Author: Dai Ke, Source: Tang Poetry song poetry ancient poems (ID: tsgsc8)
Among the four great poets of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You said very modestly: "Articles have pricing, and discussions have a fairness." I might as well be sincere, this comment is the same in the world. ”
You Yuan's anthology was burned by a fire, and not many works have been handed down; Fan Chengda was tired of being an official, living a comfortable and wealthy life of seclusion, and writing poetry was just a mood. Lu You claimed to be "10,000 poems in the past 60 years", and more than 9,300 works have been preserved, which are a grand view. Yang Wanli, who was a good friend of the three of them, wrote more than 20,000 poems in his lifetime, but only more than 4,200 poems were handed down.
Among the brothers, Lu Youwei admired Yang Wanli as the leader of the poetry circle. Ginger also called him: Who is the Lord in the poetry world today, and the law of sincere poetry is being implemented. Yan Yu clearly pointed out in "Canglang Poetry" that if we talk about the creativity of poetry, Yang Wanli ranks first among the "four great poets".
So, how did this Yang Wanli, who wrote "Little Lotus Show Sharp Horns", become the founder of a generation of "poetic styles", and even surpass Lu You? Approaching carefully, you can appreciate his unique poetic skills.
1
In the first year of Jianyan (1127 AD), the year of the beginning of the history of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli was born in Nanxi Village, Jishui County, Jiangxi. This village is very poetic, also called Bantang.
Yang Wanli's father, Yang Fu, was thirty-two years old at this time, and was a typical poor and sour talent. Because of poverty, they marry late and have children later. Similarly, Yang Wanli was also poor in adulthood. He could only find his daughter-in-law if he passed the entrance examination first. And I was almost thirty years old.
When it comes to his name "Wanli", it naturally refers to "Pengcheng Wanli". His father later took the word "Tingxiu" for him, and it seems that he had long placed his son's life goals in the field.
Yang Fu lived a very poor life, relying on a little scholarship to act as a private schoolman. But whenever there is a little money in the hand, except for the necessities of life, the rest is used to buy books. So much so that in ten years, thousands of volumes were collected. Later, Yang Wanli did not understand why You Yuan liked to copy books, perhaps because under the care of his father, he was saved from the experience of borrowing books like Song Lian.
Under the careful cultivation of his father, the four- and five-year-old Xiao Yang developed a strong interest in reading. A few years later, his mother unfortunately died, and Xiao Wanli followed his father to start a study tour. After a few more years, growing to fourteen or fifteen, the old father felt that the heat was almost over, and invited him to a formal gentleman, who was the famous Confucian Gao Shoudao of Jishui County at that time. Later, Yang Wanli recalled in the poem "Rainy Night":
Remembering the fourteenth and fifteenth year, reading Matsushita Fast.
The cold night is difficult to know, and the lonely groan is quiet.
The insects whispered silently, and the ghosts cried out in mourning.
The sound of rain is like this, and the heart is not gray.
A person who reads without a book friend even feels a little fearful. But in the sound of the night ticking rain, this heart will never be gray. After studying under Teacher Gao for three years, he was sent by his father to Wang Tingjue's house in Anfu County. Teacher Wang was born as a scholar of the Eight Classics of Zheng'er, tired of being an official, but he studied scholarship and achieved profound achievements.
Teacher Wang recommended articles by Ouyang Xiu, Zeng Gong and others, as well as Ercheng's theoretical writings. Although there was a so-called "forbidden study" at that time, Teacher Wang's practice of gladly recommending good books was undoubtedly fruitful.
A few years later, Teacher Wang said to Yang Wanli: "I don't like to be an official, so I can't give you any help in learning for officials, you have to learn from other teachers, so that you can be at ease in the official field in the future." After saying that, he recommended him to the young scholar Liu Tingzhi. Liu Tingzhi was a student of Hu Quan, which paved the way for him to be taught by Hu Quan later.
