Hello everyone, I am a small editor, today I bring you the general process of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, (420 AD ~ 589 AD) is a period of great division in Chinese history, inheriting the Sui Dynasty under the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, from the beginning of liu Yudai in 420 to the establishment of Liu Song in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to the end of the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD.
The Southern Dynasty (420 AD – 589 AD) included the Four Dynasties of Liu Song, Southern Qi, Southern Liang, and Southern Chen, while the Northern Dynasty (439 AD – 581 AD) included the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Friday Dynasties. Although the two forces of the north and the south have their own dynastic changes, they have maintained a form of confrontation for a long time, so they are called the southern and northern dynasties.
In the early period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was still a clan politics, and the social classes were divided into clans, Qi people's households, dependent households and slaves, and foreign exchanges were also prosperous, from Japan and the Korean Peninsula in the east, to the western regions, Central Asia, and West Asia in the west, and to Southeast Asia and South Asia in the south.
At this time, there was also a trend of great ethnic integration, such as the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which further accelerated the pace of feudalization of ethnic minorities.
Southern Dynasty period
After 304 AD, Chinese history entered a period of division between the north and the south and the confrontation between the north and the south. In the south, although there were four regime changes in succession: Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, in the middle of this period, except for Emperor Liang Yuan's capital of Jiangling for 3 years, the capital of the southern dynasties was always built in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing). The Liu Song Dynasty (420-479) was the largest, strongest, and longest-ruling regime, with 4 dynasties and 8 emperors, for a total of 60 years. Qi (479-502) was short-lived, only 24 years, but due to frequent battles, there were 3 generations of 7 emperors, an average of 3 years and an emperor, which was a dynasty in Chinese history in which the emperors changed very quickly. Liang (502-557) lived in 3 dynasties and 4 emperors, a total of 56 years, of which Emperor Xiao Yan personally enjoyed the country for the longest time, almost half a century. Chen (557-589) was a 33-year emperor of the 3rd Dynasty. The disadvantage of Chen Cheng's decline and liang was that the dynasty with a narrow territory, a weak population, and a weak power, coupled with the extreme corruption of the rulers, eventually died at the hands of powerful enemies in the north. In history, the four southern dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen are called southern dynasties.
The history of the Southern Dynasty is the history of the rise and fall of the Gate Valve Clan, the Imperial Power of the Southern Dynasty is relatively strong, and although the social status of the Gate Valve Clan is noble, it can no longer completely influence the political situation. With the continuous deepening of the development of Jiangnan, the indigenous Han people gradually rose politically, entered the ranks of bureaucrats, and were relied on by the emperor. From the time of Liang Chen, the local tycoons in the southern interior also became a force that divided the territory.
Southern Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty is the longest of the four dynasties of the Southern Dynasty, with a total of 60 years.
Emperor Liu Yu of the Song Dynasty was a general in the Eastern Jin Dynasty's Northern Fu Army and took control of the imperial court after the Huanxuan Rebellion. In order to gain prestige to usurp the Jin Dynasty, he launched two Northern Expeditions, recovering Shandong, Henan, and guanzhong (Guanzhong was later occupied by Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)). After that, Liu Yu killed Emperor An of Jin, established Emperor Gong of Jin, and two years later (420) usurped the throne as the old Wei and Jin dynasties, the state name Song, changed to Yuan Yongchu, the history was called Liu Song, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty died. In 440, after northern Wei unified the north, Fang and Liu Song formed a north-south confrontation. Emperor Wu of Song was born in the military, was resolute and frugal, and said that the empress dowager still practiced frugality and had a good political style for a while. But he did not seem to attach importance to royal education, so much so that the non-human beings caused great changes. He perceived that at that time, the clan was powerful and the monarch's authority had fallen, so he reused the Han clan in the government to grasp the secrets, and the military power was entrusted to the clan royal family. The clan held military power and political districts, so they had the intention of usurping the throne, so there were many tragedies between the emperor and the clan.
