Tianshui Fangmatan Scenic Area
Put ma tan Qin Jian
Pieces of paper excavated from the No. 5 Han Tomb in Ma Tan
Map of the wooden planks of the Qin Tomb no. 1 at Fangmatan
Fangmatan Ruins (The pictures in this edition are all data maps)
"One hammer digs out three Chinese firsts", this image statement, which sounds a bit sensational and unbelievable, is a fact confirmed by archaeologists. This miracle occurred at Fangma Beach in Dangchuan Township, Maiji District, Tianshui City.
One day in April 1986, after a heavy rain, the staff of the Xiaolongshan Forestry Bureau's Letmatan Work District were cleaning up the silt on the back wall of the dormitory, and an ancient tomb cave was discovered. After reporting, after drilling and excavation, more than 100 ancient tombs of Qin and Han tombs were found, distributed in the flat land in front of Qinling Mountain, arranged in three layers according to the east-west direction. At present, more than 400 cultural relics have been excavated in part.
The ancestors of the Qin people herded horses at the horse beach
Fangma Beach is 5 kilometers west of Xian Ren Cliff and 15 kilometers away from Maiji Mountain. It penetrates deep into the hinterland of the Qinling Mountains, with dense mountains and forests, wide grasslands, and suitable forests and suitable for grazing. As early as the time of The Filial Piety of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the ancestor of the Qin people, Feizi, was famous for herding horses in this area, and was summoned by the King of Zhou Xiao to preside over the herding of horses for the state between the Wanghe and Wei rivers, and the horse beach was in the western head of the Fan and Wei regions. Since the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Qin Wei's ancestors have lived in Xigouqiu (in the northeast of present-day Lixian County, Gansu), and the Horse Beach, which is not far from The West Dog Hill, belongs to the scope of Qin activities and non-sub-herding horses. Volume 6 of the Qingqianlong "Gansu Tongzhi" records that there is also a place with the same name as the "Qin Pavilion" in today's Shuiqingshui County, which may be an extension of the Qingshui Qin pavilion:
"Qinting Mountain is fifty miles southeast of the state. On the left is Yongfeng Mountain, and in the middle is Dongke Valley. The mountain stretches forty miles, with the Upper Qin Pavilion and the Lower Qin Valley, which is not sealed by the Son, and the vassals are also covered. There is Purple Mountain in the side and Mafang Mountain under it. ”
Look closely, the "Qin Pavilion" here is a mountain and a pavilion name on the mountain, different from the Qin Pavilion that served as an administrative domain name during the Western Zhou Dynasty of Qingshui County. But it at least shows that the territory of the non-sub-herding extends here; conversely, this area belongs to the place of the non-sub-herding.
The ancestors of the Qin people were originally courtiers of the Shang Dynasty, and when King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, he killed the Qin ancestors, Lian Lian, and his sons. After that, under the zhou dynasty regime, the descendants of the evil descendants fell into the world for several generations and lost their reputation. However, Meng Zeng, the son of Ji Sheng, another son of Shu Lian, was trusted by King Cheng of Zhou. King Cheng of Zhou built a mansion for Meng Zeng at Gao Wolf (in present-day southwest of Xishan County, Shanxi) and let him live there. Meng Zeng gave birth to Heng Father in Gao Wolf, and Heng Father gave birth to a father. His father-made father was highly valued by King Mu of Zhou for his family's long skill of raising horses and driving. King Mu loves to cruise. The Father-Made father selected for him ji, Wen (a thief, light blue), Li (black), Hua (with red patterns) and other horses, as far as Kunlun Qiu (in the area of present-day Hehuang and Hexi), to meet the Queen Mother of the West (the leader of Xi Rong), and to be happy and forget. At this time, it coincided with the rebellion of Xu Yan, the leader of the Xu state in the southeast of present-day Sihong County, Jiangsu. The Father-Maker drove for King Mu and rushed back thousands of miles a day to quell the rebellion. King Mu of Zhou rewarded him for his meritorious deeds and gave Zhao Cheng (in present-day northern Hongdong County, Shanxi) to his father. The Winning family named Zhao Washi. Therefore, the evil descendants borrowed the political aura of the father and called themselves the Zhao clan, with the light of the lintel. In fact, although they entrusted themselves to the Zhao clan, they did not leave Longyou and move to Zhao Cheng. They still lived in Inuqiu (in present-day northeastern Li County, Gansu) and were active in southeastern Longdong. It was not until the Feizi era that the political status of his family changed significantly.
