According to the "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years", "The Qing Dynasty Saint Zu You Du was fond of it, and summoned Xi Shi Nan Huairen and others to serve in the inner court. The sound of the wind was heard, to Mu Youzhong. The Kangxi Emperor was a relatively free-thinking man. In his early years, he was imprisoned in writing, most of which were before he was pro-government... He himself is a generous person, not only in politics, but also in the sense of learning. Trying to do his "Aphorisms of Court Training", you can get a glimpse of it. Therefore, the scholars of the Kangxi Dynasty had no scruples and were free to study various issues. ”
The Kangxi Emperor was the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and the founder and founder of the Kangqian Dynasty. During his reign, Kangxi pioneered many "martial arts of civil rule", such as "Ping San Fan", the collection of Taiwan, the conquest of Luosha, and the demotion of Zhun Ge'er; and other examples, such as rectifying the rule of officials, lightly dispensing with thin endowments, vigorously developing the economy, and so on.
The Kangxi Emperor's "Wenzhi Martial Arts" made him known as the "Emperor of the Ages", and his life also attracted much attention, the first of which was the education of future generations, and the reprehensible "Nine Sons and Sisters" incident in his later years.
In later generations, there are many people who associate the "Nine Sons and Concubines" with the Kangxi Emperor's education of the princes, so the source of the Concubines is Kangxi's "aristocratic" education?
Manchu Qing's true "aristocratic education"
Kangxi's father, the Shunzhi Emperor, also lost his father at an early age and ascended the throne at a young age, for the purpose of stabilizing the regime and social stability. He can only rely on his own diligence and hard work to continuously learn cultural knowledge. Even with the noble origins of the imperial family, he had been tired of vomiting blood because he stayed up late and studied hard.
Therefore, the Shunzhi Emperor attached great importance to the education of the crown prince from an early age. He made the princes no longer have the sense of superiority of being born in the imperial family, but a heavier sense of responsibility.
Kangxi grew up under the cultivation and reprimand of his father, the Shunzhi Emperor, and unfortunately, before Kangxi was truly enlightened, the Shunzhi Emperor died. Overnight, the vast Qing Dynasty was left to the six-year-old Kangxi.
As we all know, the Qing Dynasty was built on horseback, and before entering the customs, the Manchus lived in the bitter cold land of northern Sai, so the culture derived from it was incompatible with the Han culture in the Central Plains. The Han hegemony zhongyuan has thousands of years of origin, and its cultural inheritance is naturally very deep.
For thousands of years, the accumulation of Han culture has created the glory of Han culture in the Central Plains. Therefore, even if the Manchus entered the Central Plains, they could not suppress Han culture for a time. After entering the customs, the Qing Dynasty forced the forcible integration between the Manchus and Han Dynasties in order to quickly unify the whole country because of the great national integration.
Although manchus still had a lot of resistance to Han culture, in order to better rule the Han people, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty also attached great importance to the learning of Han culture by the princes.
Most of the princes of the Qing Dynasty began to study at the age of 6 and received the most orthodox cultural education. The teachers of the general prince are divided into three categories, one is the teacher responsible for Manchu and Mongolian, mainly to teach the prince to inherit and continue the culture of the Manchu essence; the second is the Confucian teacher of the Han nationality, mainly to teach Han culture and Confucian knowledge to better integrate the Han culture; the third is the teacher responsible for teaching martial arts and other aspects, because the Manchu Qing is a fishing and hunting nation, so bows and arrows and riding archery are indispensable.
Strict father out of the dog
In addition to the comprehensiveness of education, the biggest feature of the Kangxi Emperor's education of children is strictness. The Kangxi Dynasty has always been regarded as the most rigorous dynasty in the Qing Dynasty and even in ancient history.
In the "Miscellaneous Records of The Xiaoting Pavilion" also records a "curriculum" prescribed by the Kangxi Emperor.
At 3:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. ---:00 a.m.), we will review what we have learned the day before; at 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., we will learn Chinese etiquette and culture; at noon (7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.), we will learn Manchu Chinese characters and articles; at noon (11:00 a.m.), at lunchtime, we will continue to work hard after eating; we will continue to work hard after eating; we will learn martial arts, bows and arrows, and riding at noon (13:00-15:00); and we will study and complete our homework at noon (17:00-19:00).
The hours of each day were arranged to be full, there was almost no time for entertainment, and their every word and deed was recorded by the historian.
