A new solution to the Analects of the "Wall of Dung"

"Tiangong Kaiwu" clay brick drawing.

The Analects of Gongyechang contains: Zaiyu Day Sleep. Zi Yue: "Rotten wood cannot be carved, and the wall of dung and soil cannot be carved; The Son said, "I began with men, listening to their words and believing in their deeds; now I am also in men, listening to their words and judging their deeds." Yu Give and Change yes. ”

Zaiyu's classmates slept during the day, and the master sighed: Rotten wood cannot be carved, and the walls like dung cannot be painted; for Zaiyu, it is not worth blaming. He also said, "In the beginning, when I heard his words, I believed in his deeds; today I examine his deeds when I hear his words." After the zaiyu incident, I changed my attitude.

This is a famous bridge section of persuasion. The above content is copied from Mr. Yang Bojun's translation to show authority. Zaiyu zi zi I, listed under the "speech" door of the four disciplines of Kongmen, is a master who is tall, and I am not afraid of such a bad evaluation.

In the Chronicle of the Disciples of Shi Ji Zhongni, Zaiyu's sentence is "sharp argument", that is, the words are good, the reaction is fast, and the so-called eloquence is also. It is natural that a group of disciples can enter the door of "speech". However, if the words are good, there will often be ambiguity under the influence of the tone of the scene. Therefore, those who can speak the Tao will inevitably suffer from negative conditions on certain levels of morality. Therefore, the passage in which the master "said again", even if it did not come from his old man's golden mouth, may as well have a wide degree of recognition.

It is worth noting that the "dung" as opposed to "decaying wood" is always inexplicable. The Master himself is extremely metaphorical, but the dung walls that echo the rotten wood are unknown. Former sages have clouds: these two are still impossible to do although they are used as metaphors. This is a metaphor. Youyun: The wall of dung is easy to be broken (mutilated, destroyed), and it cannot be painted (brushed, smeared) to become gorgeous. It is still in terms of metaphor.

Interestingly, the sages who interpreted the scriptures explained the "decay, decay" that later generations seemed to have a clear meaning, but the "dung" of "dung" was mostly ignored.

"Sayonara" Yun: "Dung, discard also." "Guangya" is also interpreted as "except also". Wang Niansun proved: "Dung, Judah, the words of the ear." "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Three Years": "The little man dung removes the contempt of the ancestors." "The Book of Rites and Rites": "Whoever is a gift of dung for the elderly shall be put on the broom." Duan Yu's commentary on the "Commentary" said bluntly: "In the ancient days, it was said to remove the filthy dung, and today's people directly call it filthy dung." ”

Although the "dung" mentioned by the Master is an ancient meaning, the abandoned soil seems to be interpreted as dirty soil, and the "decaying wood" can almost always be semantically corresponding. Therefore, Liu Baonan's "Analects of Justice" said: "It is dung that is removed, and the impurity that is removed is also called dung." This is said to be filthy soil. The ancients built the wall of the earth, which was inevitably filthy for a long time, so it was not allowed to be broken. ”

Easy to be bad and long-lasting, the path of taking the Law is different, the former is to use dirty soil as a wall, and the latter is to transform into dirty soil. The former is about the material, and the latter is a technical problem for post-maintenance. The so-called "decay" of decaying wood, generally speaking, is also inevitable for a long time, which seems to be more in line with the original intention of the master.

"Zuo Chuan Xianggong Thirty-one Years": "Sikong uses the time to change the road, and the people of the time to the Tsukasa Palace." The famous assassin Yu Rang, who was known for "a soldier who dies as a confidant, and a woman who pleases herself", also changed his name to a criminal and went to the palace toilet. "Timely" cloud, revealing a certain regulation in the sense of regularity, think of the so-called technical problems of post-maintenance, when there is a measure, not a problem, should not be invincible.

And the walls of the discarded dirt also seem to be suspicious.