Yang Wanli studied science next to Liu Tingzhi. Soon, he learned from Liu Anshi, who was the same age as Teacher Liu. After the three teachers took turns teaching, Yang Wanli's level rose steadily. In his early twenties, he has studied the classics of the past and the present, studied them carefully, and memorized them by heart.
In the twentieth year of Shaoxing (1150), Yang Wanli and his uncle Yang Fushi participated in the township examination together and passed the examination together. The following year, because he failed in the rebbe examination, he returned to his hometown and continued to lie dormant. In the period after he fell into the first place, he also worshiped Liu Caishao as a teacher and studied the answer method of the imperial examination. The direct result of this is that in the twenty-four years of shaoxing's imperial examination, Yang Wanli's uncle and nephew were both named on the gui list together. Also in the examination was Fan Chengda. Lu You was removed from the list for offending Qin Juniper in the examination papers. However, the famous patriotic lyricist Zhang Xiaoxiang came out on top, which can be called a great beautiful talk.
2
It was difficult to pass the entrance examination, but because there was no vacancy, he had to go home to "stay next". Yang Wanli married his daughter-in-law during his stay. His wife's name was Luo Xu, and she could have a name and a surname, which was not necessarily everyone's girlfriend at that time, but she must have some ability. In addition to knowing the book, her "ability" is also manifested in avoiding risks for her husband and managing the family in an orderly manner.
Twenty-six years after Shaoxing, Yang Wanli came to Ganzhou with his family to join the army as a sihu. When I first arrived, there was a contradiction with the general judgment of the golden hair. Huang Tongjue's intention to win over was unsuccessful, and he became angry and gave Yang Wanli the task of collecting. Yang Wanli resigned on the grounds that he had not yet arrived at the time to collect taxes, and the two immediately broke up. As soon as Yang Wanli's hat is lost, he will leave.
When he returned home, he told his father about it. After hearing this, Yang Fu almost vomited blood, grabbed a burning stick from the kitchen, and crackled at his son's ass. Luo Xu saw that his father-in-law was so angry, he didn't dare to come forward to stop it, and he sat paralyzed and trembled. The old father scolded, "Are you a pig brain?" How difficult it is for our family to get to where it is today! Are you not only sorry for the country, but also want to starve your family to death? ”
At this time, the Yang family could only rely on their son's salary. Yang Wanli could not afford Li Bai's dashing "An can bend his eyebrows and bend his waist to do things to the magnate, so that I can't be happy", and he also experienced the reality of life for the first time. The father had fainted after scolding. The couple rushed to the rescue. When the old father woke up, Yang Wanli raised his palm and swore: Never do this kind of thing of forgetting the country and abandoning his family again!
Therefore, he personally went to find Taishou to confess his mistake, and then made reparations to Tongjue. The superior leaders read him to actively admit his mistakes, his attitude was sincere, and more importantly, Taishou met Liu Caishao, who was then the official Shangshu. Looking at the teacher's face, he forgave this fledgling boy. For the sake of his family's livelihood, Yang Wanli had to learn to deal with all kinds of people in the official arena. The following year, His wife Luo Xu bore him a son and named him Changru. After three years of office, Yang Wanli returned to his hometown with his family to repair the old home and built a new house.
3
To say that Yang Wanli really began to innovate the poetry genre, it is still from lingling county to start with the appointment of the county. Lingling, this is Liu Zongyuan's spiritual treasure land, but also Yang Wanli's path to study. Before Yang Wanli came here, he had been studying the Jiangxi poetry school led by Huang Tingjian and others. There is no way, one side of the water and soil to support the culture, one side of the culture to support the other side of the people. There is no reason why Yang Wanli is not influenced by the poets of the same province.
After coming to Lingling, he became acquainted with Zhang Yu. In addition to being the son of Zhang Jun, the famous anti-Gold Minister, Zhang Yu also has a famous poem "Li Chun Even Cheng". Poetry Cloud:
The law returns to the late years with less frost, and the grass and trees in the spring are known to the world.
I felt that the business in front of me was full, and the east wind was blowing green and uneven.