After the death of Emperor Wu of Song, Emperor Shao of Song succeeded him, and was killed by the assistant ministers Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, and Xie Han because of his lack of morality, and changed the yidu wang Yilong to Emperor Wen of Song. He later worked with the famous northern general Tan Daoji to eliminate Xu Xianzhi and others who controlled the state administration, and the political situation was stable. Emperor Wen of Song advocated frugality and clarified the rule of officials, creating the "rule of Yuan Jia". From 430 onwards, Emperor Wen of Song repeatedly went on the Northern Expedition, and due to insufficient preparations and the wrong command of Emperor Wen, the "soldiers and wealth lists" led to a great reduction in national strength. The famous general Tan Daoji was eliminated for military merit by Emperor Wen of Song, and Liu Song lost the general who could balance with Northern Wei. When the Northern Wei Rebellion occurred in Gaiwu, Liu Song failed to carry out the Northern Expedition immediately. By 445, Northern Wei had begun to launch several southern expeditions when its rivals were temporarily weakening, and the two sides were fighting back and forth in Huainan, and the Northern Wei army even approached the Yangtze River at one point. Liu Song was unable to lift again after that.
In 453, Emperor Wen of Song was killed by Crown Prince Shao, and his third son, Liu Jun, took the opportunity to lead an army to seize the throne, that is, Emperor Xiaowu of Song. He was absurd and cruel, raped his niece, had two clan wars, and finally slaughtered Guangling City. At that time, the people rumored: "Looking at Jiankang City from afar, the small river is haunting, the former son kills the father, and the latter sees the brother kill the brother", which means this history. His son, Former Emperor Qian, succeeded Emperor Li and then killed Emperor Zong, and was later killed by Liu Yu, the King of Xiangdong, for Emperor Ming of Song. However, he also killed the clan and killed the descendants of Emperor Xiaowu of Song. After his son Emperor Song deposed emperor and succeeded him, the political situation was turbulent and he rebelled, and the general Xiao Daocheng gradually took control of the military. After the death of the Deposed Emperor, Xiao Daocheng supported Emperor Shun of Song and took sole control of the imperial government. After eliminating his political enemies Yuan Yue and Shen You, he usurped the throne in 479, and the founding name of Daqi was changed to Yuan Jianyuan, known as Emperor Gao of Qi, and the Southern Dynasty song died.
Southern Qi
Qi is the shortest of the four dynasties, with only 24 years.
Emperor QiGao belonged to the clan of the Lanling Xiao clan, but his status was not high, so he was despised by the clan magnates. His political style was also similar to that of the early Song Dynasty, for the sake of frugality, he died after four years of reign, and was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhao, that is, Emperor Qiwu. Emperor Wu of Qi was the ruler of The Ming Dynasty, had no war with the Northern Wei Dynasty, and was safe and secure, known in history as the "Reign of Yongming". At that time, the emperor used the pawnbrokers as eyes and ears to supervise the affairs of the states and the kings of the clan. After emperor Wu of Qi's death, he was succeeded by Emperor Xiao Zhaoye, assisted by Xiao Ziliang and Xiao Luan. However, Emperor Qi was extravagant and absurd, and the state administration was gradually controlled by Xiao Luan. Xiao Luan intended to usurp the throne, and after killing Emperor Qi, he replaced his brother Xiao Zhaowen with the deposed emperor and established himself as Emperor Ming of Qi. After Emperor Qiming succeeded to the throne, he used the pawnbroker to kill the kings of the clan, and the descendants of Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu were killed. After the death of Emperor Ming of Qi, he was succeeded by the crown prince Xiao Baojuan. He fainted and was brutal, killing the Ministers, and provoking rebellions in various local towns. After the chaos was settled, he killed Shi Xiaoyi, the Yongzhou assassin who had made a contribution to quelling the chaos. In 501, Xiao Yi's younger brother Xiao Yan announced that he would raise an army and make his brother Baorong emperor at Jiangling, in order to serve Emperor Qi and Emperor He. After Xiao Yan invaded Jiankang, Emperor Qi was killed by the general Wang Zhenguo. In the following year, Xiao Yan usurped the throne, the state name was Daliang, known in history as Emperor Wu of Liang, and Xiao Qi died.
Southern Facing Liang
Emperor Wu of Liang was too Buddhist, became a monk three times, and was a legendary emperor.
Emperor Wu of Liang was a subordinate of the Xiao clan of Lanling, frugal, diligent and loving the people, which made the early Liang Dynasty create a grand event, and the national strength was better than that of the gradually chaotic Northern Wei. In view of the massacre of the Song Qi clan, Emperor Wu of Liang was very tolerant of his clan and did not pursue even crimes. He was knowledgeable and advocated academic development, which made the education of the Southern Dynasty develop and the culture of the Southern Dynasty develop to the extreme. However, in the later period of Emperor Wu of Liang, he liked to listen to flattery and superstitious Buddhism, and sacrificed himself three times to the Temple of Tongtai. Because monks and Taoists do not pay taxes, nearly half of the household registrations are registered under the name, and the state finances suffered heavy losses. At that time, the clan and officials were greedy and extravagant, and they were trapped in the drunken gold fans and could not extricate themselves.
