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After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, the country was stabilized, and the main threat facing the country was the continuous invasion of the Xiongnu in the north, in order to curb the harassment of the Xiongnu on the border of the Han Dynasty. From Henkel Zu. He began to pursue a policy of Sino-Hungarian peace and pro-Xiongnu, and sometimes paid tribute to the Huns.
This policy was made with the Xiongnu during the reigns of Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Hui of Han, Emperor Wen of Han, and Emperor Jing of Han. However, this did not dispel the ambitions of the Xiongnu, who on the contrary had to make progress, constantly harassing the border people to burn and loot, and doing all kinds of evil
It was not until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that he began to change his begging and peace policy towards the Xiongnu, and began to use force to force the Xiongnu to compromise, and the 70-year history of Han-Huns and pro-Xiongnu was declared over
Why was the Han Dynasty so afraid of the Xiongnu guaranteeing peace, and how did the Han Dynasty appease the Xiongnu? How did Emperor Wudi of Han realize your transfer?
First, before Emperor Wu
1. The beginning of the founding of the dynasty
At the beginning of the founding of the country, there was war and chaos, and people were eager to improve their living conditions. In order to quell the rebellion of the Xiongnu and try to solve the border problems, Liu Bang once led an army of 200,000 to the northern Xiongnu.
However, he was besieged by the Xiongnu Shan Yu Maodun at the time and almost died. In order to reduce the war, Since Gaozu began to make peace with the Xiongnu and give material "assistance."
In this way, after passing on for several generations, the peace between Han and Hungary was maintained for a short time, the ambition and greed of the Xiongnu did not decrease but increased, or they would often send troops to harass the border, and the achievements of Qin Shi mengtian were eaten away, and the Xiongnu were pressing forward step by step
2. Strategy
Since The unification of the various ministries by Mo Dun, this Shan Yu set his sights on the Han Dynasty, attempting to invade territory or plunder materials, even with the obstruction of the Great Wall, he did not resist his ambitions, and the Blind Humility of the Han Dynasty made Mo Dun more arrogant and began to plunder the Han Dynasty, and the Battle of Bai Deng laid the foundation for the next few decades of the two-state pattern
Second, change the law
1. Confucianism
For the Han Dynasty, after experiencing the rule of Huang Lao during the period of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, the society entered a period of relative peace, the people were able to cultivate and recuperate, and the economy and culture were restored to a certain extent, but the corresponding thing was that the power of the kings of the various clans was not controlled, and the central government's control over the localities was gradually weakened
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was time to govern. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to depose the Hundred Families and respect Confucianism alone, implementing Confucianism into the rule of law, and while restricting the behavior of the people and princes, the centralized power of the whole country was strengthened by Confucian law.
2. Order of Grace
Began to cut down the clan to implement the Tuien Order, gradually reclaim the territory of the clan king, strengthen the power of the central government, and encircle the power of the princes through layers of feudalism, and restrict each other, so that the central government can be easily managed. At the same time, the Han Dynasty began to pay attention to horse politics, cultivating its own cavalry unit to match the Xiongnu cavalry
Third, the road to Hungary
3. Crusade against the Huns
After years of Taoguang and obscurity, Emperor Wu of han changed the policy of the previous emperors against Hungary, gave up peace, and instead counterattacked by force, carrying out a crusade against the Xiongnu, and the war between the two countries lasted for more than ten years
In 127 BC, Wei Qing led a large army to fight the Xiongnu in the Battle of Southern Monan, repelling the invading Xiongnu army and repeatedly thwarting the attacks of the Xiongnu Xian. In 121 BC, Huo Fuyi led two more armies to attack the Xiongnu, and the Battle of Hexi was won.
Two years later, Wei Qing and Huo Fuyi each led a force of 50,000 people to launch the Battle of Mobei against the Xiongnu, which severely defeated the elite main force of the Xiongnu and created a classic case of the longest-distance annihilation war
Fourth, the situation is reversed
4. Migration
After several battles with the Han army, the Xiongnu's national strength was greatly weakened and the elite combat strength was lost, and under the leadership of Wei Qing, Huo Zhiyi and other generals, the Xiongnu were beaten until they were forced to migrate. Of course, the consumption of the Han army was also very large, and the savings of many years were exhausted, especially the strength of the army, but it also gained benefits.
The migration provided the foundation for the long-term peace and stability of the Han Dynasty, although the Xiongnu were not completely eliminated, but in a short period of time, it could not cause any trouble to the Han Dynasty, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, the border troubles were greatly alleviated, and the social situation was stable
5, and pro-reversal
The threat of the Xiongnu to the Han Dynasty by repeated conquests has been basically lifted, so since the beginning of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, he has always pursued the same policy, including the sister of Emperor Wu of Han and the women such as Wang Zhaojun, who have become princesses and sacrificed their personal interests in exchange for temporary peace.
However, the continuous increase in peace and affinity made the appetite of the Huns grow larger and larger, and the conditions given by the Han Dynasty became more and more abundant, and the Xiongnu still did not rely on it and often violated the border. It was only during the period that the situation was reversed.
After more than ten years of conquest, the main force of the Xiongnu consumed most of it, and was unable to fight against the Han Dynasty, so it had to retreat to the desert and temporarily avoid the front, while the Han Dynasty took the opportunity to restore order on the border. The policy of peace and pro-family was abolished, and it was no longer necessary for the Han Dynasty to beg for peace with the Xiongnu, but the Han Dynasty took the initiative, he established the national self-confidence of the Han nation, and his national name became the name of the Central Plains nation.
Since the beginning of Han Gaozu Liu Bang, has been following the path of Han-Hun and pro-kinship, and the repeated tolerance of the Han Dynasty has made the ambitions of the Xiongnu more and more ambitious, even if they are friendly, the Xiongnu will also go to the border to harass the people and plunder materials, and the Xiongnu have always been a major problem during the Han Dynasty.
Through the confucianism of the Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was significantly enhanced, and the xiongnu were led by the army of Wei Qing and Huo Fuyi to fight a decisive battle with the Xiongnu, and after many battles, they successfully drove the Xiongnu away and retreated to the northern desert, the border of the Han Dynasty was stable and harmonious for a time, and the society, although the Xiongnu were not annihilated, could no longer pose a threat to the Han Dynasty in a short period of time, and Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty boosted the confidence of the Han people and brought vitality to the border areas.
Reference: Book of Han