Liang Rengong sent a book to Liang Sicheng Lin Huiyin, calling it a masterpiece from a thousand years ago, the light favor of our culture, and asked it to be a treasure forever. This is the famous "Construction Of The French Style", from which the well-known Construction Society and Liang Lin's son, the Name Congjie, are derived. This book was written by Song Tong Zhilang's trial smith Li Zhifeng, "a method that has been passed down from generation to generation, and the craftsmen who have learned from the various works are detailed and exquisite" ("General Catalogue of the Four Libraries"), which is the specification for architectural design and construction officially promulgated by the Northern Song Dynasty. As far as the specific construction of the construction is concerned, the Northern Song Dynasty is of course different from the ancient period in which the master was located, but the basic craft should be inherited, and the so-called long-term transmission is also, so it may wish to be used as a reference.

As a type of architecture, walls (originally written as walls, the traditional character of the wall is 墻, 墻同牆) is interpreted in authoritative dictionaries as a barrier or perimeter built of earth or masonry. The Shuowen says that it is "Yuanzhi Ya", and as a shape sound character, it is a sound. The "Interpretation of the Name" is explained as "obstacle also, so self-obstruction also". The "Left Biography" has "man has a wall, so as to cover up evil also". The HuainanZi attributed the founding of this building to Shun, praising him for building a walled house, opening up a tree valley, and making everyone know to go to the cave, each with a family. Architecture is naturally a heavyweight symbol of civilization, and it comes down to Shunye, which is also a classic routine of traditional narrative.

There is a "wall" under the "trench system" in volume three of the "Construction of the French Style", which discusses the "system of building walls, each wall is three feet thick and nine feet high, and its upper oblique harvest is halved than the thickness." If the height is increased by three feet, the thickness is increased by one foot, and the thickness is reduced by half of the height of each wall, and the width of the upper surface is one-fifth higher, and if the height is increased by one foot, its thickness is increased by three inches, and the reduction is also like "various "systems".

Under the "mud system" in volume XIII, there is a "wall of reinforcement": the system of the wall, high and wide, each wall is four feet high, then one foot thick, each foot high, six points per obliquely (Note: each side obliquely receives three points on the white), each with a billet three times paved bamboo one weight, if the height increases by one foot, the thickness is increased by two feet and five inches, and so is the subtraction.

墼, "Shuowen" yun "瓴適也", Wang Yun said "瓴適今 is called 塼". There are two kinds of bricks that have been burned but not burned, one is that there are still bricks and bricks and adobe bricks today, and the "Shuowen" also mentions that "one day has not been burned". Caizi Yang Shen quoted the "ZiLin" "磗未 burn 曰墼" and "埤苍" "shaped soil as a square yue 墼" in the "Dan Lead Continuation Records and Collected Remains", thinking that "the soil of the present day is also modeled with wood, and it is in fact". Adobe bricks are not simply equal to brick blanks, but are often used in traditional buildings for environmental cost reasons.

Ji Xiaolan once wrote in Urumqi, and the Notes on Reading Wei Caotang says: "Jimusa has the ancient city of the Tang Dynasty's Northern Court Protectorate, then Li Wei's office is built. On Thursday, all ten miles were made of earthen mounds; each one was one foot thick, one foot five or six inches wide, and two feet seven or eight inches long. ”

After the "wall", it is also proprietary "with mud": "With the system of lime and other mud walls, first use coarse mud to build uneven places, wait for a little dry, then use medium mud to take advantage of the flat, and then wait for a little dry, the second use of fine mud as a lining, apply lime, mud, wait for the water vein to be fixed, press five times, make the mud glossy (Note: dry thickness of one minute and three centimeters, its broken ash flush does not use middle mud)". Youyun: "Thick and fine mud is applied to the walls of the city and inside and outside the scattered houses, first use coarse mud, then use fine mud, and press twice." ”

The so-called coarse mud and fine mud, volume 27 "all the ingredients example 2" under the "mud work" article listed coarse mud fine mud, respectively, eight pounds of wheat stem and seven quintals of soil, broken wheat husk or rice husk 15 catties and soil three quintals of matching ratio, medium mud and coarse mud. Both cloud mud, water is naturally a necessary and element of it, Wang Yun's so-called "mud with soil and water".

