(The Woman Who Told History – No. 863) An anshi rebellion turned the world's first empire, the Tang Dynasty, upside down: the people were displaced and starved; the economy collapsed, hundreds of industries withered; political chaos and people's panic. Except for the soldiers who can show their ambitions (or with their heads in their heads), people from all walks of life have suffered a lot. So in this 8-year-long chaotic world, what was the fate of those literati and scholars? What effect did the Anshi Rebellion have on the literati? Today we will take the three major poets of the time as an example to talk about this topic.
These three were all absolute first-line poets at that time, namely Li Bai, Du Fu, and Gao Shi. Why put the three of them together and talk about things? One is that they are not only in the same era, but also of similar ages, the eldest Li Bai is only 11 years older than the youngest Du Fu, and Du Fu is only 5 years later than Gao Shi, so they are completely comparable; the second is that these three great poets have stayed together, sung harmony with each other, had a very thick friendship, and had a good story in the poetry world.
(1) Three major poets gathered in Songzhou to spread good stories in the poetry world
Needless to say, Li Du was one of the four famous "border poets" of the Tang Dynasty, along with Cen Shan, Wang Zhizhuo and Wang Changling. Therefore, he was fully qualified to befriend Li Du. Gao Shi (704–765), courtesy name Dafu, was a native of Bohai (present-day Jingxian County, Hebei). He was born in a family of eunuchs and was the grandson of Andong Dugu Gao Kan, but his father died early, so Gao Shi lived in poverty when he was young. He has great ambitions, is bold and optimistic, and likes to make friends and travel.
When Gao Shi was 20 years old, he went to the capital City of Chang'an to take the exam to look for opportunities (of course, it was not an ordinary imperial examination, he wanted to take shortcuts like Li Bai), but he did not find a way to enter the army. Later, he traveled to Songcheng in Songzhou (present-day Shangqiu, Henan) and settled down, cultivating and growing for himself. However, Gao Shixiang has the ambition to serve the country and does not want to be a pure farmer. He was ploughing the fields, reading books, practicing martial arts, and waiting for opportunities.
Ten years later, the opportunity has come. The Khitan committed the Tang Dynasty. Since the road to studying and entering the world is not feasible, simply abandon the literature and follow the martial arts. In 734, Gao Shi decided to abandon his pen and serve as an aide to Yan Zhao, and successively surrendered to Shuo Fang Jiedu to make Li Yu the Prince of Xin'an and Youzhou Jiedu to make Zhang Shoujue an aide. Since he joined the army, of course, he had also been on the battlefield and witnessed the scene of soldiers rushing to kill and die on the front line. During this period, although Gao Shi did not show his ambitions and did not make many meritorious achievements, he wrote some military poems, famous verses such as:
"Go north to the Thistle Gate and see the desert." Leaning on the sword against the wind and dust, thinking of Wei Huo"
It expressed his ambition to build up his exploits like Wei Qing and Huo Fuyi, laying a solid foundation for him to become a famous poet of Biansai.
A few years later, Gao Shi, who had not been reused on the border, returned to Songzhou, where he became acquainted with two other great poets, Li Bai and Du Fu.
Like Gao Shi, Li Bai also went to Chang'an to look for opportunities, and he had the ambition of the world.
"Laugh at the sky and go out, my generation is a basil person"!
He was first valued by Tang Xuanzong and entered the palace. But the emperor just liked his poetry, and when everyone was drinking, he asked him to make two sentences to help the wine, and he wanted to get a powerful official to be a pawn, so he dropped a sentence: "An can destroy the eyebrows and bend the waist of the magnates, so that I can't be happy!" After the bold words, he left Chang'an in anger and continued to "travel around the world."
Du Fu was born into a family of officials and eunuchs, and at the beginning he also wanted to take the road of career, thinking single-mindedly
"To Jun Yao Shun, and then make the customs pure"
。 But his fate was not good, and he failed to succeed in many attempts. When he was discouraged, he met Li Bai, who was already famous but depressed. So the two hit it off, became best friends, and traveled the world together.
On this day, Li Du came to Songzhou and met Gao Shi unexpectedly. The three major poets (at that time, Du Fu and Gao Shi's poetry names were not very big, but the two were also self-sustaining talents and thought that they were the top masters of poetry) had a good story in the poetry world. They were like-minded, gao shi did the east, the three of them often sang poetry and wine, "drinking and watching prostitutes, shooting hunting and poetry, and getting very happy with each other." At that time, it was the third year of Tianbao (744), Li Bai was 43 years old, still young, Gao Shi was 40 years old, and Du Fu was 32 years old, both of whom were flesh and blood Fang Gang. The two brothers traveled all over Songzhou together, north to Yanzhao, south to Huaisi, and between Qilu and Qilu. The three of them exchanged knowledge, wielded poems, discussed the world, criticized the government and politics, attacked the shortcomings of the times, criticized culture, and were happy to take revenge.
