In 1210 AD, the 85-year-old Lu You was lying on a hospital bed, breathless, and knowing that time was short, he called his children to his eyes and earnestly instructed:
"The dead Yuan knows that everything is empty, but sadly does not see Kyushu Tong."
Wang ShiBei fixed zhongyuan day, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Naiwong.
- Lu You,"Shi'er""
The "Kyushu" in Lu You's mouth refers to the land of the Central Plains, and this poem is both Lu You's masterpiece and the poet's will, and he regrets that he may not have the opportunity to witness the day when the Southern Song Dynasty court recovered the lost land in the Central Plains.
Lu You lived at a time when the land of China was invaded by the Jin Kingdom, and when the mountains and rivers were broken, he personally experienced the jingkang changes when he was two years old, and in the following years, he followed his father to take refuge everywhere, and this drifting life left an indelible impression on Lu You's heart, and also made the young Lu You determined to serve the country and recover the lost land invaded by the Jin Kingdom.
In our inherent impression, Lu You seems to be just a poet.
But in fact, Lu You and Xin Shuyi are very similar, they are the kind of literary and martial all-rounders who practice swords during the day and "read military books at night", and they have been fighting for the lofty ideal of recovering Kyushu all their lives.
Kyushu, these two words in their hearts, represent not only an administrative division, but also a synonym for the motherland.
Today, let's talk about Kyushu's past and present lives.
1. The origin of the name Kyushu in Huaxia;
People in ancient times did not have such advanced aerospace technology as we have now, and their understanding of the world came partly from word-of-mouth knowledge, and partly from their limited knowledge.
On this basis, the ancients believed that the sky is round, the earth is square, and the land under our feet is the center of the world, so when the ancients called the land under our feet, they named it Huaxia, Zhonghua, Zhongyuan, and China (the word China was first seen in the bronze ware He Zun 'Yu Qizhai China' in the Western Zhou Dynasty), which is a very grand name.
Because the early society was still in the stage of tribal alliances, the concept of the state was not yet mature, so the terms such as Zhongyuan and China in the eyes of the ancients at that time were different from our current cognition, and these terms actually referred to the area where they lived in the central plains culture as the core.
According to the "Xia Shu Yugong" in the "Book of Shang", the Yellow Emperor lived in an era where the road was impassable, the people in the region did not know each other, and the management was extremely inconvenient, so the Yellow Emperor traveled all over the world, planned the territory of thousands of miles, divided the fields into states, and took the hundred miles as a tribe's sphere of influence.
In this way, the people of different tribes clarified their sphere of influence, and the Yellow Emperor managed the various tribes much more easily.
During the reign of Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun, a great flood broke out between heaven and earth, and the whole heaven and earth were separated by water, so Emperor Yao Shun let Cang and Yu father and son to deal with the flood disaster.
The carp used the method of building embankments to block the flood, which lasted for nine years and finally failed.
Dayu learned his father's lesson and took measures to dredge the waterways and divert floods into the sea, and he finally managed the flood after thirteen years.
However, at this time, the original mountains and rivers were divided by rivers and lakes, and the rules of power division left by the Yellow Emperor were no longer practical, so Dayu laid the boundaries with high mountains and rivers, and divided the world into nine prefectures, namely Yuzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou, Jizhou, and Yanzhou.
It is rumored that Dayu also ordered the world to offer bronze to cast the Nine Dings, sacrifice the gods, and collect the luck of Kyushu.
Kyushu is the core area of Chinese civilization, and outside of Kyushu, the places where Jiuyi, Badi, Qirong, and Liuman live are called "Four Seas", and more remote places are called Eight Wilds.
However, it is worth noting that the term "Kyushu" is likely to be only an ideal state envisaged by the person who wrote the "Shangshu Xiashu Yugong" during the Warring States period.
This ancestor of the Warring States period expressed his governing philosophy through the name of Dayu, and he firmly believed that dividing the spheres of influence of the princes by the size of the territory could maintain the stable operation of the country.
Second, what is the name of Kyushu in Huaxia, and talk about the evolution of Kyushu's name;
In the literature of the Spring and Autumn Period, Kyushu is still only a broad concept and does not specifically refer to it.
In the Warring States and Western Han Dynasties, this concept suddenly became clear and evolved into several different versions, from which we came to a point of view:
"Kyushu, from concept to concretization, should appear in the Warring States and Western Han Dynasties."
