Since the beginning of the Wanli Calendar, businessmen generally have a hukou, and with a hukou, they can conduct scientific research in an upright manner. As a result, businessmen entered the official field on a large scale, resulting in a business mentality flooding the official field. And because, in China's feudal society and even the entire history, for the contemptuous measures adopted by merchants, merchants generally have a kind of "worry", that is, hard-won achievements, happy life, and loss of living status. Therefore, using the money in the family, the road to the rise and the journey of position preservation are opened up and down. Obviously, the problem of "party strife" has been exacerbated.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the "merchant misleading the country" caused the ming to die, and the Shunzhi Emperor was very concerned about this and began to learn from Ming Taizu the experience of rectifying the government
Merchants who have been "oppressed" for thousands of years suddenly gain supreme honor and power within a few decades, which is very harmful to themselves. Because, while they retaliated against the "chaotic acts" of contempt, the next day had already been surrounded by wolves and smoke, and internal contradictions were even greater, and natural disasters fell from the sky, and the degree of danger was suddenly strengthened.
In a sense, the actions of the merchants and the various powerful strata are actually just running naked on the volcano that is about to erupt.
Why do businessmen behave like this? The main reason for this is that "this process is not long", in a short period of time, businessmen have not formed a unified understanding of business ethics and business norms.
For example, what is the respective boundary between the field of power and the field of wealth?
How to divide wealth and feudal imperial power in terms of power? What problems can and cannot be done by the forces of wealth?
What wealth can businessmen earn between social value and wealth value? What's not? That is our current social responsibility issue.
However, before the opening of Longqing (1567), many merchants in the Ming Dynasty were smugglers, because Zhu Yuanzhang's order that "pieces of plates should not go to the sea" and ancestral instructions existed, and "overseas trading merchants" were actually smugglers. In just a few decades, the smugglers have turned white, and as a result, two hundred years of "illegal" state and a thousand years of contempt have been mixed together to form a deformed psychology.
At this time, Wang Yangming theoretically, Tang Bohu in practice led the "new Confucianism" against "traditional Confucianism". Subsequently, the public cases of Sanyuan, Li Zhen, and Zhang Dai promoted the "development of the new era". In this new era, people take wealth as the foundation and self-pleasure and pleasure as the way of behavior, abandoning the traditional idea of loyalty to the king. As a result, the "partisan" struggle united with this new era to jointly destroy the Ming Empire.
In order to stabilize the Qing Dynasty and consolidate imperial power, the Shunzhi Emperor learned from Zhu Yuanzhang to rectify the rule of officials
In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Dorgon died of illness, and the Shunzhi Emperor was able to truly control power and pro-government. At that time, Shunzhi was 12 years old. Five years later, in 1655, the emperor was deeply aware of the problem of official rule and the threat of the Manchu nobility to the imperial power. On the one hand, they hoped to reuse the Han people and resist the threat to the imperial power of the Manchu nobles and the Han Eight Banners; on the other hand, they vigorously promoted han people with lower ranks as inspectors, hoping to take advantage of their "low rank, dare to offend officials, and use the characteristics of higher positions" to reduce the problem of official governance.
In the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1657), the Shunzhi Imperial Punishment Department: Corrupt officials harmed the people, the most hateful, and the law was too light, although they were dismissed from their posts and committed crimes, they still enjoyed the stolen funds, so that the greed did not stop. In the future, officials of all sizes, inside and outside, who have received stolen goods to more than 12, except for those convicted according to the law, will not be punished by the law, and they will not be allowed to enter the government without family property, and they will be included in the law. Special Message.
In August of the ninth year before that, Wu Weihua, the former governor of Caoyun, was arrested for embezzlement of 11,000 taels of silver, but in recognition of his military exploits, he was dismissed from his post, stripped of the Marquis of Gongshun, and the Crown Prince Taibao was posthumously admitted to the official position.