However, the boy is alive, when the ambition to survive in the world, all day long so "mutual powder" is not a thing, not to say that can not go out to struggle to earn money, "and help the world" is also an empty word, so the three finally parted ways and ran for the future.
(2) Gao Shi seized the opportunity in the chaos of Anshi and realized his ambition to eventually become rich
Gao Shi still wants to join the army and serve the motherland. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), gao shi was recommended by Suiyang Taishou Zhang Jiugao at the age of forty-six, and the "special branch" presided over by the emperor himself had Daoke, zhongdi; but he was only awarded the title of Fengqiu County Lieutenant as a seven-pin sesame minor official. Of course, it was still difficult to exert his ambition to serve the country, and he was not accustomed to the days of "greeting the official with a broken heart and flogging Li Shu", so he resolutely resigned three years later. At this time, Gao Shi was nearly half a hundred years old, but he was still not discouraged, so on the occasion of the autumn and winter of this year,
He also left Liangzhou and came to the Hexi Jiedushi, who was praised by Li Bai as the "God of War", under the account of Ge Shuhan
。 Goshuhan saw him as a man and made him the shogunate secretary.
Gao Shi finally found his own way, so Shi Xing made a big fuss and left a generous song: "Xingzi to Fei Peng, the golden whip refers to the iron horse." Fame is thousands of miles away, and the heart is in a cup. Yanzhi is north of The Barrier, and Qincheng is too white to the east.
Leave the soul heroic, look at the treasure sword male"
。
Soon after the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang appointed Ge Shuhan as the Marshal of Soldiers and Horses, and led an army of 200,000 to march against the enemy at Tongguan. As an important aide to Ge Shuhan, Gao Shi was promoted by the emperor to supervise the imperial history and assisted Ge Shuhan in guarding Tongguan. Later, Tongguan was lost, Tang Xuanzong fled to Sichuan, and GeShuhan's army was defeated and surrendered. Gao Shi was not afraid of danger, refused the temptation of the rebels, and calmly cut a path to catch up with Tang Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong appreciated his loyalty and soon conferred on him the post of Counselor.
At this time, Gao Shi showed his political talent. He once advised Tang Xuanzong not to give military power to the princes, otherwise it would leave hidden dangers, but Xuanzong did not listen. Sure enough, li xiang, the crown prince who was assigned military power, declared himself emperor in Lingwu, Gansu, and became the later Emperor Suzong of Tang. Son of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Yongwang Li Xuan
Without authorization, he led troops to tour the east, intending to occupy the Jiangdong side, establish himself as emperor, and split the Tang Dynasty.
Later, during the siege, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang had to recognize the throne of the crown prince Li Heng and became emperor himself. At this time, Gao Shi made another choice, took the initiative to defect to Li Heng of Tang Suzong, was made an envoy of Huainan Jiedushi, and participated in the battle to pacify Li Xuan, the Prince of Yong.
Gao shi
Finally able to show their military talents, in
Crusade against the Eternal King
Li Xuan's process
，
Stand
finish
Outstanding military achievements
After pacifying King Yong, Gao Shi was again ordered to fight against the An shi rebels and relieve the siege of Suiyang; when war broke out in Later Shu, he successively served as the assassin of Pengzhou and the assassin of Shuzhou to suppress the rebellion. In the Tang Dynasty, he was promoted to Jiannan Jiedushi, and later transferred back to the capital, serving as a waiter in the Punishment Department and a regular attendant on the left side of the horse.
He was also given the title of Marquis of Bohai
wait.
The Anshi Rebellion allowed Gao Shi to exert his political ambitions, which can be described as seizing the opportunity of the times. Let's look at Li Bai again.
(3) Li Bai went to prison during the Anshi Rebellion
It is said that after the brothers and sisters separated, they went to the future, and Gao Shi went to the examiner. Li Bai was not qualified to be an examiner (because of the problems of his ancestors), and besides, he had stayed in the imperial court, and he could also be said to be a person who was expelled from the imperial court, so no one dared to recommend him as an official. No matter what era, a person is not talented, you must also have someone to recommend you, because there are many sentient beings in the world, more people have gone, no one pushes you, you only have to drink the northwest wind. Therefore, when Gao Shi and Du Fu left, Li Bai, who no one dared to push, continued to "sink" and drank and wrote poetry all day. After the Anshi Rebellion occurred, he simply slapped his ass on the lushan mountain and took refuge in seclusion.