On this day, as a guest in Zhang Yu's mansion, Yang Wanli met a "tramp" named Liu Ziju. Liu Ziju had also served as an official, but later because of a conflict with his superiors, he abandoned the official in anger and left. As a result, he was so poor that he could not even drink porridge, and slept alone at night next to the graves of his ancestors. Zhang Jun was full of admiration after hearing this, and not only provided him with a place to live, but also recommended him to re-enter the official.
Yang Wanli had long heard Zhang Yu say that this person was of a very high level, so he took out his own poetry collection and asked him to comment. Unexpectedly, Mr. Liu said bluntly: "You are all renovating the works of predecessors, and there is no big meaning." Yang Wanli listened carefully to his analysis, and only felt that "worrying about giving new words" really didn't make sense. Mr. Liu gave an example of Han Yu's year. It is said that when Han Yu was in the Guwen Movement, one day he looked at his previous articles during scientific expeditions and felt very ashamed. So I wrote to a friend and said: I seem to be a good person who spoils the audience, and I can't calm down for months.
The more Yang Wanli thought about it, the angrier he became, and he felt that there was no difference between him and Han Yu, so he burned all the works of the past with a fire. This can be compared with Su Xun's temper. Yang Wanli recalled what Huang Tingjian once said, "Follow people to plan for the end of the future, and become a family from the beginning of life", and chanted: What Teacher Huang can do, can't I? Only by getting out of the trap and not falling into words can we open up our own piece of the world!
So he began to walk into nature and fell in love with the capture of momentary scenes. This little five-law song "Self-sounding Rock Pan Boat Under the High Stream" is representative.
The evening is still warm, and the cold river is whiter.
The distant mountains rush out of the shore, and the fishing boat carries people on its back.
Boat stability is not small, Bo Tian Er Xu Ping.
The big fish did not reciprocate, and they were shocked.
It seems that Wang Wei's work of retreating in the mountains at the beginning of that year, but the focus falls on the capture of fast shots. The sound of fish plucking will naturally not be long. But he happened to see it. This subtle observation is Yang Wanli's initial turn.
In addition to the nuances, his poetry has become more and more vernacular. This is very different from the previous "sentences have a source, and the words use allusions". For example, this song "New Guard Duty Rain":
The spring rain is not big and not sunny, and it is only forbidden to greet pedestrians.
The creek was green and he had risen, and the official road was slippery with yellow mud.
This year to greet Nell Bitter, last year to welcome just as promised.
The wind and fire were extinguished before five more, and the chickens in the dark ten miles sounded three times.
The hardest way to walk is still the most evil, and it is even more aware after all the experience of life.
The former person lost his foot and the person laughed, and the latter lost his foot.
I have to say that what I like to read the most in my life is this kind of concise but philosophical poem. It is not as magnificent as Li Bai's "Difficult to Walk", but it is free and transparent inside. Yang Wanli was tired and had to continue working. Therefore, only through poetry can we lay down the unconventional mind.
4
Although he has been an official, he has lived a really humiliating life. Yang Wanli's "Thousand Worries and Strategies" was ignored by Emperor Xiaozong. Of course, it's right to ignore it. For this cowardly emperor, the defeat of a war had completely frightened his guts. From then on, he no longer dared to advocate the Northern Expedition.
After the completion of his tenure in Lingling County, Yang Wanli hurried back to his hometown. By this time his father was too ill to do so. After two years and three months of mourning, there was no vacancy for a while, so I could only stay for a second time. It was not until the fifth year of Qiandao (1169) that the forty-three-year-old Yang Wanli, on the recommendation of Chen Junqing and Yu Yunwen, received the messenger of Fengxinzhi County.
After Yang Wanli took office, he had to solve the problem of urging science. Because he has mastered the way of being an official, he quickly made achievements. Therefore, he was recommended by the prime minister to go to Lin'an to serve as a doctor of guozijian. After staying in the middle of the dynasty for several years, deeply feeling the emperor's fainting and incompetence, Yang Wanli asked for a foreign post and went to Zhangzhou to be a taishou. Later, under the recommendation of Zhou Bida, he was reappointed to Changzhou. At this time, Changzhou Taishou had not yet completed his term of office. So before he took up his post, he went back to his hometown to live idly. It was also during this period that he wrote the well-known "Koike":
The springs are silent and the water is silent, and the shade of the trees loves the water.
