Click on the home page floating window to directly adopt the fortune mouse!
"Zhuge Duozhi and Close to the Demon"
This is the evaluation given by Mr. Lu Xun for the shaping of Zhuge Liang's image in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
As we all know, although the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is based on history, it is still a novel in essence, fictional, so the characters in the novel cannot be equated with the characters in history, and Zhuge Liang is like this.
Zhang Xuecheng, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, commented in the book "Notes on The Book of Chengchen": "However, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has seven points of reality and three points of fiction, so that the viewer is often confused. ”
In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" of "Seven Truths and Three Illusions", Zhuge Liang occupies a large space, and there are many classic stories related to it. For example, we are familiar with "Longzhong Pair", "Borrowing the East Wind", "Empty City Plan", "Seven Captures of Meng", "Six Out of Qishan" and so on.
So, in real history, what contribution did Zhuge Liang make?
First, the weight of the "Longzhong pair"
First of all, it must be admitted that Zhuge Liang put forward the strategic concept of Liu Bei's clique in the famous "Longzhong Pair": first take Jingzhou, then Yizhou, east of Sun Wu, and north of Cao Cao.
Friends who are familiar with the history of the Three Kingdoms know that the future success of Liu Bei Group is inseparable from the planning of this guiding opinion. Later, the practice of Liu Bei Group after the Battle of Chibi also demonstrated its value.
But! The point here is that the concept of "Longzhong Pair" was not a patent of Zhuge Liang's unique vision at that time, but a relatively common understanding.
As early as the era of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's "Chu-Han struggle for hegemony", Xiao He left Liu Bang with similar suggestions, the Book of Han, Xiao He Biography Yun: "The subject wishes the great king Wang Hanzhong, to raise his people to become wise, to adopt Bashu, and to also determine the Three Qins, and the world can be tuye." ”
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a man named Gongsun Shu who established a state in Chengdu, and at that time there was a strategist named Li Xiong around him, who once made such a suggestion to Gongsun Shu, and the Book of Later Han and the Biography of Gongsun Shu recorded: "Li Xiongyue: Shudi is north of Hanzhong, and dongshouba County... Go east to the Han River to peek into qin land, and south to follow the river to shake Jingyang Prefecture. ”
Among Zhuge Liang's contemporaries, more people made similar suggestions.
Long before the "Three Gu Maolu", Lu Su made such a suggestion to Sun Quan, "Three Kingdoms Chronicle Lu Su Biography": "For the general's plan, only Dingzu Jiangdong, to see the world's provocation ... Eliminate Huang Zu, enter Liu Biao, and even the pole of the Yangtze River, according to it, and then build the emperor to try to the world. ”
Later, the famous Eastern Wu general Gan Ning also made a similar suggestion to Sun Quan, the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms And The Biography of Gan Ning: "The Land of Nanjing... The Supreme Being's rule... The general trend is widespread, and it can gradually regulate Bashu. ”
Before Liu Bei entered Shu, Pang Tong also gave similar advice, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Biography of Pang Tong": "Now Yizhou is rich and the people are strong, but the power can be used to determine major events." ”
To be sure, "Longzhong pair" is wise. In these comparisons, we can see that Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Pair", as the strategic plan of Liu Bei Group at that time, was a way out of the way, almost the only choice. Because Cao Cao in the north was too powerful, Eastern Wu, after three generations of management, was booming and irresistible. Only by basing ourselves on Jingzhou, conquering Yizhou, and then plotting the world.
Regarding the drawbacks of "Longzhong pair", there was once such an evaluation: "The first mistake was in Longzhong Pair, thousands of miles away and two divisions of troops, of which Guan Yu, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang were three points of strength, and They were undefeated." This pointed out the biggest drawback of the "Longzhong Pair", that is, it led to the dispersion of troops, which made Liu Bei's clique need to bear more pressure, which led to their failure.
Therefore, the weight of the "Longzhong Pair", which is highly respected in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", is worth considering.
Military contributions
Regarding Zhuge Liang's military contributions, I am afraid that he was most misled by the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
In the novel, Zhuge Liang is a half-immortal-like being, like a military genius who shocks the ancient world, knows astronomy and geography, and can always anticipate the development of the war before the battle, no wonder Mr. Lu Xun said that his shaping has been "close to the demon".
It can be said responsibly that "burning Bowangpo", "burning Xinye", "borrowing arrows from grass boats", "setting up altars to borrow winds", "outwitting the three counties", and "three qi Zhouyu" are all fictitious and do not exist.
And what about Zhuge Liang's real military talents in history?
In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Chen Shou commented like this: "However, after years of moving the crowd and failing to succeed, the cover will be slight, not its strength." Here Chen Shou clearly said that military is not Zhuge Liang's specialty.