In the early days of Emperor Wu of Liang, the Northern Wei Dynasty was full of contradictions after the Sinicization Movement, and its national strength gradually lost to the Southern Dynasty. By 503, Northern Wei and Liang were at war in the Huainan region, and finally Changyizhi, Cao Jingzong, and Wei Rui defeated the Northern Wei army at the Battle of Chung Li. At this point, Emperor Wu of Liang intended to go north, but the scope did not extend to the Huainan region. After defeating the Northern Wei army at the Battle of Shouyang in 516, the Northern Expedition was suspended due to excessive losses, and Shouyang was not captured until ten years later.
Emperor Wu of Liang liked to use the generals in the hope of getting something for nothing. When the Rebellion of the Six Towns occurred in Northern Wei, Emperor Wu of Liang sent Chen Qingzhi to escort Yuan Haobei, the king of Beihai of Northern Wei, back to the throne. At that time, the main force of Northern Wei was still in the Guanzhong area of Hebei province to suppress the rebellion, chen Qingzhi and Yuan Hao attacked Luoyang, but because of the lack of support, the main force of the Northern Wei army returned to Luoyang, and finally failed.
During the Eastern and Western Wei dynasties, the Eastern Wei general Hou Jing was forced by Eastern Wei and Western Wei to defect to Liang, and Emperor Wu of Liang appointed him to northern expedition against Eastern Wei. However, after the defeat of the Liang army, Emperor Wu of Liang intended to send Hou Jing back for peace. After he learned of this, he raised an army to rebel and attacked Jiankang in the south, which is known as the Hou Jing Rebellion. Liang led Xiao Zhengde across the river, causing Hou Jing to attack Jiankang, and Emperor Wu of Liang to retreat to Taicheng. After that, although there were Qin Wang's masters everywhere, they all waited and watched. Hou Jing learned of the peace talks after the Qin Dynasty, but eventually rebelled and captured Taicheng. After the fall of Jiankang, he slaughtered the Jiangnan clan and dealt a devastating blow to the politics of the Southern Dynasty. Emperor Wu of Liang eventually starved to death, and Hou Jing successively killed Emperor Xiao Gang and Xiao Dong of Liang Jianwen, and finally usurped the throne and established the State of Han. However, Hou Jing's forces were only in the Jiangdong area, and the Areas around Huguang and Sichuan were still controlled by Liang Mu, but the various armies were holding each other back and were unwilling to fight. Later, the army led by Chen Baxian, the Taishou of Guangzhou, joined forces with Wang Sheng, who was sent by Wang Xuan of Xiangdong, to attack hou jing.
King Xiangdong succeeded to the throne at Jiangling as Emperor Yuan of Liang. Later, according to King Ji of Wuling in Shouyi Prefecture, he declared himself emperor and attacked Jiangling. Emperor Yuan of Liang appealed to Western Wei for help, and After King Ji of Wuling attacked Western Wei, Yizhou was also taken. The following year, Xiao Qin led the Western Wei army to take advantage of the opportunity to capture Jiangling, Emperor Yuan of Liang was killed, and Western Wei made him a Kui, known in history as Western Liang.
After Emperor Yuan of Liang was killed, Chen Baxian argued with Wang Monk to make Xiao Fangzhi of Jin'an Emperor, that is, Emperor Jing of Liang. Later, Northern Qi welcomed Xiao Yuanming south, the Liang army was defeated, and Wang Sheng, who was humiliated, was established as Emperor Liang. Chen Baxian then led an army to kill Wang Shengxuan and restore Emperor Jing of Liang, and then successively defeated Northern Qi's southern invasion and Wang Sheng's Yu Party, and ruled Liang Ting. Finally, in 557, he usurped the throne, and the founding title was Great Chen Jieyuan Yongding, known as Emperor Wu of Chen, and Liang died.
Southern Dynasty Chen
In Chinese history, the names of dynasties coincide with the surnames of emperors, and only the Chen family of the Southern Dynasty. In 557, Chen Baxian deposed Emperor Jing of Liang, established himself as emperor, and established Chen as Emperor Wu of Chen.