The little lotus only showed its sharp horns, and there were dragonflies standing on its head.
The spring was silent, but it pitied a trickle. This is silent love. Because the tree loves Koizumi, it projects shade on the water in clear weather, which is to prevent it from "evaporating". The little lotus leaf had just revealed its sharp horns, when suddenly a dragonfly stopped on it. If you're shooting with a camera, what's the angle you're most concerned about? Definitely a dragonfly. So, because of this element of life, everything has dynamics, everything is flexible.
In the fourth year of Chunxi (1177), Yang Wanli went to Changzhou to take office, during which time, he was completely transformed from a predecessor of Shifa to Shifa. He said in a poem "The Night Return of the Messenger":
The sky is very blue, and the sky is a little starless.
Suddenly, the flat earth turned into water, but the moonlight filled the court.
How do you know that there are predecessors in the pen, and when you are drunk, you will not forgive the empty bottle.
Ercao recited the He book at night, and also sent Mr. To listen carefully.
After studying poetry for so many years, I am now completely unaware of the existence of my predecessors. Is this good? Of course it means a lot. Because for Yang Wanli, who is fifty-one years old and has enough life experience, only by breaking this weight can he become a generation of masters. After that, his poems will become more interesting.
5
After the expiration of his term in Changzhou, Yang Wanli went to Guangdong to take on a term of Changping salt tea, and then proposed some prison sentences, and rehabilitated many unjust, false and wrongly decided cases. In addition, it also calmed down the bandits in Meizhou and Chaozhou. Emperor Xiaozong gave him four big characters: Xiucai Zhibing. He was specially given the post of secretary of the cabinet, and although he had no real power, he met a friend, and this person was Lin Zifang. At that time, Lin Zifang was also serving in the secretarial province, and his friendship with Yang Wanli was still very good.
In the fourteenth year of Chunxi (1187), when Yang Wanli compiled the Chaotian Collection, he included two poems "Xiao out of the Jinci Temple to Send Lin Zifang":
After all, in the middle of June in West Lake, the scenery is not the same as the four o'clock.
The lotus leaves are infinitely blue, and the lotus flowers are different red.
- "Part 1"
Out of the West Lake moon is still remnants, lotus flowers swing in the willow rows.
The red incense world is a cool country, and the south mountain is the north mountain.
- "Part II"
Some people say that it is a poem that describes the scenery, there are paintings in the poems, and there are poems in the paintings. In fact, the focus falls on the word "different". This is not only to say that the appearance of the lotus flowers at this time is invisible in the three seasons of spring, autumn and winter, but also to highlight the two words of "farewell". Because of the farewell, because of the deep affection, so the lotus flowers are particularly colorful!
The second song points out the time, which at first glance has a sense of "dawn and moon". But walking along, strolling through the cool world full of red incense, everything suddenly becomes romantic. In the summer rush, of course, you have to get up early, so this faint coolness just fuels the motivation to rush. Looking at the two poems, there is no trace of parting, some are just joyful. Of course, it is also related to lin zifang's visit to promotion rather than demeaning. Therefore, the friend is happy, and so is the poet.
And when it comes to what you see on the journey, in addition to the classic "a mountain to let go of a mountain" ("Over songyuan morning cooking lacquer public shop"), there is also "Suxin City Xugong Store". The poem became almost exclusive to children in March.
The hedge is sparse and deep, and the new green at the head of the tree is not shaded.
Children rush to chase yellow butterflies, flying into cauliflower nowhere to be found.
What a naïve plot, and Xin's "most favorite child rogue, Xitou lying on the lotus" has a similar briskness and ease. Such a natural little thing, in the words of Lu You, is "a clever hand to get it". Yang Wanli's clever hand has become an ordinary state.