If Li Baizhen lived in seclusion like this, it would not be a bad thing, it was a big deal that like Tao Yuanming, he could also mix quite "moist" in the paradise. The problem is that old Li Liugen is not pure, and he does not really want to "Tao Qian". So his chance came too, and he seized it and got himself in jail.
Fate is really a mysterious thing that no one can control. Originally, as a poet, he couldn't fight with an anti-thief, but Li Bai was involved with an anti-thief. Coincidentally, this one is entangled with Li Bai
It was Gao Shi who resolutely advocated revenge, Li Xuan, the son of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the Prince of Yong
。 Li Xuan let the good prince not do it, but went to rebel and wanted to become the emperor, so the world cut it down together. Gao Shi established his merits and became famous through his crusade against Li Xuan, but Li Bai was planted by this person. Why?
However, it is said that Li Bai had just arrived in Lushan to live in seclusion, and he received an invitation from Li Xuan, the Yong King, saying that he was asked to go out of the mountain to conspire for great things. As soon as Li Bai was excited, he had a feeling that Zhuge Liang was favored by Liu Bei, so he decided to go out of the mountain.
But the poet is a poet after all, the romantic master Li Bai does not have Zhuge Liang's scheming and strategy, let alone politics is not a romantic thing, play politics, the master is far worse than his little brother. He did not understand who Li Xuan was, because at that time there was no network, and a search on the Internet came out: Li Xuan, whose original name was Li Ze, the sixteenth son of Tang Xuanzong Li Longji, and the half-brother of Tang Suzong Li Heng. He was raised by his brother Li Heng due to the early death of his birth mother. Li Heng was very kind to Li Xuan and often slept with his little brother in his arms.
This person looks strange and ugly, and his neck is biased and he cannot look at people head-on, but he is smart and good, and is deeply loved by his brother
。 If Li Bai had known about Li Xuan's information in advance, he probably would not have mixed with him: this person really had no conscience, grew up with his brother, and now he wants to rebel and compete with his brother for the throne. Li Bai only knew that he was a prince, the emperor and his brother, and he was very big.
At the repeated invitation of the Yong King, Li Bai, with the romantic sentiment of "finally going to the Five Lakes with An Sheji, and succeeding in success", re-emerged from the jianghu and joined the Yong King's account and became an aide.
Although the master is more than 50 years old, but as soon as he arrives at Li Xuan's work here, he burst out a workaholic passion, he handles documents, writes materials, and gives advice are conscientious, and in his spare time, he does not forget to play his strengths, and writes a lot of passionate romantic poems, such as he has created a series of poems for Li Xuan with his feelings, "Yongwang East Tour Eleven Songs", worthy of being a poetry immortal, a shot is more than a dozen, including such a verse: "Wang out of the three mountains according to the five lakes, building boats across the sea to accompany the capital."
Battleship Sensen Luo Hushi, ZhengFan one by one to lead the dragon colt
"The ancestral dragon floating in the sea does not form a bridge, and Han Wu seeks the yang and shoots the jiao."
Our Wang Lou ship is light on Qin and Han, but it seems that Emperor Wen wants to cross the Liao
"The long wind is difficult to return, and the sea and mountains are destroyed by the ancient moon."
Jun looked at the emperor floating river day, how like a dragon out of the gorge
”。 There are many words in the poem, such as "king", "emperor", "emperor", "dragon", "tiger", "jiao" and so on, in his pen, The Yongwang Li Xuan is simply divine.
However, the good times did not last long, and in February 757, Emperor Suzong of Tang sent a heavy army to quell the rebellion, and the sword was pointed at the younger brother Li Xuan the Prince of Yong. Among the counterinsurgency armies was Gao Shi, and at this time, he was an official who worshiped the envoy of Huainan Jiedushi, and was full of vigor and high morale. In the face of the real Wang Shi, Li Bai's fake Wang Shi collapsed at the touch. Li Xuan was defeated and killed, and although Li Bai was lucky not to die, he was captured and taken to Xunyang.
Jailed for the crime of "rebellion.".
Li Bai heard that Gao Shi had developed, so he asked him for help and wrote a poem, in this poem "Sending Zhang Xiucai to the High School and Preface", Li Bai praised the commander of the yong king, Gao Shi, saying that he was "wise and courageous, and Xiao Chen was difficult to fight with the group.". However, in the end, Gao Shi did not rescue Li Bai. It is not that he is not saved, the key Is that Li Bai was classified as an anti-thief and became a "troublemaker", and if he did not defend himself, he would also provoke the disaster of killing himself. Therefore, in order to save his own Wusha, Gao Shi still chose to be silent and did not rescue his brother. Gao Shi was also criticized for this and was not righteous enough.
