Today, I will put aside Kazakhstan with you, please let's take a look at the past and present lives of this pearl of Central Asia.
Kazakh traditional costume
Kazakh Khanate
Like many places in Central Asia, Kazakhstan also originated in the Mongol state of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan once occupied most of Eurasia, but it was clear that with the productivity of the time, it was difficult for one person to govern so much land. Therefore, he gave the vast land west of the Mongolian plateau to his four sons. Among them, Genghis Khan's eldest son, Shuchi, acquired a large piece of land from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, which was later named the Golden Horde by his second son Batu.
A generation of arrogance
Although the second son, Batu Khan, became the Great Khan, the eldest son of Shuchi, Han Erda, was also very capable and sincerely supported his younger brother Batu, and the relationship between the two was also good. Therefore, in order to thank his brother, Batu gave a part of the Chincha steppe to his brother, and this land was called the White Horde, which was also the predecessor of the future Kazakh Khanate. (In addition, Battus divided the western part of the Golden Horde to his brother Shaban, which was known as the Blue Or Green Horde.)
Battus film and television image
The White Horde was also very powerful, with one of the White Hordes, Nayanyadigu, who defeated Lithuania in 1399 and attacked Russia in 1408, with troops under Moscow, but failed to capture Moscow.
However, the once powerful White Horde gradually declined in the 15th century, and at this time it was divided into small khanates such as the Nogai Khanate, and a former prince named Abu Hair now controlled the White Horde and founded the Uzbek Khanate, which was also known as the Abu Hair Khanate because it was founded by Abu Hair.
Originally, the two sons of the old Khan, Kre and Janibek, were reluctant to accept the rule of Abu Hair, so in 1456, taking advantage of the defeat of the Uzbek Abd al-Khalikhar Khan at The Wallachia, they led their troops to move eastward out of the Abu Hair Khanate, into the Chu, Taras, and Seven Rivers regions and were protected by the local Chagatai Khanate. The nomadic people who remained in the Abu Hair Khanate were called Uzbeks, and those who separated from the Abu Hair Khanate were called Kazakhs. Kazakh means "secessionist", and the Kazakh Khanate was formally established.
The area around Lake Balkhash is known as the Seven Rivers Region
(Here by the way, this pile of various khanates in Central Asia is really chaotic like a pot of porridge, it is not easy to sort it out, Xiaobian is also not easy to sort out, I hope that readers can understand)
The Kazakh Khanate quickly stabilized after its establishment, and repeatedly defeated its old rival, the Uzbek Khanate, allowing Abu Hair's successor, Shaybani, to flee to Bukhara. (This is the later Bukhara Khanate) Since then, the area of the Kazakh Khanate has been expanding, and soon it has a vast grassland northwest of Lake Balkhash and the Chu River and Taras River valleys south of it, as well as historical and cultural cities such as Tashkent and Samarkand, and a large number of Uzbeks also migrated south at this time to enter the Kazakh Khanate, and its population soon grew to more than 200,000.
Samarkand is a cultural destination in Central Asia and now belongs to Uzbekistan
During the period of Hasmu, the son of Janibek Khan, the Kazakh Khanate ushered in great development in all aspects, continued to attack Theybany Khan outside, including the rapid development of planting and trade, at this time the population of the Khanate has reached more than one million, more than 200,000 strings, becoming a formidable force in the region.
In 1682, Yangjir Khan succeeded to the throne, at this time, the Dzungars living in the east of the Kazakh Khanate became strong and received strong support from Tsarist Russia at that time. The powerful Dzungar Khanate attacked the Kazakh Khanate many times, so in 1652, Yang gil Khan led an army to resist Dzungar, but unfortunately failed, and even he himself was killed in the war. The khanate was divided into three parts: the Great Yuz (i.e., Otu Yuz in the western part of Lake Balkhash), the Middle Yuz (Urak Yuz, in the present-day central Kazakh highlands), and the Little Yuz (Chizik Yuz, from the Ural River to the Caspian Sea). The impact of this distinction is far-reaching and continues to this day.
The so-called Yuzi means "aspect part" in the local language, distinguishing the three Yuzi mainly from the difference in the population of the blood tribe rather than the difference in the size of the territory, which the Russian side called the big tent, the middle account and the small tent, while the Right, Left and West of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh at that time.