Emperor Chen Wu was a native of Wuxing, and at this time, after years of war in southern China, the overseas Chinese and Wu clans were both damaged by hou Jing's rebellion, and the economy was seriously damaged. Many local forces have also divided their territories. The state established on this basis is doomed to be short-lived. Because Emperor Chen Wu was unable to calm down as much as possible, he adopted the method of appeasement.
After Emperor Wu's death, his nephew Chen Xuan succeeded to the throne as Emperor Wen of Chen. At this time, Wang Lin, who was based on the two lakes, rebelled and united with the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou armies to march east to Jiankang. Emperor Wen of Chen first defeated Wang Lin's combined forces of Northern Qi, and then blockaded Baqiu and prevented Northern Zhou from advancing eastward. At this point, the situation of the country is determined. During his reign, he exerted great efforts to revive the economy of Jiangnan and make the Southern Dynasty Chen Guo strong.
After Emperor Wen's death, he was succeeded by the crown prince Bozong, that is, Emperor Chen. Soon, his uncle An Chengwang deposed Emperor Xuan of Chen. At that time, Northern Zhou intended to destroy Northern Qi, so it invited the Chen Dynasty to jointly cut down Northern Qi. Emperor Xuan of Chen agreed with his intention to recover Huainan, and in 573 sent Wu Mingche to the Northern Expedition, two years later to retake Huainan.
The territory of the Chen Dynasty was the most extensive when the aether was built (569~582). In the five years of Taijian's conquest of Northern Qi, the prefectures of Dehe, Nansi, Heng, Ba, Luo, Ding, Yang, Huo, He, Jiang, Xichu, Dongguang, Huai, Jing, Nanyu, Guang, Jian, Chen, Ren, Tong, An, Shuo, Qing, and Ji not only restored huainan's homeland, but also restored some prefectures and counties in northern Huaibei. To a certain extent, Chen's rule was consolidated, but after all, due to the decline of national strength. At that time, Northern Qi was in decline, and Emperor Xuan of Chen instinctively took the opportunity to attack and destroy, but he only wanted to defend it. Later, Northern Zhou took the opportunity to attack Northern Qi, and in 577, the Southern Expedition, Chen's army was defeated, and the Southern Dynasty Chen was in danger. However, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou died suddenly, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was in internal turmoil, and Northern Zhou had no intention of marching south.
After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian died as Emperor Xuan of Chen and was succeeded by his crown prince Shu Bao, who was the lord of Chen Hou. He was absurd and extravagant, the state was in chaos, and the government was extremely corrupt. At that time, the officials were seriously exploited and the people suffered terribly. During the harvest season in the south, the Sui army burned the fields in the south, and the southern Dynasty Chen Guoli was greatly weakened.
In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui appointed Yang Guang as his main general and launched a southern expedition. Chen Shubao, the natural danger of the Yangtze River, sang and danced as usual. The following year, the Sui army invaded Jiankang, Chen Shubao, his concubines Zhang Lihua and Kong Guiren escaped into the well and were captured, and Chen sui of the Southern Dynasty died. Ended China's nearly three-hundred-year-long division.
Northern Dynasty period
The Northern Dynasty is a general term for the Northern Dynasties that coexisted in Chinese history with the Southern Dynasty of China, including several dynasties such as the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou. Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, and Northern Zhou were all founded by the Xianbei people, while Northern Qi was founded by the Xianbei Han people.
The Rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty
The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by Tuoba Xianbei during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, and was formerly known as the DaiGuo. After the collapse of Former Qin at the Battle of Shuishui, Tuoba Jue, the grandson of Tuoba Shiyi, the Daiwang, raised an army to restore the country, and the capital shengle, the state name Wei, known in history as Northern Wei.
Northern Wei gradually grew under the management of Emperor Daowu, Emperor Mingyuan, and Emperor Taiwu, and Tuoba Jue fought against Later Yan, engaged in many wars, and defeated the Yan army at the Battle of Shanghepi. He then led an army to attack the Later Yan capital and moved the capital to Pingcheng. In the following year, he was called emperor, that is, Emperor Daowu. Emperor Daowu was cruel in temperament and was later killed by his son Tuoba Shao. In the same year, Emperor Daowu's eldest son Tuoba Siping succeeded to the throne as Emperor Mingyuan. He captured Liu Song's henan territory, but died soon after.