Every once in a while, Kangxi would check the children's studies, and if there was no progress, not only the princes themselves, but also the teachers would be punished. Therefore, many princes were very afraid of the Kangxi Emperor, and the teachers who taught the princes were also extremely harsh on the princes in order to let the princes complete their learning tasks.
Every autumn, Kangxi took all the princes to hunt together, and at the end of the day, they would also count the prey they had hunted together, and the more they fought, the more they fought, the more they fought, the less they would be punished.
Therefore, although not all princes can become emperors, the remaining princes also have their own deeds in other understandings. For example, the third son of the emperor, Yin Zhi, was a very outstanding scientist who presided over the compilation of the "Integration of Ancient and Modern Books", a total of 10,000 volumes.
In addition, there are also princes who are very outstanding in writing and painting. Either way, in short, none of Kangxi's princes and grandchildren were clumsy or mischievous.
Kangxi was often very proud of this, but what he did not expect was that later there was a cruel "nine sons and sisters".
The root cause of the Nine Sons' Conquest lies in Kangxi?
Although it is not difficult to seize power in the succession of imperial thrones in successive dynasties, only Kangxi has personally experienced the tragedy of nine princes vying for the throne. Because the princes he cultivated with his own hands all dared to fight for the throne to the death, these nine people were also shrewd and capable characters, and each prince had the qualifications and skills to inherit the great cause.
In fact, in the ancestral system of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor did not publicly appoint a prince before his death. However, due to the special nature of Kangxi himself, he had to shelve the ancestral system, and in the fourteenth year of Kangxi, he publicly registered a two-year-old concubine, the second brother Yinrong, as the crown prince.
So why did the prince who had already been established early, and eventually there would be such a fierce dispute for the concubine?
This also has a great relationship with the ancestral system of the Qing Dynasty, although the Kangxi Emperor established the prince early, but Kangxi did not train the prince as the only successor, and he would not relax the education and cultivation of other princes because of the establishment of the prince.
In the Han Dynasty, the only method of cultivation was generally adopted for the crown prince. Usually after the establishment of the concubine, there is a distinction between the concubines. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, after Cao Cao made up his mind to make his eldest son Cao Pi a concubine, he was bent on suppressing the old Three Cao Zhi, not that Cao Cao did not like Cao Zhi, but that he was too concerned about ShuZi, which was not conducive to political stability.
Looking at the practices of the Ming Dynasty, if the concubines were to be determined, the concubines would be crowned kings and immediately leave the capital and be strictly guarded in their fiefdoms.
However, the princes of the Qing Dynasty had no fiefdoms and all lived in the capital. In addition, the imperial relatives of the Qing Dynasty held heavy power and held important positions in the imperial court. When the princes reached adulthood, the Kangxi Emperor would also entrust them with heavy responsibilities to cultivate their abilities.
With the continuous improvement of the personal ability of the princes, coupled with the improvement of political literacy, some princes with more outstanding abilities began to have their own plans and were no longer willing to live under the people.
The princes at the political center of the imperial court were naturally very clear about the politics of the dynasty, and they knew that it was inevitable that it would be difficult to make a difference on their own. So these princes secretly went around network courtiers, and eventually formed the so-called "Prince's Party".
Although Kangxi provided them with a comprehensive and excellent education and gave them outstanding abilities, he neglected the education of virtue, goodness and benevolence. For example, Kangxi's attitude toward Han teachers, in his view, the teachers of the princes were just tools for obtaining Han chinese learning for the imperial family, and did not deserve respect.
When teaching learning, the teachers could only stand, and even asked to kneel when the prince endorsed it. The inequality and disrespect of education from an early age also created their absolute recognition of the power of the emperor, as long as the status was noble enough, there was no need for anything else. This may be the reason why the princes can not care about brotherly affection for the throne.
brief summary
Although the princes of the Qing Dynasty were proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and proficient in Han culture, they did not learn the essence of Han culture. The honesty, friendliness, mutual help and mutual love of the Han people have been ignored, and they have not learned that benevolence and righteousness are the best magic weapons for governing the world.
In his later years, Kangxi often lamented: Why are the princes so well-educated but so cold-blooded and ruthless? In the end, the root of all this may be Kangxi's body. Of course, this cannot be ignored because he has a good education for his children, he not only educated the princes to become talents, but also personally created two generations of Ming Emperors of the Qing Dynasty.
Reference: Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years
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