There are many versions of which Kyushu specifically refers to at that time, and there are four theories that appear in the four books "YuGong", "Zhou Li", "Lü Shi Chunqiu" and "Erya", and the specific situation can be seen in the following table:
Jizhou in the Yugong refers to the area from the Mouth of the Yellow River through the whole territory of present-day Shanxi, Hebei, and Henan, that is, the core jurisdiction of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period;
Yanzhou refers to the area between the Guji River and the Ancient Yellow River, that is, the junction of today's eastern and western Shanxi and Hebei, Shandong;
Qingzhou, referring to the part of the area south of today's Bohai Sea and north of Mount Tai;
Xuzhou, north of the Huai River and south of Mount Tai, roughly equivalent to the area of present-day Huaihai;
Yangzhou, between the Huai River and the sea, roughly equivalent to the south of today's Huai River, including parts of the Yangtze River Basin and the Lingnan region;
……
It can be clearly seen that the four theories, when referring to the specific scope and name of Kyushu, are different, such as Qingzhou and Liangzhou in "Yugong", which became Yingzhou and Youzhou in "Erya", among the four theories, only "Yugong" has Liangzhou, and the other three books correspond to Liangzhou's quota are Youzhou, which undoubtedly proves from the side that the concept of Kyushu is quite vague and has not yet formed a consensus at that time.
In view of this, the famous historian Mr. Gu Jiegang mentioned a very interesting point of view in the article "The Evolution of States and Yue", he believes that Kyushu is only the exclusive term of a city that is easy to defend and difficult to attack during the Western Zhou Dynasty, but only due to the influence of books such as "Yugong", later generations mistakenly thought that "Kyushu" refers to the world.
It is undeniable that "Yu Gong" is an article written by people in the Warring States period under the guise of Dayu, and since the authenticity of its own content is doubtful, it is worth pondering whether the practice of dividing the world into Kyushu is the work of Dayu.
However, what is certain is that after hundreds of years of theoretical accumulation in the Warring States period, by the time of the Han Dynasty, it has become a conclusive historical fact that the world was determined by the state.
At that time, Emperor Wu of Han was a man of great talent and opened up a lot of territory, so he divided the world into thirteen prefectures on the basis of Kyushu, because Jizhou was too large, and in order to facilitate administration, the people at that time divided Youzhou and Hezhou from Jizhou (there is also a saying that It was divided by Emperor Shun, I do not believe it).
By the time of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in just three hundred years, there were more than thirty large and small regime changes. In view of the chaotic situation at that time, after the division of the administrative areas left by the Han Dynasty, the actual control of local warlords was much worse than before, and even in some cities there were several warlords.
Whether it is for the sake of good face, or the integration of resources and the convenience of management, many of these regimes have made trouble in administrative divisions, and the consequence of this phenomenon of indiscriminate state and county is that the originally tall state and county system became cheaper during the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
According to the statistics of the "Book of Sui and Geography", during the Sui Dynasty, the number of large and small counties was as high as "one hundred and ninety".
Judging from the historical development process, too fine administrative divisions are not necessarily a good thing, because this often means that the scale of counties is too small to develop and the development potential is constrained, and the bureaucratic class is too large...
In view of this phenomenon, since the Tang Dynasty, successive dynasties have consciously re-planned administrative regions, such as the Dao of the Tang Dynasty, the Fu Road of the Song Dynasty, the Provincial System of the Yuan Dynasty, etc., all of which are administrative divisions made on the basis of states and in view of the situation in various places.
This change, you can simply feel the following table:
3. The cultural connotation of Kyushu
The cultural connotation of Kyushu has long surpassed its value as an administrative division, just as Lu You used Kyushu to refer to "Central Plains", Kyushu has already become another name for the motherland in our culture.
When contemporary people talk about Kyushu, most of the time they are not discussing the ancient concepts of Qingzhou, Jizhou, and Youzhou, but regard it as a kind of bondage hidden deep in the bones and beyond blood relations - patriotism.
The ancients said that there are three joys in life, and the hometown is one of them.
Deeply influenced by the Kyushu cultural circle, this bond has long been not limited to one town and one county, as the saying goes, one side has difficult support, in fact, it is the subtle influence of Kyushu culture on us.
Text/Brain Hole Fun History
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