The following year, Li Bai was exiled to Yelang again; another year, in 759, Emperor Suzong of Tang granted amnesty to the world, and Li Bai finally gained his freedom after a long period of exile. He immediately sailed down the Yangtze River and wrote the famous poem "Early White Emperor City": "Between the clouds of the White Emperor, a thousand miles of Jiangling will be returned in one day..."
So what impact did the Anshi Rebellion have on the literati? Through Gao Shifu and Li Bai's imprisonment, it is already clear that du Fu, who is known as a poet, is what about Du Fu?
(4) Du Fu in the Anshi Rebellion
Compared with the development of Gao Shi and the suffering of Li Bai, what was Du Fu's fate in the Anshi Rebellion? After Du Fu broke up with Li Bai and Gao Shi that year, he continued to go to Chang'an to participate in scientific expeditions, but he still fell behind, so he became a "Beijing drifter" and stayed in Chang'an for 10 years. But he did not give gifts and bribes, so he was very miserable, only as a small officer who led the army of Cao, a right guard, and this position was mainly responsible for guarding the armor and staff, which was basically equivalent to a warehouse management.
In Chang'an for more than ten years, Du Fu's life was miserable, and even his young son died of hunger, so he issued: "Zhumen wine smells of meat, and there are frozen bones on the road!" "Sigh through the ages.
When the Anshi Rebellion occurred, Du Fu moved to Qiang Village in Yanzhou (鄜州, in modern Fu County, Shaanxi) for refuge. After he heard that Li Heng was on the throne, he went north to Lingwu alone to defect to Emperor Suzong. However, unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way, and was taken back to Chang'an, where he was imprisoned with the captured Wang Wei. However, Du Fu was not taken seriously because of his small official size, and later he took advantage of the chaos to escape and continue to Fengxiang, where Tang Suzong was located. After some ups and downs, he finally met Emperor Li Heng in 757.
Of course, Du Fu also had a certain reputation, and Li Heng also heard about it, so he gave him a small official who was left behind. However, Du Fu did not fly from the official fortune to The Yellow Tengda like Gao Shi did, but continued his bad luck.
He was stuck in a quagmire because of a literary friend. This person's name is Fang Zhen,
Originally, he was the prime minister, but at this time and at a time, he was also the prime minister of Xuanzong, and although he was still serving under Emperor Suzong at this time, Li Heng did not like him and always wanted to pull him down from his position. Just when someone accused Fang Zhen's doorman of accepting bribes, Tang Suzong used this as an excuse to dismiss him.
Du Fu was a more righteous man, and he felt that Fang Zhen was not guilty of serious crimes, so he spoke up for his friend: "The crime is fine, and it is not appropriate to exempt the minister." The emperor was furious and demoted Du Fu to Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Hua County) as Si Gong (司功) to join the army. Soon, the depressed Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou and went to Luoyang and Yanshi to visit his relatives. In March of the following year, the Battle of Yecheng (邺城, in modern Anyang, Henan) between the Tang army and the Anshi rebels broke out, and the Tang army was defeated. Du Fu witnessed the endless disasters brought to the people by the war and felt a thousand emotions, so he worked hard to create immortal epics - "Three Officials" ("New An Official", "Stone Trench Official", "Tongguan Official") and "Three Farewells" ("New Marriage", "Dying Old Farewell", "Homeless Farewell").
After 759, Du Fu, who had been repeatedly attacked, simply abandoned his official duties, went to Shu to avoid chaos, and began a difficult and difficult wandering career, which left behind famous passages such as "The Song of the Hut Broken by the Autumn Wind"...
Conclusion: A historical chaos has given the three great poets different destinies. Gao Shi understood the true meaning of the phrase "heroes in a chaotic world", seized the opportunity, became a major event, and hung up the seal and sealed the marquis, which can be described as a glorious life; Du Fu did not have the political and military talents of Gao Shi, so it was difficult to seize the opportunity, and finally fell back into a "useless" scholar in the chaotic world; but he was able to adhere to discipline, sympathize with people's sufferings, and become a model for a generation of intellectuals, and finally became a great realist poet; the saddest thing is Li Bai, fortunately, Li Bai was already a "immortal" before the war. So the Anshi Rebellion was purely a disaster for him.
In this disaster, Li Bai neither seized the opportunity to fly huang Tengda like Gao Shi, nor did he harden himself again like Du Fu, but "fell" a bit.
Become an accomplice to traitors and be criticized.
Resources:
1. Old Book of Tang
2. New Book of Tang
3. "The Biography of Tang Caizi Gao Shi" and so on.