Although the Kazakh Khanate once again regained stability and tranquility during the subsequent period of the Toukhan (Taiwukan Khan), central Asia was already full of mountains and rain, and a very powerful force was about to sweep from the north, like a royal water of land and tribes, sweeping through all of Central Asia in one breath.
The Russians are coming
In 1718, the Kazakh leader Ke Khan died, and the successor did not have the same talent as the head khan, and at this time, the Dzungars began to intensify their attacks, and the Kazakh Khanate fell into uneasiness.
At this time, the northern Tsarist Russia had just defeated the "lion of the north" Sweden and won the "Great Northern War" for more than 20 years, and it was precisely when the sun was rising, at this time its offensive pace in Europe had just slowed down, and the next step was naturally to focus on Central Asia.
The Great Northern War – the starting point of Russia's prosperity
With the Tsar's order, a large number of Tsarist Russian soldiers and civilians marched into the vast Steppes of Central Asia, the Russians were technologically advanced, and the gap between their equipment and the locals was even greater than that of the Spaniards and Indians who arrived in the Americas that year. Dozens or hundreds of Russians often defeat locals who are several times or even dozens of times their own number.
Spain attacks the Incas
Kazakh knights
Subsequently, the Russian side set up a series of settlements along the river, and took the entire steppe step by step in a step-by-step manner. In 1715 the Russians established Yamesh Fort on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Irtysh River, in 1716 at the Omsk Fort where the Irtysh River flows into the Irtysh River, in 1718 Semipalatinsk, in 1720 in the northwest of Jaisampo near the Chinese border, ustikamenogorsk (also known as Gangel tula), and in 1738 in the northwest of the Kazakh steppe.
Today's Omsk
In the same period, the Dzungar Khanate was also attacking the Kazakh Khanate on a large scale, and in addition, the three khanates of Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand in the south of the Kazakh Khanate were not idle people, and when they saw the opportunity, they would attack the Kazakh Khanate, and the Kazakh Khanate at this time could be described as a two-fisted enemy with four hands, and only had the ability to fight back.
Under various circumstances, the various departments of the Kazakh Khanate successively defected to Tsarist Russia for their own survival, and in 1730, Abul Khalikhail Khan of Xiaoyuzi took the lead in allegiance to Tsarist Russia, and in 1732, Abul khalikhail Khan and Semek Khan of Zhongyuzi swore allegiance to Tsarist Russia again.
Warrior of the Kazakh Khanate
Of course, at this time, Kazakhs were still only nominally loyal to Tsarist Russia, but in fact, all parts of Kazakhstan were not affected by Tsarist Russia, and Tsarist Russia not only failed to implement management, but also could not take care of the various affairs of the khanate. Of course, the Tsarist side will certainly not be satisfied with this.
However, although Tsarist Russia at this time coveted the Kazakh steppe, it could only look at it and could not touch it, because the Kazakh Khanate at this time was the reign of its national hero Abu Gan, during the reign of Abu Zhao, its joint parties defeated the Dzungar Khanate, making it a historical term, and united three Yuzi, which greatly delayed the pace of Tsarist Russia and made the Russians dare not look east for nearly forty years.
Portrait of Abu Ghra khan
In 1781, after the death of the mighty Abu Rao Khan, none of the three Yuzi obeyed anyone, and at this time, the Kokand Khanate south of the Kazakh Khanate began to grow stronger under the administration of several effective Khans, and launched a large-scale attack on the Nearest Great Yuzi to the Kokand Khanate, and the Great Yuzi took the lead in disintegrating among the three Yuzi, only nominally reserved.
In 1818, when the Wari Khan of Zhongyuzi died, Tsarist Russia took the opportunity to control most of Zhongyuzi, at this time Tsarist Russia quickly changed its way, and in 1822 authorized the Siberian governor Speransky to promulgate the Regulations on the Kyrgyz (referring to Kazakhs) in Western Siberia, announcing the abolition of the Khanate system, dividing the Kazakh region into a number of regions, and everything was carried out in accordance with the Russian way and managed by Russian personnel.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, an important planner of Russia's eastward march
Xiaoyuzi was divided into three districts: west, middle and east, and asked 50,000 Kazakhs in Xiaoyuzi to move to the Urals and the lower Volga River. It was stipulated that 50 to 70 accounts (households) should be composed of one Awule, 10 to 12 Awules would be united into one Freus (community), and 15 to 20 Freus would form an O'Ruk (region), and Xiaoyuzi would cease to exist.