6
Yang Wanli had no choice but to become an official in order to make a living, and frequent stays became the best time for him to create. When he lived in seclusion in the countryside, his works may not be welcomed in the eyes of the world, but they are "the first class among flowers".
Take a summer nap, get up and get lazy, do nothing. So, just kidding.
Plums leave sour soft teeth, plantains divided into green and window screens.
Day long sleeps up and thinks ruthlessly, idly watching children catch willow flowers.
Song yin a half-bow moss, occasionally want to read and lazy.
Playing with banana leaves in the clear spring, children mistakenly recognize the sound of rain coming.
These two poems, "Idle Early Summer Nap", are a true portrayal of farm life. At that time, I was also completely fascinated by Yang Wanli because of these two poems. This mood does not need to be used, nor does it need to be deliberate, and even just use a camera and press the shutter to capture the excitement of the moment. Unfortunately, Yang Wanli did not have a camera in that era, so his poems acted as machines that turned the moment into eternity.
In the sixteenth year of Chunxi (1189), Zhao Huan succeeded to the throne and wanted to promote the teacher who had taught him. But Yang Wanli only "advised" him not to disobey Emperor Xiaozong, and as for the promotion, he was completely tired of it. Perhaps, he knew that this "student" was also a confused person, so he once again had the idea of returning to the hidden forest spring. But it is not allowed. Immediately after, he did the most helpless act in his life - to welcome the golden messenger. Yang Wanli was a solid member of the main battle faction, which was undoubtedly a disgrace to him. So he sighed when the boat passed through Changzhou:
Huaipu returns to spring, and Jingxi cooks early.
It has always been a place to welcome guests, and it is still like the time of nong.
Father and old are still a few, and the mountains and rivers are not strange.
The old tour rests again, and then only becomes sorrow.
- "Over Changzhou Again"
This humiliation caused him to dislike the place of the past, and he would never come for a third time in the future.
In the third year of Shaoxi (1192), Yang Wanli was sent to Jiangnan to issue iron money. After personally investigating, it was found that this move harmed the people and requested a strike. Guangzong was unmoved. Yang Wanli disobeyed the order many times, and finally the emperor decreed that it should be abolished. He also made the teacher an official in the DPRK. Yang Wanli did not accept the holy will, directly resigned and left, and Tao Yuanming's "Return to Xi Ci" Ming Zhi.
The emperor also wrote to Teacher Yang, saying, "I used to learn from you, and I have a deep affection. Later, when you were recruited back to the dynasty, you really wanted to reuse it, but it did not work out because of some 'accidents' (filial piety obstruction). So you can only arrange a fat difference (Changzhou) to improve your life. Now that you want to go into hiding, I have already thought of a treasure land for you, so let's go to Ganzhou. It's close to your hometown, so you can feel homesick. I just hope not to mention the resignation again. Guangzong's confession can be described as sincere and sincere. Yang Wanli felt that his life had reached the end of the world, and he left categorically.
After Yang Wanli returned to his hometown, he immersed himself in the study of the "I Ching" and composed the "Biography of Yi Wai". Four years later, he suffered from drenching disease and described himself as haggard, but he still insisted on writing poetry. In the first year of the Kai Jubilee (1205), when he heard that Han Nongxin was raising an army for his own selfishness and northern expedition, Yang Wanli could not help but be angry and bitter, scolded the traitor, and wrote down "eighty-four characters". He died of illness the following year, and did not see the humiliated side of the soldier.
At this point, this dignified man has finally completed his life of hard work. The journey is difficult to reward, fortunately there are poems; life is unfortunate, who clouds of the past? Twenty-nine years after his death, Uncle Liu Wei of Jizhou Taishou published the Collected Works of Chengzhai and has since become increasingly popular. It can be seen that a truly good work must pass the test of time before it can be passed on to future generations before it can finally become immortal!
-Author-
Kong Yao. Pen name Daiko. Love life, love literature, love poetry. A pure and simple literary and artistic youth; a red fan who is difficult to extricate himself; an ethereal ancient poetry writer!