His son Tuoba Tao succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Taiwu, who worked hard to govern and greatly prospered, and repeatedly attacked Liu Song. After the threat of the Northern Rouge was lifted, the War to Unify the North was launched. In 439, northern Liang was attacked, ending the situation of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms in the north and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty. The North and the South have thus officially entered the "Southern and Northern Dynasties Period". However, there was also Hou Qiuchi, who died in Northern Wei in 443.
Although the Northern Wei Dynasty was at its peak in national strength, there were strong enemies in the north, Rouran, so that they could not go all out to march south.
The Buddhist Lu Shuihu people Gai Wu led the people of all ethnic groups to revolt, and Emperor Taiwu was pacified. Fight Buddhism and become one of the Three Martial Extinction Buddhas.
After Emperor Taiwu unified Northern China, he destroyed Shanshan, one of the five great powers in the Western Regions, and controlled the Western Regions. In 450, he counterattacked Liu Song, pushing straight for Guabu and threatening to cross the river. After plundering 50,000 households and returning to the north, the Northern Dynasty's military strength overwhelmed the Southern Dynasty, but its military strength was also greatly damaged.
Emperor Taiwu was punished cruelly in the later period, and was finally killed by the eunuch Zong Ai, and the rebellion of the clan was put to rest until emperor Wencheng.
In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Pingcheng was the capital, and later Emperor Xiaowen carried out Sinicization on a large scale, and the political center also moved to Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains.
When Emperor Xianwen was in power, he was poisoned by his mother, Empress Feng. Empress Feng re-established Tuoba Hong (拓跋宏), the son of Emperor Xianwen (孝文帝), and took control of the imperial government. Empress Feng was suspicious and wise and abusive, but made the state affairs stable. Emperor Xiaowen may have admired Han culture because of Empress Feng's relationship, believing that the Xianbei people should be deeply Sinicized. He was a wise and studious man, and after his pro-government, he expanded the capital of Pyeongseong to Seoul. Based on the fact that Luoyang was more prosperous than Pingcheng, its geographical location controlled the whole country, and it was easy to send troops to Jiangnan, which could get rid of the conservative forces, and in 493, under the pretext of the Southern Expedition to the Southern Dynasty, led the people to move south to Luoyang.
In the early days of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the suzerainty system was implemented, and from the second half of the 5th century onwards, its Sinicization trend accelerated, and it was The Northern Wei Xiaowen Emperor Yuanhong who created the golden age of the Northern Wei.
Emperor Xiaowen implemented the three-chief system, promulgated the Juntian system, moved the capital to Luoyang, and implemented a series of measures to reform the old customs of the humble and humble. After the relocation of the capital, the Sinicization movement was launched in three years, such as the use of the Han official system, the prohibition of Hufu Hu language, the promotion of education, the change of surnames and intermarriage with the Han people, the prohibition of burial, the use of weights and measures and measures, and the promulgation of edicts announcing the absorption of Han culture. Emperor Xiaowen attempted to achieve integration with the Han by restricting his own culture.
Through a series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen, the advanced culture and advanced political system of the Han nationality were fully integrated into the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and northern China had begun to enter the stage of its national integration. However, although the Xianbei people who migrated south improved their cultural quality, it made the Humble nobles tend to be extravagant and weak. Later, Emperor Xiaowen returned without success after several southern expeditions to Qi. As for the Xianbei nobles who remained in the six northern towns, due to their reluctance to move south, they gradually fell out of favor with the Luoyang imperial court and lost their position, which made the Northern Wei split into two major groups, the Xianbei and Hanhua groups, which became one of the reasons for the future civil unrest in the six towns.
In 494, Crown Prince Yuan Gong intended to return north to Pingcheng, and Emperor Xiaowen learned of this and deposed the crown prince and gave him death. The conservatives Mu Tai and Lu Rui mutinied in Pingcheng and were later suppressed, and Emperor Xiaowen personally toured the north to appease them. After Emperor Xiaowen's death, Northern Wei began to decline.