At this point, the Kazakh Khanate, which lasted for 366 years, basically declared itself out of the stage of history. The Central Yuz region is divided into 8 districts, belonging to the Omsk Oblast of West Siberia.
Since then, although the Kazakh region and the grandson of Abu Ghazir Khan, Knesare Khan, have persisted in resisting for more than ten years, the trend has finally gone, and Kazakhstan has since spent nearly 170 years under the wings of Russia.
Statue of Knesare Khan
Modern Kazakh
After Tsarist Russia was swept into the old piles of historical paper in 1917, Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia were redivided in 1925 after a brief period of autonomy, and in 1936 they officially joined the newly born Soviet Union.
After joining the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan was valued by the Soviet high-level with its second largest area and abundant resources in the Soviet Union after Russia. According to relevant data, the Kazakh region not only has almost all the mineral resources on the periodic table, but also has proven oil reserves of 4.8 billion tons, which is a veritable geological treasure.
Mining machines working on the steppes of Kazakhstan
In addition, Kazakh Tower is located in the middle of Central Asia, if you go south, you can quickly reach Afghanistan all the way south, drinking horses in the Indian Ocean, so its geographical location is very important, and then in the process of the Soviet Union's attack on Afghanistan, the Kazakh region has indeed become an important rear.
In order to better grasp Kazakhstan, the Soviet Union not only vigorously migrated Russians to Kazakhstan, but also directly assigned many cities and areas with a majority of Russians to Kazakhstan, and by the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there were already millions of Russians in the entire Kazakh region. Russian is still one of the two major languages of Kazakhstan.
The streets of Kazakhstan
At the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the pace of kazakhstan's development slowed down for a while, and due to the lack of confidence in Kazakhstan, a newly established country, many skilled and cultured Kazakhs left the region and went elsewhere to develop, which made Kazakhstan worse.
At that time, a large number of ordinary Kazakh people were crowded in old Soviet houses and yurts on the steppe, and even eating a meal of meat became a celebration, and the future of Kazakhstan was uncertain, and they did not know where to go.
Traditional Gaelic tent in Kazakh tower
Fortunately, there is no way out, when a great figure Nazarbayev stepped forward as the president of Kazakhstan and quickly turned the tide and put Kazakhstan's development on the right track.
In 1991, Nazarbayev became president of Kazakhstan and subsequently began a series of operations.
He first contacted neighboring countries and delineated the borders of various places, so that Kazakhstan's development had no worries. Then he gave up the large amount of equipment (including more than 1400 nuclear D) left behind during the Soviet period, in exchange for a large amount of western aid, and suddenly got the space and resources needed for large-scale development.
Under these prerequisites, Nazarbayev introduced a large number of foreign advanced enterprises, invited them to jointly develop Kazakhstan's massive mines and oil and gas resources, many powerful enterprises flocked to Kazakhstan, not only brought technology and work, but also made Kazakhstan's resource industry have been greatly developed, the whole Situation in Kazakhstan has changed in an instant, a thriving.
Today, Kazakhstan is already the ninth largest oil supplier in the world. In 2017, Kazakhstan's total economic volume was about 139.003 billion US dollars. By 2013, its per capita economy was more than $13,000, more than eight times that of 1993, and the cities of Astana and Almaty are lined with high-rise buildings and advanced facilities, making them dazzling pearls of Central Asia.
Thriving Kazakhstan
The reason for this incident
The most direct reason for this incident is the rise in the price of oil and gas. Because Kazakhstan is sparsely populated, as large as India but has a population of less than 20 million people, everyone basically has to drive when they go out, often hundreds of kilometers, and the price of oil and gas has suddenly doubled or so, and everyone naturally can't stand it.
The vast steppes of Kazakhstan, which Marco Polo described as "a vast and cold country"
In addition, it is the reason for the tribes, the economically strong area of Kazakhstan today is Almaty of Dayuz, but the first good district is in Astana (Nur-Sultan) in Zhongyuzi, and Xiaoyuzi has nothing to do with it, and there is some imbalance in his heart very early, so this time there are also people in Xiaoyuzi who express their own views in it.
Almaty is rich in apples and is known as the City of Apples
Of course, in addition to Kazakhstan's own reasons, there are also well-known Reasons for the West.
Now that things have basically calmed down, I hope that Kazakhstan can restore calm as soon as possible, continue to develop steadily, and let this pearl of Central Asia shine again!