Long ago, people used paintings to express the two-dimensional world, at least for a long time. It wasn't until the Middle Ages that artists discovered that they could show three-dimensional things on a two-dimensional canvas. Therefore, we further deduce that the world has four dimensions, three dimensions are space, and one is time. Still, whether there are more dimensions to the world is still a question worth studying.
People know things in three dimensions – like what we call length, width, height. A line appears only in one dimension because it has only a length. A square exists in two dimensions because it is not only long, but also tall. However, a cube has both width and height, so it exists in three-dimensional space. A hypercube, in the geometric sense, is the form of a cube in four-dimensional space. We can't imagine what it's like, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist.
Many theories want to prove to us that there are more dimensions in the universe we live in, far beyond our foreknowledge. Physics, on the other hand, is a discipline that can explain everything and all phenomena in the universe, including general relativity and quantum field theory. General relativity focuses on gravity and can be used macroscopically to explore the universe; however, quantum field theory is about electromagnetic effects, the strong and weak forces produced by nuclei, and it is generally used microscopically to explore problems. (Nuclear strength can hold atoms closer together, while nuclear forces can cause radioactive decay.) The problem, however, is that the two theories are inherently contradictory.
String theory is a theory that wants to combine general relativity and quantum field theory, and it contains an interpretation of these four fundamental forces. The premise is that it needs to assume that there are many other dimensions, only in this way can it be true in a mathematical sense.
But where will those unknown dimensions be "hidden"? The first time we came into contact with the concept of the "new" dimension was when Einstein proposed the theory of relativity in the 19th century. Now, the world we live in is considered to be three-dimensional, but Einstein also discovered when he studied electromagnetism that time is the fourth dimension.
The same principle can be used to explain the gravitational field. In his equations, all four dimensions combine with each other and intertwine into space-time. Compared to Newtonian physics, this allows the world to be explained better and predicted more accurately. This is also the meaning of this example we draw, and there is always another dimension around us. Einstein's special and general theories of relativity had not been aware of the existence of this other dimension before it was proposed, and since he proposed it, scientists immediately considered adding dimensions.
In 1919, the mathematician Theodore Karuza tried to add a fifth dimension to Einstein's equation, and the result was unexpectedly appropriate. To illustrate where this dimension lies, physicist Oscar Klein makes an analogy. An ant crawled on a rubber tube, and the ant thought it was on a two-dimensional plane, but because the rubber was bent into a tube, adding a dimension, it was actually in three dimensions. Over the next few decades, the idea was refined in a series of ways, in which string theory thought of adding more dimensions to unify the forces of nature.
Superstring theory holds that the universe has at least ten dimensions, four regular and six small and tight, the last six of which wrap themselves together to form the so-called Kara-Chu manifold. It is unlikely that the human brain can directly imagine its overall structure, but it is possible to imagine its two-dimensional cross-section. Maybe ten dimensions is enough, but physicists don't think so, and the most famous variant of string theory, M-theory, increases the dimension to eleven dimensions! Edward Winton, the proposer of M-theory, says that the "M" here does not specifically represent something, but rather "magic," "mystery," or "membrane."
There is also a Bose string theory, an early version of string theory in the 1960s, which believes that there are 26 dimensions, including 25 spatial dimensions and 1 time dimension. At first glance, how can we only see 3 of the 26 dimensions, which is too little, but it is not difficult to understand that humans can only see the narrow visible light in the spectrum. If we can live well without the need for dimensions other than those 3 dimensions, we may never evolve the ability to see them. Again, the extra dimensions, while hard to imagine, are now tightly wrapped around the Kara-Cho manifold.
These dimensions are too small to be perceived by us, and quantum mechanics adds another level of complexity to the situation. At the quantum level, the world doesn't work the way we think it would, and the events happening at the macro level simply can't be felt. According to the multi-world interpretation, quantum mechanics even requires the existence of an infinite universe. Curiously, this is actually a popular theory. Basically, quantum mechanics seems to indicate that at the atomic and subatomic level, physical systems have no determined properties until they are measured. Multi-world interpretation assumes that all possible outcomes have already occurred, only in different worlds. So in another sense, there are many other "dimensions": other worlds are right around ours.
Imagine a rope with a length – although it looks like a long object, on closer inspection, there are hundreds of tiny lines side by side with each other. At present, it is still uncertain how many dimensions really exist. There are a large number of dimensions that can exist mathematically, but that doesn't mean they're real. The problem with mathematics is that it is extremely creative and abstract, and can be consistent on paper without having to represent the material world. For example, mathematically we represent dimensions in axes, usually three dimensions: x, y, and z. However, we can add dimensions as easily as we add more letters – even if we can't draw them. Proving their existence is another feat entirely. These extra dimensions may be too small to see, but perhaps we do experience their interaction with our world.
Some researchers hypothesize that consciousness exists in another dimension — arguably, it's possible that one or more dimensions actually exist in our minds. Or maybe death opens up another dimension in our understanding, and the afterlife exists in its own dimension. Perhaps dark matter and dark energy are key to understanding where these other dimensions lie, because both are completely invisible but occupy most of the matter and energy in the universe. In fact, according to observations, the sum of observable matter and energy accounts for only 5% of the total universe. If there are 26 dimensions, perhaps the rest are folded in invisible matter and energy! Either way, the fact that so many dimensions exist in an important part of mathematics proves that we know very little about the universe as much as we know how many dimensions do exist.
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