As for the specific soil extraction, it is not seen in the book, presumably it is a self-evident thing to do in the mud. Li Shizhen provided clues in the "Compendium of Materia Medica, Tubu". He made it clear that the soil is yellow as the positive color, and under the "loess" strip, the Chen Tibetan vessel "Materia Medica Collection" is quoted: Zhang Sikong said: "More than three feet is known as dung, and below three feet is known as soil." Whoever uses it to go to evil things, do not let them enter the water. ”

Zhang Sikong was zhang hua, a famous minister of the Western Jin Dynasty, and was a tired official to Sikong during the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin. He was the sixteenth grandson of Zhang Liang, the Marquis of Liu, who was young and poor, but he had only learned, worked in poetry, had gorgeous words, cursive writing was also famously passed down to the world, and compiled the first local naturalist work "Naturalist History". In volume 1 of this book, there is a cloud under the "earth" section: "The earth is supplemented by famous mountains, the stone is the bone, the river is the vein, the grass and trees are the hair, and the earth is the flesh." Above three feet is dung, and below three feet is ground. ”

This should be the correct solution of the dung. Even today's muddy water work, including the extraction of bricks and earthen bricks, is to dig three feet into the ground. Master Ziyun: "I am a little and a lowly person, so I can despise things." "He had served as the chief official of the warehouse, and after the age of fifty, he was appointed by Lu Ding as Zhongdu Zai, and then from Zhongdu Zai to Sikong, and then sikong to grand sikou.

Sikong is an ancient official position, and it is said that Shunshi set up Sikong, which was held by Yu, and was responsible for the water control that earned him a great name. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family and the lu, Zheng, Chen and other states all set up a sikong, in charge of civil and water conservancy construction such as the so-called "Time Easy Road" quoted in the "Zuo Zhuan" above, and at the same time took charge of land management affairs, when and the Eastern Han Dynasty Sikong so-called "in charge of water and soil affairs." Where the city of Yingcheng is raised, the ditch is dredged, and the grave is repaired, its benefits are discussed and its merits are built. Where the four directions of water and soil homework, the end of the years will play its temple and the most reward and punishment" Yun Yun is roughly as if. Therefore, in "Chinese", Shan Xianggong saw that Sikong did not look at the chaos such as The Tao, and thus knew that Chen would die. Of course, the meaning of the road in many of its meanings is the meaning of the road. Because during the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial history was changed to the Great Sikong, and the nature of the official position was already different, so some people called the Master's appointment as Xiao Sikong, and later also called the Gongbu Shangshu sikong. Zhang Hua's position as Sikong was of high status, but he was often a superintendent of heavy subjects. The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties also continued this path of false titles.

The master has always been careful as an official, and the relevant contempt for construction will not be ignored by the old man, so he will take it for example. The so-called dung soil of the wall of dung is more than three feet of soil that has not reached the "ground", and it is not impossible to say that the dirt is not indispensable, but it is not convenient to simply regard it as the soil of the meaning of abandonment, but it is not suitable for digging and using soil. Such an earthen wall is impure in texture and insufficient in viscosity, so it cannot be rubbed.

At this point, Wang Chengfu, a Han Dynasty official who wrote a hand to cut food and clothing, although "He is skilled and laborers are also", it is clear to Yun'er, the wall of dung and soil of the Master.

The metaphor of the wall of dung and the decaying wood is implemented on Zaiyu's classmates, and the meaning of the master is that he is not a tool, and he cannot be carved and decorated to achieve achievements, that is, the so-called merits of the former sages are still unsuccessful. Such a cliché sounds harsh. Wang Chong then said: "The evil of sleeping in the daytime" is also a small evil; the "decaying wood" and "dung" cannot be restored, and the great evil is also. The lesser the lesser the great evil, and the peace can convince the people. Cui Shu also thought that Zaiyu was the high brother of the Sacred Gate, and the metaphor of the decaying wood was too much. Among them, there may indeed be an organic factor for the individual, but it is also enough to reflect the true color of the master's strict master.

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