Among our many neighbors, Kazakhstan is one of the special existences, as the world's largest landlocked country, but also a country separated from the collapse of the Soviet Union, historically, they were once the intractable opponents of the Central Plains Dynasty, and then submitted to the Qing Dynasty, which involves the historical origin of Kazakhstan.
During the Tang Dynasty, turkistan was a major threat to the rule of the Tang Dynasty, and under the fierce military attack of the Tang Dynasty, the once powerful Turkic tribes were divided into two, and eventually almost all of them were recovered by the Tang Dynasty.
However, a branch of the Turkic tribes, in 766 AD, led by the leader Gelulu, came to the eastern part of present-day Kazakhstan and established a khanate called the Yehu State.
However, this khanate did not exist for a long time, first by the small tribal states around it, and by the twelfth century, it was invaded by the Khitans; after the Khitan withdrew, the Mongols established the Golden Horde here.
In the fifteenth century, with the gradual collapse of the Golden Horde, a state called the Kazakh Khanate was formed, in fact, at that time, the Kazakh Khanate was a general term, and internally it was divided into three khanates: Big Yuzi, Middle Yuzi and Xiao Yuzi, all of which belonged to the same ethnic group, that is, today's Kazakhs.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars rose to prominence and firmly controlled the three khanates. However, under the military attack of the Qing Dynasty, the strength of the Dzungars was sharply reduced, and the three of them, Zhongyuzi and Xiaoyuzi, took the initiative to submit to the Qing, and this situation continued until the arrival of the expansion of Tsarist Russia.
The expansion of the Tsarist forces allowed them to annex the region, and later when the Soviet Union was established, Kazakhstan was incorporated into the Soviet family as a republic.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the former member states were divided into fifteen, Kazakhstan was also separated from it, and a new Kazakhstan was established. But at the time of its founding, Kazakhstan faced a problem that was of great concern to them.
Originally, there were 140 ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, of which two were the main ethnic groups, one was Kazakh and the other was Russian. Moreover, in terms of population, the Kazakhs and Russians are not much different, which cannot help but worry the Kazakhs as the main ethnic group.
As we all know, the Russians in history are good at expanding by force and are also extremely united. Later Crimea, where the Majority were Russians, eventually launched a vote to return to Russia.
And there is also a negative factor is that Kazakhstan's rich oil and gas reserves are also mostly inhabited by Russians, such an ethnic composition and distribution pattern, naturally has a serious impact on the country's economic development and future direction.
In order to cope with this situation, Kazakhstan, after careful consideration, directly made a two-word decision: to move the capital. That is, from the original capital Almaty to the new capital City of Astana.
Although the distance between the two spans thousands of miles, through this relocation of the capital, it is equivalent to laying a wedge in the central area where Russians live, and as the center of the country, it naturally attracts more Kazakhs to settle down.
This has broken the situation in which the Russians are dominant, and has achieved a win-win situation in both geographical balance and economic development, and has better solved this problem. I have to say that the Kazakhs are really smart.
Resources:
【Book of Tang", "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", "Overview of the Kazakh People"】