The Northern Wei Dynasty split
After the death of Emperor Xiaowen in 499, he was succeeded by Emperor Xuanwu. He was addicted to Buddhism, the state was in turmoil, and the nobility competed for luxury. After Emperor Xiaoming succeeded him, He was ruled by Empress Dowager Hu. Empress Dowager Hu was extravagant, secretly communicating with King Yuanyi of Qinghe and favoring Xin Yuancha and Liu Teng. Yuan and Liu rebelled due to their disagreement with the King of Qinghe and took control of the imperial government. After Liu Teng's death, by 525 Emperor Xiaoming and Empress Dowager Hu had quelled the rebellion. However, Empress Dowager Hu remained the same and disagreed with Emperor Xiaoming. Then there was a civil uprising in the six towns in the north, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was on the road to extinction. As early as the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to avoid Ruoran invading the northern capital Pingcheng, six towns were set up along the Yellow River in the Yin Mountains, including Woye, Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fumu, Rouxuan, and Huaihuang, to defend the capital. The generals of the six towns were held by xianbei nobles, and most of the generals were high-ranking disciples of the Xianbei or Han people. They are regarded as the "heart of the country" and can return to Beijing at any time. However, after moving the capital to Luoyang, the status of the six towns declined. Because he still retained the primitive habit of being humble and humble, he was discriminated against by the Han-style nobles as "Daibei Hanren", and the promotion of generals was suppressed and dissatisfied. Finally, in 523, the Xianbei nobles and tun soldiers in the north rebelled in the six towns, and the people of various ethnic groups in Qinlong, Guandong and other places also revolted one after another. It took three years to decide and many warlords were formed. Among them, Erzhu Rong, who was guarding Jinyang, was the most powerful, and he once attacked Ge Rong, the most powerful in the Kwantung Region.
Emperor Xiaoming attempted to unite with Erzhu Rong against Empress Dowager Hu, but was poisoned by Empress Dowager Hu. Empress Dowager Hu successively made Emperor Xiaoming's only daughter, Princess Jingmei, and her nephew Yuanzhao emperor. In the same year, On the pretext of avenging Emperor Xiaoming, Erzhu Rong led an army to capture Luoyang and control the imperial government, which is known as the Heyin Incident. He drowned Northern Wei and Empress Dowager Hu in Heyin, killed more than 2,000 ministers, and established Emperor Xiaozhuang instead, while Erzhu Rong remotely controlled the government in Jinyang. Emperor Xiaozhuang was enraged as a puppet and personally killed him in 530 when Erzhu Rongjin saw him. Later, Erzhu Rong's son Erzhu Zhao, and his brother Erzhu Shilong supported Yuan Ye the Prince of Changguang as emperor, and after capturing Luoyang, he killed Emperor Xiaozhuang and established Emperor Jiemin instead. In the same year, the warlord Gao Huan supported Yuen Long as emperor in Xindu, and after capturing Luoyang in 532, he established Emperor Xiaowu.
Emperor Xiaowu was under his control and intended to unite with Guanzhong to deal with Gao Huan with the general He Bayue. Gao Huan preemptively killed He Bayue in 534. Emperor Xiaowu replaced Yuwen Tai and broke with Gao Huan, and Zi Shanjian became emperor, that is, Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, and moved the capital to Yecheng. Shortly after Emperor Xiaowu went west, yuwen defected to YuwenTai. Gao Huan could not catch up with him, and instead established Wang Shitai of Qinghe to kill him, and established Nanyang Yuan Baoju as emperor, that is, Emperor Wen of Western Wei, with the capital chang'an. Northern Wei fell in 534 after splitting into Eastern wei and Western Wei.
In summary, after Emperor Xiaowen's death, due to the opposition of some conservative nobles and Xianbei warriors. The rulers of the Northern Wei gradually abandoned the previous policy of national reconciliation and restored the privileges of the Xianbei people, so new contradictions arose, and the Northern Wei began to gradually decline. In the fourth year of Emperor Xiaoming's reign (523), Liuzhen rebelled, and Northern Wei fell into division and civil war. The Xianbei people, who have blown a new wind of integration into Chinese history, have gradually integrated into the big family of the Chinese nation. Soon, even the Xianbei surname disappeared. However, the good will of Emperor Xiaowen, who hoped for great national integration, engraved an indelible monument in the historical corridor of the Chinese nation, indicating the historical process of the great integration of the Chinese nation.
Eastern Wei confronted Western Wei
Eastern Wei was established in 534 and Western Wei in 535. Eastern Wei and Western Wei were ostensibly inherited by tuoba descendants, but in fact controlled by Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai respectively, so they were usurped separately a few years later, forming a confrontation between Northern Zhou and Northern Qi. Basically, the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties are bounded by the Yellow River, a border river along The Shaanxi Province, Shanxi. Because Eastern Wei inherited more national strength from Northern Wei, it was superior to Western Wei militarily, economically, or culturally, but Eastern Wei lost after many attacks, and the confrontation between the two sides was now decided.