On March 11, 1654 (April 27, 1654), Chen Mingxia, a scholar and scholar of the university, was sentenced to death, or even immediately executed, for running amok in the townships, forcing people to die, perverting the law, nepotism, and forming parties for personal gain.
In December 1111, Wang Yipin, the governor of Guangxi, was sentenced to hanging for bribing the bureaucracy in an attempt to avoid the crime of far absence. This person is strange, because he bribed the officials of the bureaucracy to help adjust the work, why should he adjust the work? It is that the place where he suspects being an official is remote and difficult to walk.
On December 22, 1661 (January 22, 1661), Inspector Geng's corruption crimes were exposed, but he died of illness. Shunzhi demanded that all but the necessary expenses of his wife's life be confiscated.
The above cases are all officials at the level of supervision, and some people belong to the Han Eight Banners, and since they are the Eight Banners, they must listen to the "masters". Thus, when the "master son" contradicts the imperial power? How do they choose? For modern people, this is very simple, listen to the emperor. But the problem is that the early Qing Dynasty was not necessarily true. Many people only recognize the "master" and do not recognize the emperor.
In addition, Chen Mingxia is a representative of the continuation of the "party struggle" of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Chen Mingxia represented the "Southern Han elite" and there was a serious "party struggle" between him and the "Northern Han elite", which continued from the Wanli and Chongzhen eras and was also true during the Shunzhi period. Therefore, Chongzhen cracked down on the problem of "party strife".
However, what he could not imagine was that there were major problems with the "patrol system" that he most favored, and the people he reused were actually in cahoots with them, and there were not many corrupt and adulterous criminals. For example:
On November 23, 1655 (December 20, 1655), Shuntian inspector Gu Ren was sentenced to death by beheading.
On November 27, 1658 (December 21, 1658), Jiangnan was impeached by Inspector Wei Zhenyuan of Jiangning according to the words of Lu Shenyan. The Shunzhi Emperor stripped him off (November 29, 1659). Inspector Zhang Zhong of Jiangning, Inspector Liu Zonghan of Jiangnan, and Dong Guoxiang of the ZongrenFu Prefecture were respectively dismissed from their posts for the crime of harboring, and Dong Guoxiang was exiled to Shangyang Fort after being dismissed from his post because he actively returned stolen goods and confessed his guilt before the incident.
On November 29, 1662 (January 18, 1662), the inspector of Hunan Province, Yushi Shaoxin, was sentenced to death for accepting bribes and implicated 23 officials.
In the end, Shunzhi died of illness in frustration and disappointment a month after being sentenced to death by Inspector Shushaoxin. The Shunzhi Emperor belonged to the 14 years of "pro-government" time from December of the seventh year to November of the eighteenth year, facing the threat of imperial power by the Manchu nobility on the one hand, and the problem of "Hanchen party strife" that existed in the Ming Dynasty on the other hand. In 14 years, he fought for most of his life (at the age of 23) and finally failed.
His son Kangxi was threatened by the Manchu nobility at the beginning of his succession, and eventually, after a long reign, it was not until the Qianlong period that the Threat to the Imperial Power of the Manchu Nobility was truly lifted. As for the issue of "party struggle," the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to it from beginning to end. The distrust of the Southern Han people has always been in it. It was in the late Kangxi period that the governor of Liangjiang, Gali (who was killed in 1714 in 53 years of Kangxi), used this to provoke Kangxi's trust in Zhang Boxing:
The Southern Han people are very treacherous, and the Holy Lord knows very well... Zhang Boxing hated the flag bearer when he saw him among his subordinates. If a slave sends a Han official for official affairs and a person who comes to meet the slaves, Zhang Boxing will hate behind his back: Yi is a Han person, why not be in the same heart with me, but instead of the governor in the same heart. The slave did not know what Zhang Boxing's intentions were...
This was true not only of the Kangxi Dynasty, but also of the Yongzheng Dynasty, and the conflict between the Manchus and Han Dynasties and the distrust (in a sense fear) of the Han Chinese, especially the Southern Han, ran through the entire history of the Qing Dynasty until its demise.