FeiZi still lives in Inuyasha. He enjoyed raising horses and other livestock, and had a good set of horse breeding techniques, and the horses bred quickly and robustly. The Inuyasha reported the incident to King Xiao of Zhou, who summoned Feizi and asked him to herd horses for the state between Fenshui and Weishui, and the national horses were quickly developed. In order to reward Fei Zi, King Xiao of Zhou prepared to use him as the concubine of his father Da Luo. However, Da Luo's concubine was the daughter of the Rong chiefTain Shen Hou, who gave birth to a son named Cheng, and had already been made a concubine. When Marquis Shen heard King Xiao of Zhou's plan, he rushed to see King Xiao and threatened him: "My ancestors are the daughters of the Lishan clan, and the Lishan clan married your ancestor Rong Xuxuan, and the son was named Zhongxiao." It was precisely because his father was related to the Lishan clan that Zhongzhuo abandoned the merchants and returned to Zhou, and gathered in the Western Tri, so that the ethnic relations in the Western Trik region were harmonious and the society was stable. Now I marry another daughter to Da Luo and give birth to a concubine. It is the marriage of the Shen and Luo clans that makes the xirong tribes obey the orders, so that you can sit on the throne - you will weigh up the matter of changing concubines. King Xiao of Zhou listened, and was suspicious, not daring to disobey Marquis Shen. Nai changed his mind and gave Fei Zi another piece of land, and sealed him to Qin Yi (秦邑, in present-day Qingshui County, Gansu), making him a "vassal" and inheriting the ritual of the surname of Qin. "Vassals" are not qualified to directly meet the Son of Heaven's courtiers, and can only ask the monarch of a big country to inform the Son of Heaven of his name during the pilgrimage; but from the height of the building, the non-son clan has once again obtained the title of the Son of Heaven and a certain political status.
Feizi's son was named Marquis of Qin. The Marquis of Qin died after ten years of reign and gave birth to a son named Gongbo. Gong Bo took the throne for three years and died, and his son was the famous Qin Zhong in history. After Qin Zhong's succession, King Li of Zhou was desolate, many princes rebelled against Zhou, and Xi Rong also took the opportunity to rebel against the royal family and slaughter the Daluo clan of Xigouqiu, which is now Li County, Gansu. King Xuan of Zhou ascended the throne (827 BC), and in order to resist the attack of Xi Rong, he promoted Qin Zhong, a non-son and great-grandson who lived in present-day Qingshui County, Gansu, to be the doctor and ordered him to attack Xi Rong. As a result, Qin Zhong was weak and strong, and was killed by Xi Rong.
Although Qin Zhong's political and military achievements were not outstanding, his objective role in the history of the development of the Qin people was very significant. King Xuan of Zhou made Qin Zhong a doctor, and his political status was immediately raised to that of a count—according to Zhou Li, "the doctor of the Son of Heaven regarded him as a bo", that is, Qin Zhong was the doctor of King Xuan, and his status was equivalent to that of a count. Jue is an honorary title awarded by the central government in ancient China according to the merits of the courtiers to the state, and is divided into five grades: gong, hou, bo, zi, male, etc., and bo is the third class, which is already an intermediate title. At the same time, according to the Zhou system, the fiefdom of the earl was 70 square kilometers, which was a great expansion compared with the land of less than 50 miles of non-sons.
Qin Zhong had five sons. His eldest son was the Duke of Qinzhuang. After Qin Zhongzhan's death, King Xuan of Zhou summoned five of Zhuang Gong's brothers, "with seven thousand soldiers, to make Western Rong", that is, to transfer 7,000 troops to let their brothers lead them to fight Xi Rong. This time, the Zhuang brothers were defeated. Therefore, King Xuan of Zhou ordered the Duke of Qin zhuang to inherit Qin Zhong's fiefdom, and then gave his ancestor Da Luo's fief Dog Hill to the Duke of Qin Zhuang, and promoted him to be the Grand Master of Xi chui. At this point, Qin's jurisdiction already had Qingshui, Zhangjiachuan, Qin'an, Gangu, Wushan counties in present-day Gansu, Qinzhou and Maiji districts, and Xihe and Li counties in Longnan, and its national power was like day in the sky, and its influence was getting bigger and bigger.
In summary, it is entirely possible to find the Warring States Qin and Han tombs in the area of Fangmatan.
The first chic story
The first "China's first" unearthed from the Fangmatan Qin Tomb is the "Zhiwei Story" compiled by archaeologists from the excavation of the Warring States Qin Tomb in Fangmatan. Although it is very simple, it is the earliest known chinese first strange text with the nature of a zhiwei novel. The content of The Fangmatan Qinjian includes philology, A and B two kinds of "Japanese Book" and "Zhiwei Story" and other achievements, and the significance of this "Zhiwei Story" is more special.