The Eastern Wei Controlled by Gao Huan was composed of the Xianbei liuzhen displaced people and the Hebei clan, and Gao Huan himself was also a Xianbei Han, making him more politically dependent on the Xianbei. Later, the Northern Qi emperors also intended to maintain the custom of Xianbei, advocating the speaking of Xianbei language and martial arts. Gao Huan's use of people was the only one, and many famous courtiers in the DPRK were his partners, which laid a solid foundation for the later Northern Qi. However, his tactics were inferior to Yuwen Tai's, and he was repeatedly defeated in three battles. In 536, Gao Huan led Dou Tai and others to attack Western Wei in the west, but yu was defeated at Tongguan, and Dou Tai committed suicide. The following year, Gao Huan took advantage of the great famine in Guanzhong to lead his army to the west again, and was defeated at the Battle of Shayuan to Yuwen Tai, who had little military strength. At this point, the split situation was settled, and the battlefield also turned to the Hedong region. In 546, Gao Huan again led an army of 100,000 to the west, and the Battle of Yubi was fought at Yubi and the Western Wei general Wei Xiaokuan. In the end, Gao Huan was defeated, killing and wounding more than 70,000 people, and died of illness in Jinyang the following year. After Gao Huan's death, the eldest son Gao Cheng inherited the hegemony, expelled the rebel general Hou Jing externally, consolidated the territory, strengthened the foundation of the Gao clan internally, and actively prepared to stand on behalf of Wei, but was soon assassinated by surprise. After his brother Gao Yang succeeded him, he deposed the Eastern Wei Emperor in 550 and slaughtered the Eastern Wei imperial family, and Eastern Wei died. He established the Northern Qi Reform Yuan Tianbao, known historically as Northern Qi Wenxuan Emperor.
Western Wei, controlled by Yuwen Tai, with the assistance of generals such as the Eight Pillars State, effectively resisted many attacks by Eastern Wei and consolidated the situation in Western Wei. At that time, the Economy and Culture of the Western Wei were inferior to those of the Liang and Eastern Wei. He asked Su Qi and others to reform, establish the Guanzhong standard to make the Hu Han generals work together, set up a military system to establish professional soldiers, and maintain the spirit of shangwu. All of this made the Western Wei state strong and powerful, and also affected the political system and group distribution of the Sui and Tang dynasties. Yuwen Tai took advantage of the internal struggle between the kings of southern Liang after Hou Jing's rebellion, and successively captured Shudi and Jiangling, and established Western Liang as the state of Kui. The Western Wei Emperor was succeeded by the deposed Emperor and Emperor Gong. After Yuwen Tai's death in 556, his nephew Yuwen Hu ruled. He deposed Emperor Gong of Western Wei the following year, with the state name Zhou, and Yuwen Taizi Yuwen Jue as Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou, and Western Wei died.
Northern Zhou confronted Northern Qi
Northern Qi inherited the territory of Eastern Wei and was founded by Emperor Wenxuan of Qi in 550. Emperor Wenxuan of Qi defeated the Kumoxi, Khitan, Ruoran, and Shanhu (Xiongnu) clans, and captured the Huainan region of Southern Liang. In terms of economy, agriculture, salt and iron industry, and porcelain industry are quite developed. Northern Qi, roughly the same as northern Wei, continued to implement the equalized field system. These made Northern Qi's national strength superior to that of Northern Zhou and Southern Chen in the early stages. However, Emperor Wenxuan of Qi was absurd and cruel in the later period, and in order to maintain the Xianbei nobles, he slaughtered the Han clan. His oppression of the people was even heavier, causing the Northern Qi state to decline. After emperor Qi deposed him, he was assisted by his uncle Gao Yan. However, Gao Yan soon usurped the throne and killed the emperor for Emperor Xiaozhao of Qi. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhao of Qi, the national strength gradually recovered, and he personally conquered Kumoxi. However, he died two years later and was succeeded by his brother Gao Zhan, the Prince of Changguang, as Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi. Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi fainted and lustful, and the northern Qi state declined greatly, and died soon after, and was succeeded by the later lord Gao Wei. Gao Wei and his father fainted and lustful, the state affairs were chaotic, and he also killed the famous general Huo Luguang. Northern Qi was then captured by Chen and died in Northern Zhou in 577.