In the biggest battle that decided to divide the world into three parts, the Battle of Chibi, the most critical determinant in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was given to Zhuge Liang, but this is only a bridge in the novel, and from the perspective of modern science, we all know that this is impossible. Flipping through the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", we can know that the entire Battle of Chibi was completely fought by Zhou Yu.
If Zhuge Liang wants to talk about the merits in the Battle of Chibi, then there is only one point, that is, he contributed to the "Sun Liu Alliance". Before the Battle of Chibi, Sun Quan was afraid of Cao Cao's strength and was hesitant, at this time, Zhuge Liang sent an envoy to Eastern Wu, of course, did not have the famous scene of "tongue fighting group Confucianism", but directly met With Sun Quan and persuaded Sun Quan to make up his mind and unite with Liu to resist Cao.
Since then, Zhuge Liang's military contributions have mainly been in the "Seven Captures of Meng" and "Six Out of Qishan".
The story of "Seven Captures of Meng" is not recorded in the main history, but comes from a wild history called "Jinyang Spring and Autumn", and "Jinyang Spring and Autumn" is well known to be a wild history work that records the legends of that time.
In history, there are records of Zhuge Liang's southern expedition, but for his opponent Meng Yue, he was a literati rather than a military general, and later Meng Yu returned to the Shu state and did the imperial history of Zhongcheng. Moreover, the Southern Expedition ended in only half a year, and there were basically no major battles worth recording.
"Six out of Qishan" was originally not established, because Zhuge Liang's six Northern Expeditions, only the first and fifth times out of Qishan.
The biggest problem in Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was probably the lack of strategic thinking. For example, in the Second Northern Expedition, Chen Cang was only one month before and after, and Shi Zai withdrew due to the exhaustion of food. Chen Cang was originally a dangerous place, easy to defend and difficult to attack, and only prepared grain and grass for January, which showed its sloppiness.
Political contributions
It is worth noting the fact that Liu Bei never really presided over any battle in his lifetime as a commander-in-chief.
So where is Zhuge Liang's contribution? The answer is to govern the internal affairs.
Chen Shou said in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms: "Ran Liangcai, Yu Zhirong is long, strange plot is short, rationalize the people's trunk, better than the general ... The bright instrument can govern, or also manage, Xiao ZhiYa. ”
When he first entered Yizhou, Yizhou was not very stable, so Zhuge Liang severely punished and ruled it. At that time, Fa Zheng did not understand, and Liu Bei said that when Gao Zu entered the customs in those years, he had three chapters of the law, and he won the support of the people with a simple legal framework, and Zhuge Liang retorted:
"You know one, you don't know the second." Qin has no way, the government is harsh and the people are resentful, the pifu shouts, the world collapses, and Gao Zu can be promoted because of it. Liu Zhang is weak and weak, and he has come to have the grace of successive generations, the grammar is bound, they accept each other, the morality is not lifted, and the punishment is not severe. The people of Shu land, the dictatorship and self-indulgence, the way of kings and subjects, gradually replaced by the mausoleum; the favor is in the position, the position is extremely lowly, the obedience is to grace, and the exhaustion is slow. So the disadvantage is really due to this. I now have the power to take the law, the law to know the grace, the limit to the lord, the knight to know the glory; the glory and grace, the upper and lower levels are knotted. For the sake of governance, Yus wrote. ”
Zhuge Liang did not stick to the old rules on the issue of whether the law was strict or not, but formulated and improved laws and policies according to local conditions and time conditions, so that Liu Bei could complete the transition to Yizhou.
In addition to the law, there is also an economic contribution. During Zhuge Liang's persuasion of the peasants in Hanzhong, he took advantage of the economic conditions in Hanzhong and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions, so that the military resources of the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. This precisely shows the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of the peasants and the implementation of the military tun cultivation war.
Water conservancy projects such as the "Shan he weir", which was "built by Zhuge Liang", are still the largest irrigation area in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's inspection, "Shan heyan still irrigates more than 8,000 mu of chengtian, more than 30,600 mu of nanzheng county, and more than 7,000 mu of liquor county, a total of more than 46,000 mu." "The six famous ponds in Hanzhong City are still being used today.
In short, in the handling of internal affairs, Zhuge Liang handled it quite well. As Chen Shou summed it up: "Zhuge Liangzhi is a xiangguo, caressing the people, showing etiquette, covenanting official positions, obeying the power system, being open-minded, and preaching justice." ”
Summary: The smoke and dust of history have dissipated, the heroes have become words and stories, the truth is getting farther and farther away from us, so the generations of transmission make distortions and forgetting continue to occur. Zhuge Liang's story is probably a distorted typical, the author is not to judge or deny, just to see the historical truth, try to be an objective person.
Text: That is, flying
bibliography:
[1] Chen Shou's Romance of the Three Kingdoms
[2] Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian
The text was created by the History University Hall team, and the picture originated from the Internet and the copyright belongs to the original author