, the abundance and frugality of the palace are different, and the palace system has also changed and developed in previous dynasties, which cannot be described here.

The imperial palaces of the Han Dynasty and the House of Generals also have Lang Yu (wǔ). According to the Chronicle of Marquis Wu'an of Wei, Emperor Xiaojing worshipped Dou (dòu) as a great general and gave him thousands of pounds of gold, and Dou Infant gave the gold "Chen Zhilang". Yan Shigu said, "Lang, tang next week house also." The Shuowen says, "Oh, don the next week house." "The gallery doesn't seem to make much difference. (Yan Shigu said, "Oh, the gate house also.") Wang Xianqian said: "The porch is the house under the porch, and the porch is the one with the eaves above the east and west compartments, and there are no walls under it, and the so-called veranda is built today. "This is different. The average person probably doesn't have a gallery.

The Xiè and the Què are both rulers' buildings. The platform is high and flat for easy viewing. The pavilion is a wooden structure on the platform, characterized by only the pillars and no walls. The temple is a tall building on both sides of the gate of the Jongmyo Temple or the palace, and there is an opening between the two views, so it is called que. There is a White Tiger Temple in the Han Palace, but this view is an independent building, and as for the Taoist temple called the Temple, it is even more of a later significance.

Incidentally, the word "Lou" is rarely seen in pre-Qin literature. "Mencius Zhizi Xia" "The wood of the square inch can be higher than the Cen Lou", and Zhao Qi notes "Cen Lou, the Sharp Ridge of the Mountain", according to which it is not the building of the building. "Shuowen" "building, heavy house also", and "floor, heavy house also", "Kao Gong Ji" also mentions "Yin ren heavy house", heavy house refers to the compound house (building on the top of the building), and the compound house can not live in people (Duan Yujie said). Perhaps there were buildings in the late Warring States period, and the Han Dynasty obviously had buildings, and there were more than two floors.

The poor man's house is just a stark contrast. Their dwellings were the bì (bì) mengui dou and the wèng (甕) mugwort.

Continental architecture has a long history. Ancient working people and craftsmen were constantly improving building materials and construction techniques. According to field archaeological reports, we know that the general housing of the Yin Dynasty was to dig a crypt on the ground, with a low wall around the cave, and then the column cover the top, and the entrance and exit had slopes or earth steps. This form of housing, archaeologists believe, is (fù). The Book of Poetry, Daya Mian, says: "Father dàn of the ancient gonggong, Tao Fu Pottery Cave, did not have a family. "Complex is a pretense of the word "". The emperor's palace was built on the ground, and the foundation of the time is still seen. The base is a platform or foundation made of rammed (hāng) soil, which is a cushion at the bottom of the column. Later generations of architecture have always been very basic.

No tiles have been found at the Yin Dynasty site, and the roof is probably thatched. It is speculated that tiles were invented at the latest in the early Zhou Dynasty, but most of the houses are still thatched houses, so the ancients said "Maoz soil steps" and "Maoz does not cut". The Book of Verses, Wind, and July says, "Day er Yu Mao, Táo." It is urgent to ride the house, and its beginning is to sow a hundred grains. "It can be seen that the tile house is not next to the peasants.

The invention of bricks was later than tiles. Hollow bricks have been found at the Warring States site, which were used in tombs. However, the Shijing Chen Feng Fang Yu Que Nest already says that "the Tang Dynasty has a pì", and the Tang refers to the tang tu, which is a road leading to the front door through the atrium under the hall, and the old saying is 瓴 (líng) 甋 (dì) (一作令適), that is, brick. (The story of Tao Kan in the Jin Dynasty also refers to the story of transporting bricks.) But brick walls are a relatively late-mover.

The ancients used the technique of plate building for a long time when building walls. "Mencius Zhizi Xia": "Fu said (yuè) between the plates", the so-called plate construction is to say that the construction of the earthen wall with two wooden boards sandwiched, the width of the middle of the two plates is equal to the thickness of the wall, the outside of the plate is lined with wooden pillars, filled with dirt, pounded with a pestle, and the wooden planks of the wooden pillars are demolished, and it becomes a wall. Plate construction technology occupies a very important position in ancient architecture, and until now some places still use this wall building technology. Later, the wall was built with adobe, which was called jí .jí. (Bricks and bricks are similar in many ways, so in the Eastern Han Dynasty, bricks were also called 墼, and many Han bricks had the word "墼" on them.) ）

The douli is an important component of the ancient high-grade wooden structure of the mainland, and at the same time has a decorative role. The Analects of Gongyechang say that Zang (zāng) Wenzhong (zāng) "mountain knot algae (zhuó)", the old saying that the tree is a short column on the beam, and the knot is a bucket. We can see structural components similar to buckets from the Warring States bronze pattern.

We'll stop here about the ancient palaces.