The gist of Qin Jian's "Tale of Zhi Wei" is to say that on the eighth day of the thirty-eighth year of King Qin Zhao's reign (269 BC), Di (Yi Zuo Yi) reported to Yu Shi that a person named Dan, a person from Da liang and now living in the capital of the Qin state, was stabbed in the grass-roots management body of Yongcheng (in present-day fengxiang County, Shaanxi) in the seventh year of the reign of the current monarch, and then stabbed himself to death. It was discarded in the city for three days and buried outside the south gate of Yongcheng. After three years, Dan was resurrected again. He was able to be resurrected because Dan had been a protégé of the inquisitor Xi Wu. Xi Wu deliberated on the disciple's murder, and the reason for his resurrection was because Dan Sin did not deserve to die, so he prayed to Gongsun Qiang, the superior in charge of human life. Therefore, Gongsun Qiang asked the white dog to take Dan out of the ground, parked on the cemetery for three days, and then walked north with Gongsun Qiang, passing through the "Zhao" place, to a hill covered with cypress trees in Beidi County (北地郡, southwest of present-day Qingcheng County, Gansu). It would be four years before he could regain his sanity, hear the dogs chirping and chickens, and eat human food. It is characterized by scars on the larynx, sparse eyebrows, dark complexion, and inability to move the limbs. After the resurrection, Dan said: Dead people do not want to wear more clothes. The human world believes that the sacrifice is wrapped in white straw as a sign of wealth, while ghosts are considered rich as long as they have gained from others. Dan said: People who hold tomb sacrifices must not vomit. As soon as he vomited, the ghost was scared away and did not dare to come to enjoy the sacrifice. After the sacrifice meal is removed, it is eaten at once, so... Dan said: When making sacrifices, you must carefully sweep away, do not put ... Sprinkle on the ground of sacrifice. Don't pour soup on the sacrificial rice, or the ghosts won't eat it.
According to the famous historian Mr. Li Xueqin, this text was written in the late Warring States period, and it is the target of Chinese Zhiwei novels. The interpreters of "Tianshui Fangmatan Qinjian" believe that it may be based on the special experience of the owner of the first tomb of Qin tomb in Fangmatan. Therefore, there is a certain realistic factor. "The references to the qi, place names, and officials mentioned in the text can all be found, so it can be confirmed that this chronicle and its calendar should be recorded." The story of Dan's death and resurrection is obviously of a strange nature, and is quite similar to books such as the Later Book of Search for God. But the times are four hundred years early." The value of literary historical materials is extremely high.
The first map
The second "China First" excavated from the Warring States Qin Tomb at Fangmatan is a map painted on a wooden board. It reflects a smaller geographical scope, possibly containing only the qin wugong decade (688 BC), the Qin defeated and drove out the Qin people, and established the local Yi County (this is one of the first two counties established in the history of the Qin state). The other was Ji County, whose seat of government was in present-day gangu County, Gansu). From a cartographic point of view, it is the earliest known first map of China.
According to archaeologists, the map can be stitched together from seven drawings painted on four wooden panels. Originally, there were four pine planks, only one of which was simple drawing on one side, and the other three were illustrated on both sides. Based on the connections between the maps, archaeologists stitched them together into a complete map reflecting parts of the county. There are mountains, water systems, ditches, passes, and notes on place names. The seat of government of YiXian county is marked with a prominent large box as "Qiuqiu" on the map, and the names of places below the county level are marked by small boxes. The whole map reflects that "the scope is roughly located in the maiji district of today's Shuishi City" (Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, ed., Tianshui Fangmatan Qinjian, chapter 5, section 5). This shows that as early as the Warring States period before 2300 years ago, there were maps reflecting the present-day Maiji District, and sixty or seventy place names can still be seen on it. Are these place names, such as "Old West Mountain", related to the Xishan that "buried Xishan" after Qin Wengong's death, as stated in the "History of Qin Benji"? Is there any connection between "The Ancient East Valley" and the Dongke Valley where the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu once lived? This can cause people to have unlimited reverie and further research and research.
Its excavation not only has iconic significance in cartography, but also has important reference value in the study of history and local history. Sigh as a national treasure, not exaggerated.
The first piece of paper
The third "China First" excavated by the Fangmatan archaeology is the writing paper of the early Western Han Dynasty. It is an unquestionable evidence of the invention of Chinese papermaking technology, especially writing paper.
Many ancient books record that cai lun, a eunuch in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented papermaking. There is no doubt that scholars of the past have taken it as a basis. Since the rise of archaeology in the 20th century, archaeologists have found Western Han paper from Gansu Tianshui Fangmatan, Dunhuang Maquan Bay, Dunhuang Hanging Spring Ruins, Dunhuang YumenGuan, Juyan Jinguan in the Ejina River Basin in Inner Mongolia, Luobu naoer in Xinjiang, Baqiao in Xi'an, Shaanxi, Zhongyan Village in Fufeng County, Nanyue King Tomb in Guangzhou, and Mianyang in Sichuan. Among them, the earliest is a fragment of paper drawings excavated from the No. 5 Tomb of Fangmatan in Tianshui, Gansu. Tomb No. 5 of Fangmatan is a tomb of Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han (179-141 BC), and the remaining paper can be seen with ink line markings of mountains and rivers. The texture of the paper was identified as "hemp plant fiber" and "it was an early hemp paper that could be used for writing". (Institute of Natural Science History, Chinese Academy of Sciences, provided on August 9, 1990: "Fangmatan Paper Test Report", see the appendix of "Tianshui Fangmatan Qinjian") It is the earliest known era of writing paper. The discovery of Fangmatan paper not only proves that paper already appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty, but also proves that these papers have been used for painting or writing. The invention of Chinese papermaking is at least nearly 300 years ahead of Cai Lun's papermaking record.
Li Qingling Source Gansu Daily
Edited by Zhou Zhanglong
Editor Wang Ning