Northern Zhou inherited the territory of Western Wei and was established in 556 by Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou, but the government was controlled by his cousin Yuwen Hu. Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou intended to unite with Zhao Gui and Dugu Xin to overthrow Yuwen Hu. However, when he discovered, Zhao and Dugu were killed, and Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou deposed him the following year. Yuwen Hu made Yuwen Yu emperor, that is, Emperor Ming of Zhou, but in 560 he poisoned Emperor Ming of Zhou and established Yuwen Yong, also known as Emperor Wu of Zhou. Emperor Wu of Zhou succeeded in killing Yuwen Hu twelve years later and personally taking charge of the imperial government. Emperor Wu of Zhou was a wise and majestic man, and during his tenure he promoted reforms in many aspects, making the Northern Zhou state more powerful.
In 577, Emperor Wu of Zhou invaded the chaotic Northern Qi and conquered Yecheng the following year, and Northern Qi died. After Emperor Wu of Zhou unified the north, he was also attached to Li Delin and other Kwantung clans, and his momentum was huge. He immediately marched south to Chen, but died in the same year, and civil unrest broke out in Northern Zhou, allowing the Southern Dynasty to maintain Chen. The Guanlong clique, represented by He Bayue and Yuwen Tai, secretly supported Hanhua. We know that the Guanzhong region is the birthplace of Zhou culture, from the perspective of Su Qi, Lu Wei and other Han scholars, Zhou culture still has a certain influence in Guanzhong at this time, more importantly, in terms of geographical location, it is the orthodox culture of the Huaxia ethnic group, in this regard, it is no less than the Wei and Jin culture inherited by Shandong and Jiangzuo. On this basis, Su Qi and others proposed measures to reorganize the government by adopting the six-official system of the ancient Zhou Dynasty. Although after Yuwen Tai's death, Yuwen Hu arbitrarily ruled the government and weakened sinicization, after the Northern Zhou Emperor Yuwen Yong killed Yuwen Hu and began to pro-government, Northern Zhou began to pursue a policy that could be implemented as long as it did not hinder the essence of the landlord class dictatorship and did not weaken the power of the landlord class over the people's rule. By doing so, Yuwen Yong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty could maximize and promote sinicization reforms in the Northern Zhou Dynasty without aggressiveness.
The Northern Zhou Dynasty used Confucianism as an ideological weapon to remove some backward customs of the Xianbei people and abandon the empty talk and mysteries that were all the rage. Yuwen Yong focused on cultivating a large number of people with Confucian ideas as the pillars of the regime.
Speaking only of the military, during Yuwen Yong's reign, he also absorbed a large number of Han Chinese as a source of soldiers, and made the Han and Xianbei soldiers know how to coordinate operations. Unlike northern Qi, the Xianbei people were jealous of the Han people, and the Han people were afraid of the Xianbei people.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties perished
Yang Jian was the son of Yang Zhong, the founding father of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and his daughter was the crown princess. After the death of Emperor Wu of Zhou in 578, he was succeeded by the crown prince Yuwen Yun, also known as Emperor Xuan of Zhou. He was absurd and faint, superstitious about Buddhism and Taoism, and established five empresses and took wives. He killed Yuwen Xian, a hero of the clan and evacuated the kings to the kingdom. Yang Jian began to gather Zhou Ting's wen and military ministers to form a huge group. After the death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, his son Yuwen Xian succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Jing of Zhou, Liu Fang, and Zheng Yijiao, with Yang Jian as the general knowledge of Chinese and foreign soldiers and horses, entered the imperial auxiliary government. Ruled by his cousin Yang Jian. Wei Chiyi, Sima Quenan, and others were dissatisfied with Yang Jian's dictatorship and rebelled against Yang. Yang Jian was planned by Li Delin and pacified by Wei Xiaokuan and others. In 581, Yang Jian made Zhou emperor, that is, Emperor Wen of Sui, changed the name of the country to Great Sui, and Northern Zhou died. In 587, Emperor Wen of Sui deposed Western Liang and deposed The Lord Xiao Chun, and Western Liang died. In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui launched a campaign against Chen, with Yang Guang as the main general and famous generals such as He Ruobi and Han Huhu sending troops to attack Chen. The following year, the Sui army attacked Jiankang, the Southern Dynasty fell, and China was reunified. Since the Yongjia Storm, China has been divided for nearly three hundred years, ending the "Southern and Northern Dynasties Era" and entering the "Sui Dynasty Era". After experiencing the mixing of nationalities, the new Han nationality soon created the sui and Tang dynasties, leaving an immortal great cause in world history.